Hills Unit Research Articles

GEOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF HEAVY METAL IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT USING ARCGIS FOR INTERPRETATION DISTRIBUTION

The Boto area, Jatiroto District, Wonogiri Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, is a traditional gold mining site with inadequate waste management practices, particularly mercury usage. This study aims to assess mercury contamination and evaluate phytoremediation potential in the area. Geological mapping, petrographic analysis, fossil analysis, stereographic analysis, soil Hg measurement, soil and water chemistry analysis, and XRF analysis were conducted to characterize the geology, geomorphology, and heavy metal distribution. The study area is divided into four geomorphological units: Intrusive Hill Unit (V1), Homoklin Hill Unit (S1), Karst Hill Unit (K1), and Alluvial Plain Unit (F1). Stratigraphically, the area consists of the Nglanggeran Breccia Unit interbedded with early Miocene lava, the early Miocene andesite Intrusion Unit with a terrestrial depositional environment, the Wonosari Limestone Unit of Middle-Late Miocene age, and the Holocene Alluvial Deposit Unit. Geological structures include left-lateral normal faults trending relatively north-south (Sesar Boto), left-lateral normal faults trending southeast-northwest (Sesar Brenggolo), and right-lateral downthrown faults trending southeast-northwest (Sesar Mesu). Fractures and veins are also present. Mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) distribution mapping was conducted. The contaminated zone falls into TCLP-A, and waste management falls into category 1, located in Boto Village, which is a gold mining and processing area. Phytoremediation is proposed as a remediation strategy. Keywords: gold mining, heavy metals, XRF, phytoremediation, distribution

Geology and Groundwater Quality Analysis for Clean Water and Irrigation of Sanga-sanga District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province

The research locations are in two sub-districts, namely Sanga-Sanga District, Samarinda City and Palaran District, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan Province The research method used in this study is geological mapping, then laboratory analysis. The well water sample data used is 2 sample water which is considered to represent the research area. Geological conditions in the study area there are 3 rock units where the rock units of the oldest are the Sanga-sanga sandstone unit, the Bantuas sandstone unit and alluvial deposits. For geomorphological units, it is divided into 6 forms, namely the eroded hill unit, the remaining hill, the Alluvial Plain, swamp, river body, disposal and mine opening. Based on the results of the piper diagram analysis Groundwater is included in the type of magnesium bicarbonate with carbonate hardness (secondary alkalinity) > 50% groundwater is dominated by alkaline soil (Ca + Mg) and weak acids (CO3 + HCO3), and based on the results of the stiff diagram analysis, the research area is included in the type of calcium carbonate (CaHCO3) and Magnesium Carbonate (MgHCO3). The assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes concluded that the analyzed sample could be used as irrigation water.

Geology and Geophysics of Talumopatu Geothermal Manifestation Area of Mootilango District, Gorontalo Regency, Indonesia

The research aims to assess the geothermal potential and provide a better understanding of the geology and geophysics of the area. The study utilizes various methods, including geological mapping, geochemical analysis, and magnetic and electromagnetic data analysis, to gain insights into the subsurface structures and characteristics of the geothermal system. The study area can be divided into three geomorphological units: Alluvial Plain Unit, Near Plains Unit, and Isolated Hill Unit. The study area exhibits a stratigraphy consisting of three primary units: Talumopatu granite units, Talumopatu sandstone units, and alluvial deposit units. The subsurface lithologies of the Talumopatu manifestation area were analyzed using the Wenner – Alpha configuration ERT method, revealing two distinct lithologies. The first lithology consists of sandstones with a resistivity value ranging from 4.2 to 39.0 Ωm and a thickness of 1.25 to 12.4 m, which act as a permeable layer capable of transmitting water. The second lithology is granite with a resistivity value ranging from 118 to 360 Ωm and a thickness of 3.75 to 15.9 m. This information provides valuable insights into the subsurface characteristics of the area, including the presence of permeable layers and the geological composition of the lithologies

Geomorphological Study of the Talumopatu Geothermal Area Gorontalo Regency Gorontalo Province

Geomorphological research is urgently needed to be carried out in areas with geothermal potential such as in Talumopatu. Geomorphological analysis was chosen to complete the data in the early stages of the geothermal exploration of the study area. The purpose of this study was to determine the geomorphological characteristics of the study area. This study uses image interpretation methods and field excursions to observe the morphology of the study area. The stages of data processing use software applications based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The Geomorphological analysis consists of analysis of morphography, morphometry and morphogenesis. The analysis results are then compiled to produce a geomorphological map that refers to the van Zuidam classification. In accordance with the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the geomorphological condition of the study area is divided into three parts, namely the Alluvial Plain Unit, Peneplains Unit, and Residual Hills Unit.

