Hip Girth Research Articles

Effect of aerobic exercise on overweight male students

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of aerobic exercise on the body mass index and anthropometric measurements of overweight students of KFUPM, Saudi Arabia. Pre-...

3D body scan analysis of dimensional change in lower body measurements for active body positions

In this study we use 3D scans to measure and analyze lower body measurement change for various active body positions, comparing a standing posture, a 120° knee bend posture, a one pace stepping posture, and a sitting posture with 90° knee bend. Small hemispherical markers identified body landmarks for reliable measurement of the 3D scans. Study participants were 25 females, aged 18 to 24, with hip measurements from 93 cm to 103 cm. We compared the measurements from each posture to a standing posture with feet apart and arms abducted (a modified anthropometric stance commonly used for body scanning). We also tested the reliability of the 3D measurements on active postures. Two types of measurements were compared, 3D scan measurements using virtual tools on the computer screen and traditional manual anthropometric measurements. No significant differences between the two types of measurements were found except for knee height. Selected scan measurements were also repeated three times and found to be reliable. A comparison of scan measurements in the active postures showed significant changes from the standard standing scan posture. The sitting posture showed the most change in measurements. Back center leg length, front center leg length, front waist to hip line depth, front crotch length, back crotch length, knee girth, and hip girth were the items that exhibited the most change in the sitting posture. The measurement of 3D scans provided a reliable and convenient method for comparative measurements between active body positions, which would be impractical to measure using standard anthropometric methods.

Secular changes in body dimensions of Royal Australian Air Force aircrew (1971–2005)

The aim of this study was to quantify the secular changes in body dimensions of Royal Australian Air Force aircrew. Following corrections for methodological differences, two samples (matched for age and overall body size) of male aircrew measured in 1971 (n = 220) and 2005 (n = 220) were compared across 13 absolute and proportional body dimensions. Changes in means were expressed as standardised effect sizes and changes in distributional characteristics were expressed as the ratio of coefficients of variation and as changes in skew. Small secular increases (standardised effects sizes >0.2) in age-matched aircrew were observed for mass, height, BMI, sitting height, buttock–knee length, waist girth, hip girth and waist:hip ratio, with a small decline observed for head girth. Changes in body dimensions were not independent of changes in overall body size (except for head girth) and were not always uniform across the distribution. These changes in body size have implications for ensuring correct human–machine and human–equipment fit. Statement of Relevance: There have been small secular changes in body dimensions of RAAF aircrew between 1971 and 2005, although these secular changes have not always been uniform across the distribution. These secular changes in body dimensions have implications for ensuring correct human–machine and human–equipment fit and underscore the need for regular anthropometric surveys.

Incidence of work-related musculoskeletal pain among dentists in Kwa-Zulu Natal

Dentists commonly experience musculoskeletal pain during the course of their career. This study investigated the incidence and mechanism of work-related musculoskeletal pain among practising dentists in Kwa-Zulu Natal. A descriptive survey was conducted among 94 dentists, who voluntarily consented to participate in an occupational, epidemiological retrospective study. Subjects’ biographical, occupational, epidemiological and exercise history information was collected by using a validated questionnaire. All dentists in Kwa-Zulu Natal were contacted telephonically and those volunteering to participate in the study were subsequently interviewed. During the interview, subjects’ body mass and stature were measured using a portable Detecto. Subjects’ waist and hip girths were measured using an anthropometric tape measure around their anterior sacro-iliac crest (waist) and their greater trochanter (hip). In addition to collecting the anthropometric data, the dentists completed a questionnaire. The results indicated that the incidence of work-related musculoskeletal pain and discomfort among dentists was 54.26%. The most prevalent work-related musculoskeletal pain sustained by dentists was the vertebrae (49.32%), wrist (18.75%), shoulder (16.66%) and lower leg (12.5%). The mechanism of the musculoskeletal pain was attributed to the poor ergonomic work posture and work position adopted by dentists in relation to their patients. Interestingly, 45.74% of the cohort did not experience work-related musculoskeletal pain and discomfort. The dentists in the present study exercised regularly. It is concluded that vertebral musculoskeletal pain is most prevalent among dentists practising in Kwa-Zulu Natal.Key words: Musculoskeletal pain, dentists, vertebrae.

