Histamine H3 Receptor Agonist Research Articles

Human presynaptic receptors.

Presynaptic receptors are sites at which transmitters, locally formed mediators or hormones inhibit or facilitate the release of a given transmitter from its axon terminals. The interest in the identification of presynaptic receptors has faded in recent years and it may therefore be justified to give an overview of their occurrence in the autonomic and central nervous system; this review will focus on presynaptic receptors in human tissues. Autoreceptors are presynaptic receptors at which a given transmitter restrains its further release, though in some instances may also increase its release. Inhibitory autoreceptors represent a typical example of a negative feedback; they are tonically activated by the respective endogenous transmitter and/or are constitutively active. Autoreceptors also play a role under pathophysiological conditions, e.g. by limiting the massive noradrenaline release occurring during congestive heart failure. They can be used for therapeutic purposes; e.g., the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist mirtazapine is used as an antidepressant and the inverse histamine H3 receptor agonist pitolisant has been marketed as a new drug for the treatment of narcolepsy in 2016. Heteroreceptors are presynaptic receptors at which transmitters from adjacent neurons, locally formed mediators (e.g. endocannabinoids) or hormones (e.g. adrenaline) can inhibit or facilitate transmitter release; they may be subject to an endogenous tone. The constipating effect of the sympathetic nervous system or of the antihypertensive drug clonidine is related to the activation of inhibitory α2-adrenoceptors on postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. Part of the stimulating effect of adrenaline on the sympathetic nervous system during stress is related to its facilitatory effect on noradrenaline release via β2-adrenoceptors.

Inhibiting the proton pump: mechanisms, benefits, harms, and questions.

Inhibition of the H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase (the proton pump) is the final common mechanistic pathway in reducing gastric acid secretion pharmacologically. Proton pump inhibitors are widely used in upper gastrointestinal diseases, including gastric and duodenal ulcers, eradication of Helicobacter pylori in combination with antibiotics, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, eosinophilic esophagitis, and prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced peptic ulceration. Reviewing their benefits and harms in BMC Medicine, Scarpignato et al. report effectiveness in these conditions, and harms that are generally mild and uncommon (1–3 %). Serious adverse reactions, such as tubulointerstitial nephritis, are rare. However, the risks of gastric and pancreatic cancer are unclear. Drug–drug interactions can occur through effects on P glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes. Several questions remain. Do all proton pump inhibitors carry the same risks of serious adverse reactions? Which individuals are most susceptible? What are the time courses of individual reactions? What monitoring strategies are best? New drugs for the same indications continue to emerge, including potassium-competitive acid blockers, inhibitors of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, serotonergic agents/prokinetics, mucosal protectants, histamine H3 receptor agonists, anti-gastrin agents, and esophageal pain modulators. Their benefit to harm balance remains to be discovered.Please see related article: https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-016-0718-z

Anticonvulsant effects of isomeric nonimidazole histamine H3 receptor antagonists.

Phenytoin (PHT), valproic acid, and modern antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), eg, remacemide, loreclezole, and safinamide, are only effective within a maximum of 70%–80% of epileptic patients, and in many cases the clinical use of AEDs is restricted by their side effects. Therefore, a continuous need remains to discover innovative chemical entities for the development of active and safer AEDs. Ligands targeting central histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs) for epilepsy might be a promising therapeutic approach. To determine the potential of H3Rs ligands as new AEDs, we recently reported that no anticonvulsant effects were observed for the (S)-2-(4-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)benzylamino)propanamide (1). In continuation of our research, we asked whether anticonvulsant differences in activities will be observed for its R-enantiomer, namely, (R)-2-(4-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)benzylamino)propaneamide (2) and analogs thereof, in maximum electroshock (MES)-, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-, and strychnine (STR)-induced convulsion models in rats having PHT and valproic acid (VPA) as reference AEDs. Unlike the S-enantiomer (1), the results show that animals pretreated intraperitoneally (ip) with the R-enantiomer 2 (10 mg/kg) were moderately protected in MES and STR induced models, whereas proconvulsant effect was observed for the same ligand in PTZ-induced convulsion models. However, animals pretreated with intraperitoneal doses of 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg of structurally bulkier (R)-enantiomer (3), in which 3-piperidinopropan-1-ol in ligand 2 was replaced by (4-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)methanol, and its (S)-enantiomer (4) significantly and in a dose-dependent manner reduced convulsions or exhibited full protection in MES and PTZ convulsions model, respectively. Interestingly, the protective effects observed for the (R)-enantiomer (3) in MES model were significantly greater than those of the standard H3R inverse agonist/antagonist pitolisant, comparable with those observed for PHT, and reversed when rats were pretreated with the selective H3R agonist R-(α)-methyl-histamine. Comparisons of the observed antagonistic in vitro affinities among the ligands 1–6 revealed profound stereoselectivity at human H3Rs with varying preferences for this receptor subtype. Moreover, the in vivo anticonvulsant effects observed in this study for ligands 1–6 showed stereoselectivity in different convulsion models in male adult rats.