Penentuan Tipe Akuifer Daerah Bulontala Kabupaten Bone Bolango Menggunakan Metode Geolistrik

Research area Geographically, the location is at 0ᵒ31'0''N - 0ᵒ31'30'' North Latitude 123ᵒ8'0'' - 123ᵒ8'30'' East Longitude with an area of ± 22.02 km. The research location is an andesite lava hill unit. because the type of rock found at that location is andesite igneous rock. The purpose of this study is to determine the type or type of aquifer. The method used is in the form of collecting surface and subsurface geological data. The method used is the geoelectric method with the Schlumberger configuration. The results of the research for geological mapping of the research location have morphology in the form of volcanic plains and hills with an altitude of 200 meters above sea level. The statigraphic sequence at the research site is sorted from easy to leader, old unit in the form of Andesite and easy unit in the form of alluvial. As for the geological structure that plays a role in the study, the dominant direction is from the north to the south.Groundwater at the research site follows the topography of the research location which flows from south to north where the water flows from upstream to downstream, from high to low elevation points. based on the results of geoelectric research and well water data collection that the aquifer at that location is shallow with alluvial material types, sand and andesite igneous rocks.The type of aquifer at the research site obtained from geoelectric research is a free aquifer type (not compressed) and only has 1 boundary layer, namely andesite igneous rock.

Karangkemiri Village Landslide Potential Risk Mapping Based on Integrating Litho-structure and Morphology

The Karangkemiri Village, Jeruklegi District, Cilacap Regency, Central Java Province, has a high risk of rock-mass movement. This is proven by the occurrence of a landslide in March 2020. The susceptibility of landslides is influenced by eight factors: slope, lithology, land cover, elevation, loading, rainfall, distance from rivers, and roads. Therefore, a landslide potential risk map is needed as a disaster mitigation effort. The integration between litho-structure and morphology was applied to understand the distribution of landslides vulnerability in Karangkemiri Village. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was adopted to find the dominant factor that causes a landslide. The result of this study was the geology of a research area consisting of 3 geomorphological units, namely the Structural Curve Slab Hills Unit (S3), Structural Waveed Hills Unit (S2), and Intrusion Unit to Basalt (S11). Stratigraphy of research areas is composed of sandstone (Tmph) and andesite lava (Tmpk) units. Special study methods use the AHP, assessment, and weighting against the landslide movement's causative factors, such calculations combined with primary and secondary data. The data and calculations were inserted into the parameter map then combined to obtain a map of the rock-mass movement susceptibility zone. Analyzing results show research areas divided into two levels of rock-mass movement vulnerability, medium, and high vulnerability levels. Medium levels of vulnerability cover 60% of Karangkemiri Village. Meanwhile, a high level of vulnerability encompasses 40% of Karangkemiri Village.

The detailed morphological formation based on geological investigation in Somawangi and surrounding areas, Mandiraja District, Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java

Geological mapping is an activity to be able to know the geological conditions of a field. Somawangi Village and its surroundings have a geological history depicting the history of the past that continues until now. This location is located in Mandiraja District, Banjarnegara Regency with a morphology consisting of rock outcrops that record past history which can be used as learning media for the field of geological science. This study aims to determine the geological conditions and resource potential as well as geological disasters at the research site. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the Geomorphology of the research area can be divided into 3 geomorphological units, namely the Sloping Structural Hills Unit (S3), Structural Sloping Lowland Unit (S1), and Volcano Denudational Hills Unit (V14) with the composition The stratigraphy of the study area is divided into 5 rock units, from the oldest to the youngest, the Somawangi Volcanic Breccia Unit, the Sandstone Unit, the Andesite Lava Unit, the Tuff Rock Unit, and the Kaliwungu Volcanic Breccia Unit. The geological structure of the research area is the Left Fault which is found along the rivers and hills in the eastern area of the research location with an emphasis on northeast-southwest. And the geological potential of the research area can be divided into 2, namely positive potential such as mining of sand and rocks around the river, the use of red soil as a ceramic and brick material, the use of andesite lava which has the potential to mine minerals, and the presence of mineralization alteration in the research area. While the negative potential is the potential for land movement or landslides