Application of Lower Body Girth Change Analysis Using 3D Body Scanning to Pants Patterns

Three-dimensional body data has been used in many industry fields including the apparel industry. This research used data from a study of the changes in lower body girth measurements from a 3D scan study of 25 female subjects aged 18 to 24 in four postures; a standing posture, a <TEX>$120^{\circ}$</TEX> knee bend posture, a one pace stepping posture, and a sitting posture with a <TEX>$90^{\circ}$</TEX> knee bend. We used the information on the difference between standing and seated measurements to adjust ease values for pants patterns an evaluation of the appearance, and the comfort of the pants. Waist girth in the sitting posture increased 8% compared to a standing posture and the hip girth measurement increased 7%. A basic pants pattern (pants A) with 2.4cm ease at the waist and 2.6cm ease at the hip was developed and a pants pattern (pants B) was developed using the rates of lower body girth change with a 5.7cm ease (8% change) at the waist and 7cm ease (7% change) at the hip. The appearance assessment items of pants A in a standing posture were higher than pants B. On the other hand, most appearance assessment items of pants B in a sitting posture were higher than pants A, especially the ease of pants back waistline and the appearance of the whole back. Comfort assessment items of pants B in both standing and sitting postures were higher than the comfort assessment items for pants A, especially the location of pants waistline, the ease of pants at the waistline, and the ease at the abdomen. In order to find the best level of ease for better appearance and comfort in both standing and sitting postures, 20 pants were constructed with ease values at the waist and hip in increments of 1.1cm in the range between the ease values of pants A and pants B. A fit test was conducted to compare the average appearance and comfort ratings that identified the pants with the best ease values at the waist and hip. The highest total mean was achieved in the pants with a waist ease of 4.6cm and hip ease of 4.8cm.

Effects of Short-Term Resistance Training on Serum Leptin Levels in Obese Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a short-term resistance training program on serum leptin concentrations in obese adolescents. Eighteen Chinese obese adolescents participated in the supervised weight management program. Resistance training was conducted three times a week on alternate days for 6 weeks. Body composition [body fat mass (FM) and body lean mass (LM)] determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, muscle strength and leptin, insulin and glucose were measured before and after training. Subjects demonstrated significantly improved strength of leg, chest and bicep under conditions of stability in weight, FM and LM. There were positive correlations between leptin and body mass index, FM, %FM, waist girth and hip girth, and negative correlations between leptin and %L M at the resting state before and after 6 weeks of resistance training. No significant relationship was found between leptin concentration and the parameters of muscular strength or concentrations of insulin and glucose. Compared to pre-training values, serum leptin levels were not significantly altered, while relative leptin (leptin/FM) decreased significantly after the short-term resistance training. These results indicate that short-term resistance training enhances muscle strength but does not alter leptin levels in obese adolescents with weight and FM stability. The results also suggest that 6 weeks of resistance training decreases the requirement of leptin per unit of FM and improves leptin sensitivity in obese adolescents.

Influence of a Six Week Urban Tennis Program on Waist-to-Hip Ratio

Numerous factors can influence a child's overall health. Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) is a measure of waist and hip girth and has been shown to be valid predictor of obesity related conditions (heart disease, diabetes, etc.). Storing fat in your abdominal region can predispose someone to increased prevalence of these weight related diseases. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in waist-to-hip ratio among tennis players as a result of a 6-week urban tennis program. METHODS: Tennis players (n=266) (age 12.2 ± 3.9 years) were recruited from a 6-week midwest urban tennis program. Each participant's age, waist, and hip measurements were recorded before and after the program. The results were analyzed using a dependent t-test to determine if there was a significant difference in WHR after the 6-week tennis program. RESULTS: There was no significant difference (p=0.863) in WHR when comparing results pre to post test (0.87 ± 0.09 vs. 0.87 ± 0.08). CONCLUSION: The six week urban tennis program did not significantly impact WHR values. It is thought that six weeks was not enough time to see changes in WHR, however, these results indicate that a six week tennis program may not be an appropriate intervention strategy for urban youth interested in lowering their WHR.