Histamine H3 receptor antagonist OUP-186 attenuates the proliferation of cultured human breast cancer cell lines

Histamine is involved in various physiological functions, including its neurotransmitter actions in the central nervous system and its action as a causative agent of inflammation, allergic reactions, and gastric acid secretions. Histamine expression and biosynthesis have been detected in breast cancer cells. It was recently suggested that the histamine H3 receptor (H3R) plays a role in the proliferation of breast cancer cells. We recently developed the non-imidazole H3R antagonist OUP-186 which exhibited a potent and selective human H3R antagonistic activity as well as no activity against the human histamine H4 receptor (H4R). In this study, we compared the effects of OUP-186 on the proliferation of estrogen receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and ER+ breast cancer cells (MCF7) to the effects of clobenpropit (potent imidazole-containing H3R antagonist). OUP-186 and clobenpropit suppressed the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The IC50 values at 48 h for OUP-186 and clobenpropit were approximately 10 μM and 50 μM, respectively. Furthermore, OUP-186 potently induced cell death by activating caspase-3/7, whereas cell death was only slightly induced by clobenpropit. In addition, OUP-186 treatment blocked the proliferation increase triggered by 100 μM (R)-(-)-α-methylhistamine (H3R agonist). The use of 4-methylhistamine (H4R agonist) and JNJ10191584 (selective H4R antagonist) did not affect breast cancer proliferation. These results indicate that OUP-186 potently suppresses proliferation and induces caspase-dependent apoptotic death in both ER+ and ER-breast cancer cells.

Label-free versus conventional cellular assays: Functional investigations on the human histamine H1 receptor

A set of histamine H1 receptor (H1R) agonists and antagonists was characterized in functional assays, using dynamic mass redistribution (DMR), electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) and various signaling pathway specific readouts (Fura-2 and aequorin calcium assays, arrestin recruitment (luciferase fragment complementation) assay, luciferase gene reporter assay). Data were gained from genetically engineered HEK293T cells and compared with reference data from GTPase assays and radioligand binding. Histamine and the other H1R agonists gave different assay-related pEC50 values, however, the order of potency was maintained. In the luciferase fragment complementation assay, the H1R preferred β-arrestin2 over β-arrestin1. The calcium and the impedimetric assay depended on Gq coupling of the H1R, as demonstrated by complete inhibition of the histamine-induced signals in the presence of the Gq inhibitor FR900359 (UBO-QIC). Whereas partial inhibition by FR900359 was observed in DMR and the gene reporter assay, pertussis toxin substantially decreased the response in DMR, but increased the luciferase signal, reflecting the contribution of both, Gq and Gi, to signaling in these assays. For antagonists, the results from DMR were essentially compatible with those from conventional readouts, whereas the impedance-based data revealed a trend towards higher pKb values. ECIS and calcium assays apparently only reflect Gq signaling, whereas DMR and gene reporter assays appear to integrate both, Gq and Gi mediated signaling. The results confirm the value of the label-free methods, DMR and ECIS, for the characterization of H1R ligands. Both noninvasive techniques are complementary to each other, but cannot fully replace reductionist signaling pathway focused assays.