Geological Mapping of the Longkeyang and Surrounding Regions, Bodeh District, Pemalang Regency, Central Java

Geological mapping is one of the important things as part of a field study to obtain geological knowledge. This is due to the need for a geologist who is required to be able to understand the geological conditions of an area, one of which is by conducting mapping activities in the field. In conducting this research activity, it is divided into two stages, namely the field stage and the laboratory stage. The purpose of this research is to determine the characteristics and geological conditions, identify resource potentials and potential geological disasters in the research area. Based on the analysis, it was found that the geomorphological units of the study area were divided into 4 (four), namely the Mount Ketos Homocline Hills Unit, the Polaga River Anticline Valley Unit, the Sarangkadu Cycline Hills Unit, and the Mount Lanji Intrusion Hills Unit. The geology of the study area consists of three rock units in order from oldest to youngest, namely the claystone-sandstone unit and the sandstone-claystone unit and the diorite intrusion unit. The geological structure of the pinnacle area is in the form of folds and faults, namely, Polaga River Anticlines, Sarangkadu Synclines, Polaga River Right Shear Fault, Polaga River Left Shear Fault. The geological history of the study area begins with the deposition of claystone-sandstone units during the Middle Miocene in the Upper Bathyal environment. Furthermore, after the claystone-sandstone units were deposited, during the Middle Miocene – Late Miocene in the Deep Neuritic environment, sandstone-claystone units were deposited with a turbidity deposition mechanism. As well as the geological resource potential of the research area in the form of utilization of river deposits in the form of chunks of igneous rock, river sand deposits and indications of the presence of gold. Meanwhile, the potential for geological disasters in the form of landslides.

Geological Mapping of Gunungbatu and Surrounding Areas, Bodeh District, Pemalang Regency, Central Java

Mapping is the activity of collecting data from an area to be mapped, in the context of geology mapping means collecting data that includes descriptions of rocks, rock structures, rock positions, structure measurements (plunge/trend, pitch, microfold), rock thickness measurements, rock sampling and sketches. landscape, covering an area to be mapped. Research in the area of Gunungbatu and its surroundings, Bodeh District, Pemalang Regency, Central Java Province with the aim of knowing and knowing that it is in the research area by reconstructing the history of formation or geomorphological history, merely tectonic history in space and time, reconstructing geological history based on micropaleontological analysis. Based on the analysis carried out, it was found that the geomorphological units of the study area were divided into 5, namely the Gunungbatu Syncline Hills Unit, the Kali Bodas Anticline Valley Unit, the Girimulya Syncline Hills Unit, the Cenggiri Homocline Hills Unit and the Kebubung Homocline Valley Unit. The geology of the study area consists of two unofficial rock units in order from oldest to youngest, namely the claystone-sandstone unit and the sandstone-claystone unit. The geological structures of the pinpoint folds and faults are Mount Ketos Syncline, Kali Bodas Anticline, Gapura Syncline, Pertapan Igir Syncline, Cenggiri River Rising Fault, Kebubung Dextral Fault, and Girimulya Dextral Fault. The geological history of the research area begins with the book Unit of Claystone in the Middle Miocene Environment in Upper Bathyal. Furthermore, after the claystone-sandstone units were deposited, during the Middle Miocene – Late Miocene in the Deep Neritic Environment, the sandstone-claystone units were deposited with a turbidite mechanism. As well as the geological resource potential of the research area in the form of river utilization in the form of chunks of igneous rock, river sand deposits and gold seepage. Meanwhile, the potential for geological disasters in the form of landslides.