비만체형 여중생의 슬랙스 치수규격 및 그레이딩 증감량 설정에 관한 연구

There may be some problems in size fitness for ready-made-clothes purchasers with Obese body shape. The purpose of this study was to improve the wearing comfort of Junior-High School Girls' slacks by setting grading points and developing grading rules proper to the obesity. The subjects in this study was over 23 kg/m2 of the BMI. The subjects were 124 Junior-High School Girls of 12 to 14 year-old. The results of this study are as follows: (1) The size intervals of waist girth and hip girth were 3 cm and 4 cm respectively. The sizing system, which had frequencies more than 5%, was classified 8 cases. The majority segment is 76-97 size accounting for the 11.29% of subjects. (2) The measurements on 8 size from two groups after drawing slacks pattern on them revealed that the changed values of slacks front and back on the grading point marked are differ, indicating that it is needed to apply body shape. (3) The evaluation on the appearance for wearing slacks showed relatively high score, indicating that the grading between sizes within each group was effective. The studies on the body size distribution on each obesity pattern and on the setting size system reflecting characteristics of each body shape should be performed continuously.

20~50대 여성의 연령 및 실루엣에 따른 신체만족도와 의복적합성

This study investigates the body satisfaction and fitness apparel depending on age and silhouette. The subjects were 254 females 20~50 years of age living in Chungju South Korea. There are various body types in women over the age of 35, the lower part of the body-development type, regular type, the upper part of the body-development type, and the rectangular body type. In addition, there is a lower satisfaction level in circumferences related with apparel fit, especially in the sleeve length, armhole, and crotch length. Therefore, a size system is needed that considers various body types in ready-to-wear clothing for middle-aged women. Design, color, and pattern are most important in clothing purchases by unmarried women, but the ease of laundry management and price discounts are the most significant for clothing purchases by married women. The upper part of the body-development type is unsatisfactory in the size-fit of sleeve length and shoulder width, but the lower part of the body-development type is unsatisfactory in the circumference of the waist, hip, abdominal, girth of skirt, and crotch length. The rectangular body type and the lower part of the body-development type are unsatisfactory in movement comfort, especially in hip girth and crotch length. The upper part of the body-development type is unsatisfactory in the movement comfort of the chest and elbow girth.

Allometrical Analysis on Some Somatic Sizes in Relation to Stature and Hip Girth (Part 1)

Allometrical Analysis on Some Somatic Sizes in Relation to Stature and Hip Girth (Part 1)

3D 가상착의 시스템에 의한 비만 중년여성의 토르소 원형설계에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study was to develop torso pattern of Middle-aged obese women by using the virtual twin and 3D virtual garment simulation system. The results were as follows; 1. By using 3D Virtual Garment Simulation, new torso pattern considered obese women was development. The basic numerical formula were as follows ; bust girth B/2+5, armhole depth B/6+5, front waist girth W/4+2+0.5, back waist girth W/4+1-0.5, front hip girth H/4+1+0.5, back hip girth H/4+2-0.5, chest width B/6+2.5, back width B/6+2.5 and back neck width B/20+2.5. 2. According to the results of the new torso pattern's appearance evaluation, it estimated more highly than existing pattern in silhouette and ease amount, confirming that new torso pattern is appropriate for the obese women. Also, new torso pattern was evaluated to allow proper space length of bust, waist, abdomen and hip. Virtual models production through 3D body scan data, pattern draft and virtual garment digital program were applied to prototypic design method so as to enhance the fitness of ready-made garments. This study is expected to serve as one of important basic data for ensuing studies that may utilize 3D Virtual Garment Simulation System with 2D patterns, and also for future 3D Pattern Production Program development.

Relationship of Waist-Hip Ratio and Body Mass Index to Blood Pressure of Individuals in Ibadan North Local Government

Several studies have shown that there is a significant relationship between relative weight and hypertension. The anatomical distribution of weight has also been shown to be a factor in determining which people are more susceptible to hypertension and thus at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the relationship between two anthropometric measurements for obesity – body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR), and the blood pressure of Nigerians aged 15-85 years. The study employed a cross-sectional survey of individuals living in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State. Four hundred and four male and female individuals were recruited using a non-probability sampling technique. Measurements taken include subjects’ systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist and hip girths, height, and weight. Information was obtained about lifestyle and occupation as well as familial history of hypertension, diabetes, cardiac and renal diseases. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with alpha set at 0.05. Results show that WHR and BMI had a linear relationship with the blood pressure of the participants. KEY WORDS: blood pressure, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, hypertension

Development of Dress Forms for the Aged Women Based on Their Body Shapes Applying 3D Body Scan Data