The role of histamine H1, H2 and H3 receptors of ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus in modulation of trigeminal pain

Histamine receptors are involved in supraspinal modulation of pain. In the present study, we investigated the effects of microinjection of histamine H1, H2 and H3 receptor antagonists and agonists into the ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus on two models of trigeminal pain. Right and left sides of VPM were implanted with two guide cannulas. Corneal pain was induced by local corneal surface application of hypertonic saline and the number of eye wipes was recorded. The duration of face rubbing, as an orofacial pain measure, was recorded after subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of capsaicin into the vibrissa pad. 2-pyridylethylamine (2-PEA, a histamine H1 receptor agonist, 4µg/site) and dimaprit (a histamine H2 receptor agonist, 1 and 4µg/site) suppressed corneal and orofacial pains. Mepyramine (a histamine H1 receptor antagonist) and ranitidine (a histamine H2 receptor antagonist) at the similar doses of 0.5, 2 and 8µg/site alone had no effects on trigeminal pain. Prior microinjection of mepyramine and ranitidine at a similar dose of 8µg/site inhibited the antinociceptive effects of 2-PEA (4µg/site) and dimaprit (4µg/site), respectively. Immepip (a histamine H3 receptor agonist, 1 and 4µg/site) increased, and thioperamide (a histamine H3 receptor antagonist, 2 and 8µg/site) attenuated nociceptive responses. Prior microinjection of thioperamide (8µg/site) prevented immepip (4µg/site)-induced nociception. These chemicals did not change locomotor behavior. It is concluded that post-synaptic histamine H2, and to a lesser extent H1, receptors and pre-synaptic histamine H3 receptor may be involved in VPM modulation of trigeminal pain.

Involvement of the histamine H4 receptor in clozapine-induced hematopoietic toxicity: Vulnerability under granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells

Clozapine is an effective antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, but can cause fatal hematopoietic toxicity as agranulocytosis. To elucidate the mechanism of hematopoietic toxicity induced by clozapine, we developed an in vitro assay system using HL-60 cells, and investigated the effect on hematopoiesis. HL-60 cells were differentiated by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) into three states according to the following hematopoietic process: undifferentiated HL-60 cells, those undergoing granulocytic ATRA-differentiation, and ATRA-differentiated granulocytic cells. Hematopoietic toxicity was evaluated by analyzing cell survival, cell proliferation, granulocytic differentiation, apoptosis, and necrosis. In undifferentiated HL-60 cells and ATRA-differentiated granulocytic cells, both clozapine (50 and 100μM) and doxorubicin (0.2µM) decreased the cell survival rate, but olanzapine (1–100µM) did not. Under granulocytic differentiation for 5days, clozapine, even at a concentration of 25μM, decreased survival without affecting granulocytic differentiation, increased caspase activity, and caused apoptosis rather than necrosis. Histamine H4 receptor mRNA was expressed in HL-60 cells, whereas the expression decreased under granulocytic ATRA-differentiation little by little. Both thioperamide, a histamine H4 receptor antagonist, and DEVD-FMK, a caspase-3 inhibitor, exerted protection against clozapine-induced survival rate reduction, but not of live cell counts. 4-Methylhistamine, a histamine H4 receptor agonist, decreased the survival rate and live cell counts, as did clozapine. HL-60 cells under granulocytic differentiation are vulnerable under in vitro assay conditions to hematopoietic toxicity induced by clozapine. Histamine H4 receptor is involved in the development of clozapine-induced hematopoietic toxicity through apoptosis, and may be a potential target for preventing its occurrence through granulocytic differentiation.

PI3K pathway is involved in ERK signaling cascade activation by histamine H2R agonist in HEK293T cells