FEASIBILITY TEKNIS PEMBANGUNAN KANDANG AYAM CLOSED HOUSE BPU

ABSTRACT
 BPU closed house system cages are closed cages that ensure the safety of livestock in contact with other organisms, 
 with good ventilation arrangements available air and a conducive climate for livestock so as to minimize stress 
 levels. In order to support the planning for the construction of the chicken coop, a geological engineering 
 investigation is needed.
 Technical Feasibility of Closed House Chicken Coop Development at BPU Jenderal Soedirman University aims to 
 identify soil and rock types, analyze soil strength, potential for soil movement, analyze soil physical and mechanical 
 properties as a result of sondir testing, engineering geological drilling at the location of the development plan as 
 well as recommendations for the right type of foundation.
 The results of the investigation obtained that the geomorphology of the planned location was included in the 
 Denudational Ridge/Sloping Hills unit, the slope angle was 8-13%, the height difference was 20 meters. Rock types 
 consist of claystone and sandstone as inserts, interludes. Soil strength is included in the very stiff-stiff category (UCS 
 Classification), but still has a fairly good bearing capacity, there is a lot of hard and dry soil. Hard soil layers from 
 the results of the six CPT test points (sondir) were found to vary at a depth of 5.40-9.60 meters. The results of the 
 N-SPT test at two engineering geological drilling points show the depth of the hard soil layer at intervals of 5-6 
 meters. The results of laboratory tests on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil at a depth of 3 meters 
 resulted in the shear angle numbers: 26.05o (point B1) and 26.79o (point B2); cohesion: 0.2499 kg/cm2 (point B1) 
 and 0.2387 kg/cm2 (point B2), the type of soil that can be interpreted is sandy soil with dense conditions. 
 Recommended depth of foundation to be adapted to the design and analysis of building capacity. The depth of the 
 foundation is 5-6 meters, the result of N-SPT >30 can be constructed with a maximum bearing capacity of 20 tf/m2. 
 The recommended types of foundations that can be proposed are river stone foundations and foot plate foundations.
 Key words : Technical Feasibility, geomorphology, engineering geology,

Compartimentação geoambiental no município de São Vicente do Sul, RS, Brasil

Landscape studies and compartmentalization through shapes, defined by relief, and composition understood as elements of rocky substrate and soils integrate information of use and occupation are fundamental to understand geomorphological dynamics and assist in the management and planning of agricultural and urban areas. The present work aims at the geoenvironmental compartmentalization of the São Vicente do Sul municipality, through combinations of elements in a GIS environment. The study identifies four units and five subunits geoenvironmental defined: Floodplain Units subdivided into Ibicuí floodplain, Jaguari floodplain, Toropi floodplain; Hills Unit with fields and crops and with Forestry; Buttes of the São Vicente do Sul resulting from the regressive erosion and; Urban Unit.

Geology and 2D modelling of magnetic data to evaluate surface and subsurface setting in Bongongoayu geothermal area, Gorontalo

Bongongoayu is one of the regions in Indonesia that has geothermal potential. Bongongoayu requires surface and subsurface data to support the preliminary data. This research aims to determine surface and subsurface data conducted by geology and magnetic method. The surface data, including geomorphology, lithology, hydrology and manifestation. The subsurface data have taken by the magnetic method. The result showed that the geothermal manifestation of Bongongoayu is a hot pool. The surface temperature is 43 to 59 °C. The geomorphology units is composed of volcanic hills unit and lake plains unit. The lithology of the research area is composed of granite and alluvial deposits. Based on petrographic analysis, the level of alteration in granite rocks is 65% and is classified as moderate alteration. The recharge area is in the north and southwest of the research area. Discharge area is in the central area. Based on 2D magnetic modeling, there are two subsurface layers. The first layer is alluvial and the second layer is granite. Rocks that are under the alluvial layer and have been altered are interpreted as a cap rock. 2D magnetic models show normal faults in the research area as a controlling factor for geothermal fluid.

Remote Sensing Data Integration of Landsat 8 and SRTM for Geomorphological Characteristics Identification in Karst Pringkuku, Pacitan, East Java

Pringkuku is one of the transition areas where the morphology of karst began to develop toward the western part of Gunung Sewu Karst region. The purpose of this research is to identify the landform unit in Pringkuku’s Karst as the result of geomorphological processes recorded by Landsat 8 image and SRTM image. The research was conducted by analyzing and dividing the landform units based on landform parameters such as flow patterns, slope forms, valley forms, and ridge patterns. Structural geology data such as a strike of joints and direct rock sampling are also used as the supporting data. The developing flow patterns are the multi-basinal and rectangular patterns in the western and eastern parts of the area respectively. Inferred from the analysis of joints pattern and stream lineament, the rectangular pattern is in direction NW - SE and NE - SW. The results of this research are two units of karst and structural landform, which are structural limestone hill unit in the eastern part of the area with 68.18% of spreading area of the total extent and conical limestone hill unit in western part of the area with spreading area of 31,82%.