Abstract This research aims at developing the dress form for the aged women based on their body shapes using the three-dimensional body scan data with the body shape categorization(according to the previous research). To accomplish this goal, the sample group of representative body shape of the 50% of median was selected by using the high frequency proportion range of each type of body shape of the aged women, and the sample group of representative body shape of each type was averaged in a three-dimensional way by using the morphing method of a three-dimension reverse-engineered software. RP in the form of torso was produced based on the shape data of the final model and the data was formed into an actual object, by which an aged women’s dress form model was drawn out. The differences of the girth of the bust, hip and waist between the developed dress form model and the existing dress form model were examined. The result showed that the developed dress form had a bigger size of waist girth than that of bust and hip girth, compared to the existing dress form, which shows that it reflects the aged women’s tendency of abdomen obesity, so it’s expected to be more proper for the human bodies of the targeted age group than the existing dress form. These research results may help design the clothing suitable for the body shape of the aged women so that their demand for the clothing of good fit will be satisfied in the future. Key words: dress form(인대), the aged women(실버 여성), 3D body scan data(3차원 스캔 데이터), morphing(몰핑), rapid prototyping(쾌속 조형).

비만여성의 의복치수체계 연구

본 연구는 20세 이상 비만여성을 위한 의류치수체계를 제안하기 위한 것으로, 2003~2004년 한국인 인체치수조사사업의 원시자료 중 선행연구에 의해 의류학 분야에서 주로 사용되는 비만판정지수 및 비만판정용 측정치 7개 항목(Rohrer지수, Vervaeck지수, BMI, 상대체중, 허리둘레, WHR, 젖가슴둘레) 중 5개 이상의 비만판정도구에서 비만으로 판정된 499명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 치수체계 제안에 앞서 2,212명의 성인여성 전체의 인체치수와 499명의 비만여성의 기초통계치수를 제시한 결과, 키 등의 높이항목 전체와 키와 상관관계가 높은 몇몇 길이항목을 제외한 대부분의 치수항목 즉, 둘레항 목, 두께 및 너비항목 등에서의 인체측정치가 크고, 비만판정지수도 높은 것으로 나타났다. 상의류의 치수체계 제안을 위해 젖가슴둘레, 엉덩이둘레, 키가 기본신체부위로 선정되었으며, 하의류의 치수체계 제안을 위해 허리둘레와 엉덩이둘레가 기본신체부위로 선정되었다. 치수체계 제안을 위한 교차분석표에서 젖가슴둘레, 허리둘레, 엉덩이둘레 등 둘레항목은 3cm 간격과 5cm 간격을 비교하여 제시하였으나 키는 5cm 간격으로만 한정하였다. 두 치수간격 중 보다 높은 커버율과 커버효율을 보이는 치수간격을 선택하고, 사용자의 분포율도 전체 비만여성의 1% 이상, 2% 이상 및 3% 이상으로 나누어 각각의 분포율별로 커버율과 커버효율이 높은 치수구간을 선정하였다. 상의류와 하의류 치수체계 모두에서 3% 이상의 사용자 분포율을 보이는 5cm 치수간격이 가장 높은 커버효율을 나타냈으므로, 이 결과를 바탕으로 상의류를 위한 치수호칭으로 10개, 하의류를 위한 치수호칭으로 9개를 제안하였으며, 각 호칭별로 기본신체부위의 평균 인체측정치와 참고신체부위의 평균 인체측정치를 제공하여 호칭별 의류제품의 설계에 기초자료로 활용할 수 있도록 하였다. This study suggests apparel sizing systems for obese women in their twenties to fifties. Size Korea body measurement data were used for sampling the obese subjects by obesity judgment indices. A total of 7 obesity judgment indices frequently used in the clothing field were inspected and the measurement data of 499 females defined as "obese" by over 5 obesity judgment indices were analyzed. The results of the study were as follows: A total of 2,212 female body measurement data for the Size Korea Project were collected. These were compared with the 499 data of the obese women in the study. Except for all heights and some lengths correlating with heights, the measurements of obese women were larger than the entire group of females. Bust girth, hip girth, and height were selected as control dimensions of the outerwear covering the upper body; waist girth and hip girth were selected as control dimensions of the outerwear covering the lower body. In each crosstabulation table, 3cm pitches and 5cm pitches by bust girth, waist girth, and hip girth were compared in the aspects of coverage and coverage efficiency. Finally, sizing charts for outerwear covering the upper body and the lower body of obese women were established in the study through the comparison of the coverage and the coverage efficiency. These Size charts were given by 5cm pitches as final sizing systems. Size number of outerwear covering the upper body was 10 and size number of outerwear covering the lower body was 9. In addition, the body measurements of control dimensions and referable dimensions for making garments are given.