BackgroundHistamine, through histamine H2 receptor (H2R), modulates different biological processes, involving the modulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways. Many evidences have demonstrated the existence and importance of the crossregulation between these two signaling pathways. The aim of the present work was to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to PI3K and ERK pathways modulation induced by the H2R agonist amthamine and to evaluate the possible interplay between them. MethodsPhosphorylation levels of ERK and Akt were examined by Western blot in HEK293T cells expressing the human H2R, in the presence of H2R agonist and dominant negative mutants or pharmacological inhibitors of different proteins/pathways. Transcriptional activity assays were assessed to determine SRE activity. Amthamine-mediated cellular proliferation was investigated in MA-10A cells in the presence of PI3K inhibitor. ResultsH2R agonist inhibits PI3K/Akt/mTOR and stimulates Ras/MEK/ERK pathways. Moreover, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling inhibition is necessary to achieve H2R mediated ERK activation. In the presence of a constitutive active mutant of Akt, amthamine is not able to mediate ERK activation. This crosstalk affects classical ERK downstream targets such as Elk1 phosphorylation and the transcriptional activity of the SRE, classically associated to proliferation. We further demonstrate that amthamine-induced proliferation in Leydig MA-10 tumor cells, is enhanced by LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor. ConclusionsThese results describe a crosstalk between PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Ras/MEK/ERK pathways induced by H2R stimulation with implications in cell proliferation. General significanceThis work indicates that the modulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by H2R in turn regulates Ras/MEK/ERK activation conditioning the proliferative capacity of the cells.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Betahistine to Counteract Olanzapine-Associated Weight Gain.

Patients with schizophrenia experience higher rates of obesity and related morbidity and mortality than the general population does. Given preclinical studies revealing the role of histamine H1 receptor in human eating behavior, and the potential of olanzapine to block with this system, we hypothesized that histamine H1 receptor agonists may be beneficial in reducing antipsychotic-associated weight gain. In the present study, 36 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and treated with olanzapine were randomized to betahistine (48 mg/d) or matching placebo for 16 weeks. Study outcomes were change in body weight from baseline and effect on antipsychotic efficacy of olanzapine. The patients in the betahistine group had less weight gain (-1.95 kg) compared with placebo group (5.6 + 5.5 kg vs 6.9 + 5.6 kg, respectively). Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Questionnaire showed improvement within each group and that subjects treated with betahistine enjoyed an improvement (reduction) by a mean of 35.7 points, higher when compared with placebo subjects who had a reduction of 26.6 points (P = 0.233). An almost equal amount of subjects in both groups experienced adverse effects during the course of this study (87.5% of betahistine vs 85.0% of placebo-treated subjects). Overall, there were no clinically marked differences in safety signals between both groups. A larger study addressing the weaknesses of this pilot study is warranted.

Inhibitory Effect of Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation in Mice by Histamine H4 Receptor Agonist 4-Methylhistamine.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory immune-mediated autoimmune skin disorder. The histamine H4 receptor (H4R) agonist 4-methylhistamine (4-MH) plays an important role in immunomodulation of inflammatory responses associated with allergic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of H4R agonist 4-MH on the development of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice and explored the immunoregulatory mechanism involved. The total clinical severity scores were significantly ameliorated by treatment with 4-MH (20mg/kg) and 4-MH (40mg/kg). Histological analysis of the skin revealed that 4-MH (20mg/kg) and 4-MH (40mg/kg) significantly attenuated the psoriatic phenotypes, including epidermal hyperplasis, hyperkeratosis and lymphocytes infiltration. Treatment with 4-MH (20mg/kg) and 4-MH (40mg/kg) led to reductions in the levels of Th1 cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-α, and IL-27) in the serum and dorsal skin, whereas Th17 cytokines levels (IL-17A and IL-23) did not change in response to treatment with 4-MH (20mg/kg) and 4-MH (40mg/kg). Furthermore, the number of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells was significantly increased by treatment with 4-MH (40mg/kg). Taken together, these results imply that H4R agonist 4-MH might be an effective immunomodulatory approach for treatment of patients with psoriasis and the effects may be related to inhibited epidermal alteration, selectively reduced Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines, and recruited CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) Treg cells.

Human basophil chemotaxis and activation are regulated via the histamine H4 receptor.