Potensi Batugamping Untuk Bahan Baku Industri Semen Daerah Biluhu Timur Dan Sekitarnya

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed by calcium carbonate derived from the rest of marine organisms and the main materials of cement so exploration and calculation of limestone resources need to be done. The research area is administratively located at the Biluhu Timur Village and its surroundings, Batudaa Pantai District, Gorontalo Regency. The purpose of this study is to observe the geological conditions of the study area to determine distribution of limestones in the study area to be used as cement industrial materials with the geological mapping, and the analysis limestone geochemical using XRF (X-Ray Flourescence). Based on the result of this research can be concluded that the research area was devided into four geomorphological units, consisting of volcanic hills unit, denudational hills and plain unit, and the coastal plain unit. The litology arranged by granodiorit, basal, and the limestone (packstone and wackestone). Based on the result of geochemical analysis using XRF and calculation of volume using Surpac softwere can be devided into three blocks. The A block have limestones (packstone) with the content of CaO 51.79% and MgO 1.98% that meets the requirement materials of portland cement with total volume 423 107 230 tons. The B block have limestones (wackestone) with the content of CaO 4.92% and MgO 5.28% that not meets the requirement materials of portland cement with total volume 729 263 008 tons. The C block have limestones (packstone) with the content of CaO 52.85% and MgO 0.98% that meets the requirement materials of portland cement with total volume 539 883 150 tons.

Signals from the ancient geodynamo: A paleomagnetic field test on the Jack Hills metaconglomerate

The oldest history of Earth's magnetic field cannot be directly read from extant bulk rocks because of subsequent metamorphism at temperatures close to or exceeding the Curie temperature of common magnetic minerals. The Jack Hills metasediments of Western Australia, which have seen lower peak metamorphic temperatures, contain zircons as old as ∼4.4 billion-yr-old. To assess whether these sediments can retain an ancient signal of the geodynamo, we present a paleomagnetic conglomerate test on a cobble-bearing Jack Hills unit. Thermal demagnetization reveals a distinct magnetic component with high unblocking temperatures between ∼550 and 580°C that passes the conglomerate test, indicating magnetization prior to deposition of the conglomerate. This result, together with rock magnetic data, indicates that the high unblocking temperature component is carried by magnetite which records magnetization in an ambient field, and the simplest explanation is that a dynamo was present. Existing geochronological data imply that the clasts could contain mixtures of minerals extending to ages only slightly older than the maximum depositional age at 3.05 billion-yr-ago. However, the positive conglomerate test reported here indicates that the Jack Hills metasediments have the potential to record Paleorchean to Hadean magnetic fields, on a clast or sub-clast mineral scale.

MIGRATION OF PLANETS EMBEDDED IN A CIRCUMSTELLAR DISK

Planetary migration poses a serious challenge to theories of planet formation. In gaseous and planetesimal disks, migration can remove planets as quickly as they form. To explore migration in a planetesimal disk, we combine analytic and numerical approaches. After deriving general analytic migration rates for isolated planets, we use N-body simulations to confirm these results for fast and slow migration modes. Migration rates scale as 1/m (for massive planets) and 1/(1+(e_H/3)^3), where m is the mass of a planet and e_H is the eccentricity of the background planetesimals in Hill units. When multiple planets stir the disk, our simulations yield the new result that large-scale migration ceases. Thus, growing planets do not migrate through planetesimal disks. To extend these results to migration in gaseous disks, we compare physical interactions and rates. Although migration through a gaseous disk is an important issue for the formation of gas giants, we conclude that migration has little impact on the formation of terrestrial planets.

DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION OF THIN DISPERSION-DOMINATED PLANETESIMAL DISKS

We study the dynamics of a vertically thin, dispersion-dominated disk of planetesimals with eccentricities $e$ and inclinations $i$ (normalized in Hill units) satisfying $e >> 1$, $i << e^{-2} << 1$. This situation may be typical for e.g. a population of protoplanetary cores in the end of the oligarchic phase of planet formation. In this regime of orbital parameters planetesimal scattering has an anisotropic character and strongly differs from scattering in thick ($i ~ e$) disks. We derive analytical expressions for the planetesimal scattering coefficients and compare them with numerical calculations. We find significant discrepancies in the inclination scattering coefficients obtained by the two approaches and ascribe this difference to the effects not accounted for in the analytical calculation: multiple scattering events (temporary captures, which may be relevant for the production of distant planetary satellites outside the Hill sphere) and distant interaction of planetesimals prior to their close encounter. Our calculations show that the inclination of a thin, dispersion-dominated planetesimal disk grows exponentially on a very short time scale implying that (1) such disks must be very short-lived and (2) planetesimal accretion in this dynamical phase is insignificant. Our results are also applicable to the dynamics of shear-dominated disks switching to the dispersion-dominated regime.

Darkroom Soldier: Photographs and Letters from the South Pacific Theater World War II by Frederick H. Hill, George Venn

and failure,Gray makes an important contri bution to a growing international literature on imperial networks,which complicates and questions bounded and teleological models and narratives of nation, empire, and identity. While Gray concludes, perhaps rightly,by cautioning that"theproject of creating empire was not thework of single-minded, heroic men," we should not downplay theways and extent towhich individuals like Ledyard ? albeit through their immersion in networks of power and patronage ? made meaningful connections between places, discourses, and practices (p. 193).TheMaking ofJohnLedyard was about themaking of connections that helped to transform ? how fullyand directly can be debated ? an older British Atlantic world into a new American age. Daniel Clayton University ofSt.Andrews saved by Hill's wife Martha, a Boeing Co. riveter. Hill, a sergeant in a photo lab of the Seventeenth Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, processed film brought back on planes from combat missions in the Pacific. Although hewas a sergeant,he also was called on fornumerous drab duties. Hill explains he was "just another dogface tohaul garbage,wash greasy pots and pans or saw lumber" (p. 62). Hill did find time towrite 315 lettersto Mar tha about his daily routine and observations, and stressinghis love forher. In addition, he mailed to her numerous photos of life in the Pacific, showing that the activity in the rear areas could be considerably interesting,forthe rightobserver. From New Guinea, Hill wrote that,for toomay GIs, "lifehas become boring, uninteresting, detested," but "I always find some new beauty, some new thing to learn, some new joy to live and always to take good pictures tobring asmuch of thislife back toyou as I canwithout your everneeding toundergo thehardships of seeing it" (p. 108). The subjects of Hill's photos range from Native people in garish garb tomakeshift military camps, cartoon insignias on American planes, Hill's comrades, and numerous other subjects.They provide a detailed look at scenes along the squadron's route fromOctober 1943 toV-J day inAugust 1945, the end of thewar. The route followed byHill's squadron was a long one, heading generally north asUnited States forces gradually gained ground against the enemy. The Japanese army and naval forces were being forced backward in the Pacific, toward their homeland. For a while, Hill's unit was based inNew Guinea, and laterhe accompanied his unit to thePhilippines, where he found a varietyofnew picturematerial. The residents were enthused about the returnof the Americans, and they relished theopportunity tobarterwith and otherwise benefit from the visitors.Hill's photo subjects there range from water buffaloes pulling sleds toU.S. airborne troops landing at Corregidor, cock fighting, and numerous other scenes. Some of his most DARKROOMSOLDIER:PHOTOGRAPHS AND LETTERS FROMTHE SOUTH PACIFIC THEATER WORLD WAR II by Frederick H. Hill, with George Venn Photosmith Books, La Grande, Oregon, 2007. Photographs, maps, bibliography. 300 pages. $49-95 paper. Readers interested in World War II history can select from a deluge of books on the subject, mostly harrowing talesof tankbattles, extermi nation camps, seaborne invasions, aerial bomb ings,and otherphases of theconflictrelatingto the front lines.The rear echelon generally has been ignored, although thework of themany men and women who manned those jobswas vital.Also,many authors ofwar books were not participants in the conflict. Now the storyof aUnited States soldier in the army's support ranks,FrederickH. Hill of La Grande, has been printed ? reproducing a cache of lettersand more than 250 pictures 644 OHQ vol. 109, no. 4 interesting material relates to the Filipinos in thewaning days of WWII. Throughout his correspondence, Hill is effusive inhis love forhiswife and stresseshis hopes forthedaywhen theycould be reunited. The New Heathman Hotel in Portland was selected for the couple's rendezvous after Hill finally arrived in Puget Sound via theUSS Cape Victory. The number and quality of the photos in thisbook, unusually large for any volume on the subject, ensure that readers of all ageswill find it interesting. Ted Van Arsdol Vancouver, Washington inggreatbanquets, served course aftercourse on dozens of solid silverplates.No person ofhis period was considered more gentlemanly, gen erous, and competent than Bodega, who was beloved byNootka ChiefMaquinna, admired byYankee commercial traders,and reliedon by his viceroy for careful and adept presentation of Spain...