아동의 체형에 따른 의류사이즈 선택에 관한 연구 -프리틴 타겟 아동을 대상으로-

This study determines the body size of preteen children and conducts questionnaire investigations into the awareness of real purchasers or parents of and satisfaction with children`s clothes and fit, in order to provide the basic data for planning and setting up the size range for the preteens market in which the sales of children clothes are gradually increasing. The findings of this study are as follow: Analyzing the obesity of the children against the Rohrer index showed that almost 30% of the subjects were obese children and that it is necessary to research the sizes of the clothes for obese children. It was also found that older children selected a more appropriate clothe size. Investigations into the awareness of children on their body image found that there was a significant difference in the perception of body shape, body weight, shoulder breath, arm thickness, chest girt, waist girth, hip girth, and thigh thickness. Slim or standard type children had the greatest consideration for the length of clothes to purchase while obese children had the greatest consideration for bosom size and waist girth. However, in terms of the association between fitness and size selection, obese children did not select a bigger size but an appropriate one for their body. The findings show that it is imperative to develop appropriate size clothes for obese children.

The First Step First Bite Program: Guidance to Increase Physical Activity and Daily Intake of Low–Glycemic Index Foods

Practical lifestyle interventions are needed to help people with type 2 diabetes increase their physical activity and follow nutrition therapy guidelines. This study examined whether combining instructions to walk more and to eat more low–glycemic index (GI) foods (First Step First Bite Program) improved hemoglobin A1c and anthropometric and cardiovascular health outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes vs the First Step Program (instruction only on walking). Subjects were randomly assigned to the First Step Program or First Step First Bite Program (n=22 in each group) and attended four weekly group meetings with minimal follow-up during weeks 5 to 16. All subjects monitored steps per day throughout the study; First Step First Bite Program subjects also monitored daily intake of low-GI foods. At week 16 (n=19 per group), both groups had increased steps per day by approximately 3,000 compared with baseline ( P<0.01). In the First Step Program vs First Step First Bite Program groups, respectively, waist girth decreased by 5.9±0.9 cm vs 3.7±0.5 cm and hip decreased by 3.7±0.6 cm vs 2.2±0.5 cm ( P<0.01 over time, both groups). There was no significant difference between groups at week 16 for anthropometric or metabolic variables measured, including hemoglobin A1c. Both the First Step First Bite Program and First Step Program resulted in increased physical activity; First Step First Bite Program also increased daily intake of low-GI foods. Both groups experienced similar significant reductions in waist and hip girth. Thus, adding a low-GI component to a walking program in people with type 2 diabetes in good glycemic control did not improve anthropometric or metabolic outcomes. A great number and/or longer duration of low-GI foods may be required to observe improved clinical outcomes.

Evaluation of Laser Imaging for Assessment of Circumferences

The most common technique for evaluation of waist and hip circumferences, tape measure, is limited by low inter‐rater reliability and may be uncomfortable for the participant. This research compared circumferences measured by a small‐scale, laser imaging device to those collected by inelastic tape measure in order to assess validity. Seventy women (18‐64 yrs) were tested after fasting 4 hours on one occasion. Subjects had a mean Body Mass Index of 25.6±0.6 kg/m2, ranging from 18.9 to 36.8 kg/m2. Measures from laser body imaging were significantly related to tape circumference for both waist and hip girths (r=0.95 and 0.91, respectively, p&lt;0.01). Additionally, estimation of body girth at the waist did not differ between laser and tape methods (103.1±1.2 cm and 103.6±1.2cm, respectively, p&gt;0.05). Comparison of hip circumference measurements showed similar results (90.0±1.5 cm and 88.5±1.9 cm, p&gt;0.05). In a subset of 32 participants, the reproducibility of repeated laser scans was tested ten times, with the body relaxed between scans. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.99 for both waist and hip circumferences (p&lt;0.01). These results suggest that laser body imaging is a reproducible and valid measure of waist and hip circumferences. Supported by NIH 1 R21 DK081206‐01.