IgE-mediated cross-linking of FcεRI results in the release of mediators stored in basophil granules, such as histamine and proteases, and in the de novo synthesis of sulfidoleukotrienes. In this study, we investigated the role of the histamine receptors, in particular that of the histamine H4 receptor (H4R), in modulating human basophil function. The mRNA expression of the histamine receptors was measured by real-time PCR. Migration of basophils was assessed using the modified Boyden chamber technique. The expression levels of CD63 and CD203c on the cell surface and the sulfidoleukotriene release were determined by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. We could show that highly purified basophils express the H1R, H2R, and H4R but not the H3R mRNA. Human basophils expressed higher H4R mRNA levels as compared to the expression levels of the H1R (P < 0.01). Histamine and the H4R agonist ST-1006 initiated active migration of basophils (P < 0.001). A significant reduction in FcεRI cross-linking-mediated surface expression of CD63 and CD203c was observed on basophils after pre-incubation with histamine or the specific H4R agonist ST-1006 (P < 0.01). The synthesis and release of sulfidoleukotrienes from basophils after activation with different stimuli, by FcεRI cross-linking or by stimulation with hymenoptera venom allergens, were significantly reduced by histamine or the H4R agonist ST-1006 (P < 0.05-0.001). These data imply that the H4R regulates IgE-dependent processes in human basophils and provides a novel function of the H4R preventing an overwhelming immune reaction by engagement of a negative feedback loop.

Pharmacological characterization of histamine-gated chloride channels from the housefly Musca domestica

The biogenic amine histamine (HA) is not only the neurotransmitter of photoreceptors but also has important roles in mechanosensory reception, temperature preference, sleep and olfactory processing in insects. Two cDNAs (MdhclA and MdhclB) that encode HA-gated chloride channel subunits (MdHCLA and MdHCLB) were cloned from the housefly Musca domestica. The cRNAs were injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to examine the functions and pharmacological characteristics of MdHCLA and MdHCLB channels using a two-electrode voltage clamp method. HA was used to activate MdHCLA and MdHCLB channels to evoke inward currents with EC50s of 33.1μM and 6.28μM, respectively. 2-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl)histamine, an HA H1 receptor agonist, was a partial agonist of MdHCLB receptors with an EC50 of 49.4μM. MdHCLB channels were also activated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and monoamines, such as octopamine, serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA); 5-HT and DA also acted as competitive antagonists. GABA acted as a full agonist of MdHCLB receptors with an EC50 of 1.11mM. d-Tubocurarine, cimetidine and picrotoxinin were poor inhibitors of HA- and GABA-evoked currents in MdHCLB channels. Our data show that HCLB channels are more sensitive to agonists when compared with HCLA channels. HCLB channels are also affected by antagonists but insusceptible to known insecticides that target GABA- and glutamate-gated chloride channels.

Allergic inflammation is augmented via histamine H4 receptor activation: The role of natural killer cells in vitro and in vivo

BackgroundNatural Killer cells (NK cells) are identified as pivotal mediators in allergic skin diseases and accumulate in lesions of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. Histamine levels are increased in these lesions and histamine is involved in chemotaxis in dendritic cells and NK cells. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine if the histamine H4 receptor (H4R) mediates NK cell chemotaxis and whether it influences interplay between NK cells and dendritic cells during the early phase of allergic inflammation. MethodsChemotactic function of the H4R as well as the influence of the H4R on the cytokine profile of an NK cell-dendritic cell co-culture was studied in vitro. The effect of H4R activation on NK cell migration, NK cell-dendritic cell interaction and cytokine levels in the skin was further characterized in the murine TDI model of allergic dermatitis. Additionally, the impact of the H4R on dermal NK cells was determined in the ovalbumin (OVA)- induced allergic dermatitis model, comparing wild type and H4R knockout mice. ResultsThe selective H4R agonist ST-1006 induced NK cell chemotaxis in vitro, which was inhibited with the H4R antagonist JNJ7777120. In vivo, mice treated with TDI plus ST-1006 topically onto the ear, showed significantly enhanced ear swelling and an increased number of NK cells compared to just allergen challenged ears. CCL17 levels in the ear were also significantly increased 8h after allergen challenge. Histology revealed that the main source for increased CCL17 were dendritic cells. These effects could be blocked using the H4R antagonist JNJ7777120. In the chronic model of allergic dermatitis, OVA induced NK cell migration into lesional skin sites. The number of NK cells was lower in OVA-sensitized H4R knockout mice compared to wild type mice. ConclusionsThese results identify the H4R as a new target controlling NK cell migration and NK cell-dendritic cell interaction in the skin during early allergic inflammation. These results further suggest that blocking the H4R in the skin might be beneficial in diseases like AD.