Motivating mentally disordered offenders to change: Instruments for measuring patients' perception and motivation

A major challenge to forensic services is how to motivate patients to change and engage in therapy. The objective of the study was to develop scales that reliably identify and measure factors that are likely to be an obstacle to patients' motivation to change, and engage with and benefit from therapy. Three measures – the Patient Attitude Questionnaire, the Patient Perception Questionnaire, and the Patient Motivation Inventory – were developed and administered to 116 mentally disordered offenders resident at three medium secure units (Denis Hill Unit, Cane Hill Unit, and Trevor Gibbens Unit) and one open forensic ward (Witley 3 Ward) in the south-east of England. Factor analysis of each scale identified three conceptually meaningful and reliable subscales. Significant differences between units were identified on several of the subscales. Only one of the subscales, measuring reluctance to open up, revealed a significant ethnic difference. The findings provide evidence for the validity and utility of the scales as clinical and research tools.

Technology Update: Practical Application of Intelligent Technology in Low-Production Environments

Until recently, implementing intelligent-completion (IC) technology to optimize hydrocarbon production in land-based or shallow water, low-production environments has been economically prohibitive because of the cost of the required equipment compared to its return on investment. Alternatives now exist for reduced capital investment and operating costs, enabling operators to re-evaluate the economic feasibility of IC deployment in mature fields, large fields requiring pressure maintenance, secondary-/tertiary-recovery schemes, and multilayered fields. Approaches for moderate-return environments include an introductory-level option for ICs launched by WellDynamics that incorporates streamlined designs and the use of standard metallurgy. Proprietary SmartWell MC completion technology focuses on the ability to improve management of the recovery methods associated with enhanced oil recovery (EOR), providing real-time monitoring as well as zonal isolation and subsurface flow control in both vertical and horizontal well configurations. The use of this technology in EOR projects offers several benefits that promote enhanced recovery and improved economics, including enhanced recovery of individual layers through commingled production, improved pressure maintenance, controlled drawdown and fluid production from individual zones, and superior management of water cut. Open/close and choking versions of hydraulically actuated interval-control valves (ICVs) in a range of sizes, production and zonal-isolation packers, and modular gauge packages make up the MC line of technologies. The MC2 open/close ICV enables isolation of individual reservoir zones while the MCC ICV enables operators to choke or regulate injection/production by adjusting the valve through multiple incremental positions. Both MC ICVs accommodate a flow rate that exceeds 3,000 BOPD or 5 MMscf/D of gas and are equipped with corrosion-resistant coatings for downhole endurance. The valves can be used with either an automated or a manual control system to meet specific operational requirements. The MC production packer is a single-string, retrievable production packer rated at 5,000 psi for cased hole. The slipless MC isolation packer allows perforated intervals to be segregated in cased hole below a production packer, where tubing loads and pressure differentials are moderate. Eight control lines can be fed through each of the packers. Pressure and temperature-sensing capabilities supplement the MC series. These sensor packages are modular in construction, allowing for adaptation to a multitude of tubing sizes, without altering the primary packaging configuration. Application in Swan Hills EOR Project SmartWell MC products were installed by Devon Energy in a miscible-solvent injection well within the Swan Hills Unit No. 1 oil field, located in north-central Alberta, approximately 120 miles from Edmonton. Devon has been the operator through almost all of the field's life and has taken it through primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery. The chief motivating factors for installing the equipment in this development were the opportunities to reduce well intervention and to accelerate the injection schedule associated with a single well. Considerable workover activity to manage the injection profile had already occurred in the trial well, which was judged to be a particularly risky workover candidate because of issues associated with corrosion, injection debris, and risks to cement integrity caused by frequent acid stimulation.