Development of Skirt Pattern for the Middle Aged Women of Obese Using the 3-Dimension Technology

The purpose of this paper is to find how to do the width of skirt and the girth of the waist in the adequate pattern making for the obese women's skirt. Appearance test of the five experimental skirts was evaluated by the four experts in clothing construction. At the same time, 3D clothing air volume was observed for the five types of experimental skirt with different size specifications. The results from the appearance test were as follows; when the width of skirt pattern is set for(the shell girth/2), it was suggested w/4+1(front), w/4(back) for girth of the waist. On one hand, in case of (the shell girth of front)/2+(the shell girth of back)/2, it was suggested(the waist girth of front)/2 and(waist girth of back)/2 for obese women's skirt with the best appearance. As results, it was found that the width of skirt pattern for the obese women should be the greatest shell girth instead of hip girth. In the case of the hip girth, the amount of ease on hip was suggested 6cm. It was found that pattern with the wrinkle of ease was full of the gaps between body and skirt in 3D clothing air volume. In spreading out to 2D flat pattern from 3D scan data, when the width of skirt pattern was set for(the shell girth of front)/2+(the shell girth of back)/2, it was suggested(the waist girth of front/2)+(the waist girth of back/2) than the shell girth/2 in girth of the waist for the best appearance. And the conversion of 3D scan data into 2D flat pattern in curve shape of crosswise had to spread out of the plane in straight line. The obese women's clothing should be manufactured with systematical consideration of the diversity and scarcity of the obese women's body shape.

A Study on the Pattern Making Method of Pants Made of Stretchable Fabrics

The purpose of this study was to examine the inconvenience when putting on stretchable pants and to analyze the whole actual conditions of making of the lining fabrics. For this study, we conducted a survey of women in their twenties and collected the basic data and master pattern through material of a woman's wear brand and the interview and questionnaires. The results of this study were as follows. First, the survey result for the woman consumers it showed that the most uncomfortable problem about the lining of pants was not sufficient stretch as much as the out-shell. Secondly, it was shown that many brands(46.7%) were using the lining fabrics of stretch clothes mixed with 'non-stretch fabrics' and 'stretch fabrics'. The result of lining pattern making for the stretch pants showed that the ease of the lining fabrics was 0 to 4cm in the hip girth more than out-shell. The ease in crotch width was 0 to 1.3cm for lining fabrics. But in the stretch lining fabrics the ease for front crotch width was 0 to 1cm more than out-shell. The lengths of crotch rising were -0.7 to 1.3cm for the non-stretch lining fabrics and -1 to 1cm for the stretch lining fabrics.

Effects of a 12‐month exercise program on cardiorespiratory health indicators of Vietnam War veterans resident in the tropics

To measure the effect of a combined aerobic and resistance exercise program on key cardiovascular disease risk factors (i.e. body composition or anthropometry and cardiorespiratory function) of Australian male, Vietnam War veterans living in the tropics. Twelve-month exercise program with assessments at commencement, 3, 6 and 12 months. North Queensland regional centre. Australian male, Vietnam War veterans (n = 164) resident in north Queensland. Measurement of heart rate, blood pressure, skinfold and girth measurements, exercise heart rate response and estimated aerobic capacity to determine whether the implementation of a simple aerobic and resistance exercise program could positively change selected cardiovascular disease risk factors in Vietnam Veterans. Significant improvements were reported for systolic blood pressure (131.1 (SD 15.7) reduced to 122.7 (12.4) mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (82.7 (9.1) reduced to 76.3 (10.3) mmHg), resting heart rate (73 (11) reduced to 69 (11) bpm), sum of skinfolds (127.5 (40.3) reduced to 99.5 (32.1) mm), waist girth (103.2 (12.0) reduced to 100.5 (12.1) cm), hip girth (105.3 (9.6) reduced to 103.7 (10.4) cm) and aerobic capacity (2.17 (0.39) increased to 2.36 (0.34) L min(-1)). Participation in a combined aerobic and resistance training program elicited significant anthropometric and cardiorespiratory benefits that might lead to a decreased risk of developing cardiovascular disease for male Vietnam War veterans resident in rural and regional areas.