Histamine H3 receptor antagonists display antischizophrenic activities in rats treated with MK-801.

Animal models based on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor blockade have been extensively used for schizophrenia. Ketamine and MK-801 produce behaviors related to schizophrenia and exacerbated symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, which led to the use of PCP (phencyclidine)- and MK-801 (dizocilpine)-treated animals as models for schizophrenia. The study investigated the effect of subchronic dosing (once daily, 7 days) of histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonists, ciproxifan (CPX) (3 mg/kg, i.p.), and clobenpropit (CBP) (15 mg/kg, i.p.) on MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced locomotor activity and also measured dopamine and histamine levels in rat's brain homogenates. The study also included clozapine (CLZ) (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.), the atypical and typical antipsychotic, respectively. Atypical and typical antipsychotic was used to serve as clinically relevant reference agents to compare the effects of the H3R antagonists. MK-801 significantly increased horizontal locomotor activity, which was reduced with CPX and CBP. MK-801-induced locomotor hyperactivity attenuated by CPX and CBP was comparable to CLZ and CPZ. MK-801 raised striatal dopamine level, which was reduced in rats pretreated with CPX and CBP. CPZ also significantly lowered striatal dopamine levels, although the decrease was less robust compared to CLZ, CPX, and CBP. MK-801 increased histamine content although to a lesser degree. Subchronic treatment with CPX and CBP exhibited further increased histamine levels in the hypothalamus compared to MK-801 treatment alone. Histamine H3 receptor agonist, R-α methylhistamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), counteracted the effect of CPX and CBP. The present study shows the positive effects of CPX and CBP on MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors in rodents.

Histamine H3 Receptor Agonist Imetit Attenuated Isoproterenol Induced Renin Angiotensin System and Sympathetic Nervous System Overactivity in Myocardial Infarction of Rats.

Myocardial infarction is an alarming health issue, needs great attention. The present study investigated the role of histamine-H3 receptor (H3R) agonist imetit in relationship to sympathetic and renin angiotensin system in Wistar rats. Subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (85 mg/kg) on last 2 consecutive days in per se group and 7 days treatment of different groups at 24 h interval induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats. H3R agonist imetit (10 mg/kg), H3R antagonist thioperamide (5 mg/kg), losartan (10 mg/kg) were administered orally to evaluate imetit's cardioprotective potential effect by measuring plasma cardiac antioxidant markers, angiotensin II, norepinephrine levels and histopathological analysis. Isoproterenol significantly elevated the angiotensin II and norepinephrine levels in rat plasma. This study revealed that pre-treatment with imetit similar to losartan attenuated norepinephrine and angiotensin II levels whereas thioperamide showed its antagonistic effect by diminishing imetit's effects. Furthermore, its protective effect was confirmed by restoration of cardiac antioxidant markers and histopathological improvement of myocardium integrity. This study confirm imetit's cardioprotective potential and also reveals renin angiotensin system, sympathetic system and H3R correlation in isoproterenol induced toxicity in rats. However, molecular studies must be warranted to prove the role of H3R in myocardial infarction.

Agonist‐induced activation of histamine H3 receptor signals to extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 through PKC‐, PLD‐, and EGFR‐dependent mechanisms

The histamine H3 receptor (H3R), abundantly expressed in the central and the peripheral nervous system, has been recognized as a promising target for the treatment of various important CNS diseases including narcolepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The H3R acts via Gi/o -proteins to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity and modulate MAPK activity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for H3R mediation of the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) remain to be elucidated. In this study, using HEK293 cells stably expressing human H3R and mouse primary cortical neurons endogenously expressing mouse H3R, we found that the H3R-mediated activation of ERK1/2 was significantly blocked by both the pertussis toxin and the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Upon stimulation by H3R agonist histamine or imetit, H3R was shown to rapidly induce ERK1/2 phosphorylation via PLC/PKC-, PLDs-, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation-dependent pathways. Furthermore, it was also indicated that while the βγ-subunits play a key role in H3R-activated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, β-arrestins were not required for ERK1/2 activation. In addition, when the cultured mouse cortical neurons were exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation conditions (OGD), imetit exhibited neuroprotective properties through the H3R. Treatment of cells with the inhibitor UO126 abolished these protective effects. This suggests a possible neuroprotective role of the H3R-mediated ERK1/2 pathway under hypoxia conditions. These observations may provide new insights into the pharmacological effects and the physiological functions modulated by the H3R-mediated activation of ERK1/2. Histamine H3 receptors are abundantly expressed in the brain and play important roles in various CNS physiological functions. However, the underlying mechanisms for H3R-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 remain largely unknown. Here, we provide evidence that upon activation by an agonist, H3Rs trigger ERK1/2 activation via phospholipase C/protein kinase C (PLC/PKC)-, phospholipase D (PLD)s-, and matrix metallopeptidase/epidermal growth factor receptor (MMP/EGFR) transactivation-dependent pathways. Moreover, we demonstrate that H3Rs exhibit a neuroprotective effect on the cultured mouse cortical neurons under hypoxia conditions through the ERK1/2 pathway.

Histamine H4 receptor activation alleviates neuropathic pain through differential regulation of ERK, JNK, and P38 MAPK phosphorylation.

Histamine plays a complex role in pain modulation with opposite roles in nociception for histamine receptor subtypes 1, 2, and 3. The histamine H4 receptor (H4R) is expressed primarily on cells involved in inflammation and immune responses with a proinflammatory activity, but little is known about the role in nociception of neuronal H4R. To investigate the effects of neuronal H4R in pain transmission, the effects produced by the H4R agonist ST-1006 were detected in the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. ST-1006 counteracted mechanical allodynia in neuropathic mice, an effect prevented by the H4R antagonist JNJ 10191584. In spared nerve injury mice, an early over-phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 was observed in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal cord, and sciatic nerve. A progressive and long-lasting activation of JNK1 was observed in the sciatic nerve and, to a lesser extent, in the spinal cord and DRG. An increased p-P38 content was detected in the spinal cord and DRG, with no modification in the sciatic nerve. Administration of ST-1006 prevented phosphorylation of all 3 MAPK within DRG, and phosphorylation of ERK1, ERK2, and pJNK1 in the sciatic nerve. In the spinal cord, the H4R agonist prevented selectively the pERK2 increase with no effect on pJNK1 and p-P38 levels. Double immunofluorescence experiments showed a neuronal localization and site of action for H4R. These findings suggest a prevalent modulation of ERK activity after H4R stimulation and indicate the DRG as prominent site of action for H4R-mediated antineuropathic activity. Targeting neuronal H4R with selective agonists could have therapeutic potential for neuropathic pain treatment.

Anticonvulsant and procognitive properties of the non-imidazole histamine H3 receptor antagonist DL77 in male adult rats

It has become clear that histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs) are implicated in modulating epilepsy and memory in laboratory animals. The new non-imidazole H3R antagonist DL77 has excellent selectivity profile and shows high in-vivo potency as well as in-vitro antagonist affinity with ED50 values of 2.1 ± 0.2 mg/kg and 8.4 ± 1.3 [nM], respectively. In the present study, the anticonvulsant effects of DL77 on maximal electroshock (MES)-, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-, and strychnine (STR)-induced seizure models were investigated. Moreover, the procognitive properties of DL77 were tested on acquisition, consolidation and retrieval processes in a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task in male Wistar rats. The results indicate that DL77 (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly and dose-dependently reduced MES-induced seizure duration, whereas no protection was observed in PTZ- or STR-induced seizures. Importantly, the protective action observed for DL77 in MES-induced seizure was comparable to that of the reference antiepileptic drug (AED) phenytoin (PHT), and was also reversed when rats were pretreated with the CNS penetrant pyrilamine (PYR) (10 mg/kg, i.p.), or with the selective H3R agonist R-(α)-methyl-histamine (RAMH) (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Furthermore, the procognitive studies indicate that acute pre-training systemic administration of DL77 (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) facilitated acquisition, whereas pre-testing acute administration of DL77 (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) improved retrieval. Interestingly, the procognitive effect of DL77 on retrieval was completely abrogated when rats were pretreated with the centrally-acting H2R antagonist zolantidine (ZOL) but not the centrally acting H1R antagonist PYR, indicating that histaminergic pathways through activation of H2Rs appear to be participating in neuronal circuits involved in retrieval processes. Taken together, our results show that DL77 demonstrates anticonvulsant properties in the MES-induced seizure model and improves cognitive performance through actions on different memory stages. Therefore, H3Rs may have implications for the treatment of degenerative disorders associated with impaired memory function and may represent a novel therapeutic pharmacological target to tackle cognitive problems associated with the chronic use of antiepileptic drugs.This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘Histamine Receptors’.

High constitutive Akt2 activity in U937 promonocytes: effective reduction of Akt2 phosphorylation by the histamine H2-receptor and the β2-adrenergic receptor.

Histamine (HA) is approved for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Its antileukemic activity is related to histamine H2-receptor (H2R)-mediated inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in myeloid cells facilitating survival of antineoplastic lymphocytes. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in cell survival and proliferation, is constitutively activated in leukemic cells of most AML patients resulting in poor survival prognosis. In a proof-of-principle experiment using a human phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) array, we found high phosphorylation levels of Akt2 in U937 promonocytes that was abrogated by HA or selective H2R agonists. The H2R and the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) are Gs-protein-coupled receptors. Stimulation results in adenylyl cyclase activation followed by generation of the second messenger adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). In our present study, we evaluated the pharmacological profile of the H2R and the β2AR regarding Akt2 phosphorylation at Ser474 via western blot analysis and ELISA and cAMP accumulation via HPLC-MS/MS in U937 promonocytes. H2R and β2AR agonists concentration-dependently decreased Akt2 phosphorylation at Ser474. Deviations of potencies and efficacies of agonists in Akt2 phosphorylation and cAMP accumulation assays indicated participation of cAMP-independent signaling in GPCR-induced reduction of Akt2 phosphorylation. Accordingly, our study supports the concept of functional selectivity of the H2R and the β2AR in U937 promonocytes. In summary, we extended the antileukemic mechanism of HA via H2R and revealed the potential of β2AR agonists, which are already approved in the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as antileukemic drugs.

Pharmacological Evidence that Histamine H3 Receptors Mediate Histamine-Induced Inhibition of the Vagal Bradycardic Out-flow in Pithed Rats.

In vivo stimulation of cardiac vagal neurons induces bradycardia by acetylcholine (ACh) release. As vagal release of ACh may be modulated by autoreceptors (muscarinic M2 ) and heteroreceptors (including serotonin 5-HT1 ), this study has analysed the pharmacological profile of the receptors involved in histamine-induced inhibition of the vagal bradycardic out-flow in pithed rats. For this purpose, 180 male Wistar rats were pithed, artificially ventilated and pre-treated (i.v.) with 1mg/kg atenolol, followed by i.v. administration of physiological saline (1ml/kg), histamine (10, 50, 100 and 200μg/kg) or the selective histamine H1 (2-pyridylethylamine), H2 (dimaprit), H3 (methimepip) and H4 (VUF 8430) receptor agonists (1, 10, 50 and 100μg/kg each). Under these conditions, electrical stimulation (3, 6 and 9Hz; 15±3V and 1ms) of the vagus nerve resulted in frequency-dependent bradycardic responses, which were (i) unchanged during the infusions of saline, 2-pyridylethylamine, dimaprit or VUF 8430; and (ii) dose-dependently inhibited by histamine or methimepip. Moreover, the inhibition of the bradycardia caused by 50μg/kg of either histamine or methimepip (which failed to inhibit the bradycardic responses to i.v. bolus injections of acetylcholine; 1-10μg/kg) was abolished by the H3 receptor antagonist JNJ10181457 (1mg/kg, i.v.). In conclusion, our results suggest that histamine-induced inhibition of the vagal bradycardic out-flow in pithed rats is mainly mediated by pre-junctional activation of histamine H3 receptors, as previously demonstrated for the vasopressor sympathetic out-flow and the vasodepressor sensory CGRPergic (calcitonin gene-related peptide) out-flow.