Highway Traffic Accidents Research Articles

Road Traffic Crash Accident Distribution Law Analysis in China

This paper is to reveal the distribution rules of highway traffic accident in China. Using statistics data, this paper discusses highway traffic accident frequency and severity distributions by various factors, including temporal dimension, road factors (such as road classes or functions, geometric alignment, etc.), vehicles factors, and drivers’ factors in details. The distributions of highway traffic accident type and highway traffic accident causes are also examined in the paper. A series of useful and interesting conclusions are available for domestic and overseas traffic policy-makers and road safety engineers.

Study on the Freeway Traffic Accidents Situation in China

This study analyzes the Chinese freeway-fatality situation to identify areas in which the total harm caused by crashes can be substantially and readily reduced.It provides a comprehensive analysis of the current freeway -fatality situation in China using conventional indices.Results:three areas were identified in which countermeasures have the most potential to substantially reduce fatalities in China: speeding,nighttime driving, Hit rear collisions.Conclusion:While China faces unprecedented road safety issues,this report identifies major areas in which there are opportunities to greatly reduce total harm.

Impact of traffic states on freeway crash involvement rates

Freeway traffic accidents are complicated events that are influenced by multiple factors including roadway geometry, drivers’ behavior, traffic conditions and environmental factors. Among the various factors, crash occurrence on freeways is supposed to be strongly influenced by the traffic states representing driving situations that are changed by road geometry and cause the change of drivers’ behavior. This paper proposes a methodology to investigate the relationship between traffic states and crash involvements on the freeway. First, we defined section-based traffic states: free flow (FF), back of queue (BQ), bottleneck front (BN) and congestion (CT) according to their distinctive patterns; and traffic states of each freeway section are determined based on actual measurements of traffic data from upstream and downstream ends of the section. Next, freeway crash data are integrated with the traffic states of a freeway section using upstream and downstream traffic measurements. As an illustrative study to show the applicability, we applied the proposed method on a 32-mile section of I-880 freeway. By integrating freeway crash occurrence and traffic data over a three-year period, we obtained the crash involvement rate for each traffic state. The results show that crash involvement rate in BN, BQ, and CT states are approximately 5 times higher than the one in FF. The proposed method shows promise to be used for various safety performance measurement including hot spot identification and prediction of the number of crash involvements on freeway sections.

Traffic Accidents on Expressways: New Threat to China

Objective: As China is building one of the largest expressway systems in the world, expressway safety problems have become serious concerns to China. This article analyzed the trends in expressway accidents in China from 1995 to 2010 and examined the characteristics of these accidents. Methods: Expressway accident data were obtained from the Annual Report for Road Traffic Accidents published by the Ministry of Public Security of China. Expressway mileage data were obtained from the National Statistics Yearbook published by the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted based on these data. Results: Expressway deaths increased by 10.2-fold from 616 persons in 1995 to 6300 persons in 2010, and the average annual increase was 17.9 percent over the past 15 years, and the overall other road traffic deaths was −0.33 percent. China's expressway mileage accounted for only 1.85 percent of highway mileage driven in 2010, but expressway deaths made up 13.54 percent of highway traffic deaths. The average annual accident lethality rate [accident deaths/(accident deaths + accident injuries)] for China's expressways was 27.76 percent during the period 1995 to 2010, which was 1.33 times higher than the accident lethality rate of highway traffic accidents. Conclusions: China's government should pay attention to expressway construction and safety interventions during the rapid development period of expressways. Related causes, such as geographic patterns, speeding, weather conditions, and traffic flow composition, need to be studied in the near future. An effective and scientific expressway safety management services system, composed of a speed monitoring system, warning system, and emergency rescue system, should be established in developed and underdeveloped provinces in China to improve safety on expressway.

평면곡선과 종단곡선이 겹친 복합선형 구간에서 교통사고 특성분석

This study has been conducted to characterize the relations between the accident rate and the overlap section elements where the horizontal alignment and vertical alignment are overlapped. The researches were performed on Horizontal curve sections of 4-lane highways with 100km/h of design speed and speed limit. Korea Highway Corporation`s Geographic Figurative Information System was adopted for geometric organization and Highway Traffic Accident Statistics was used. The results reveal that sections made of a single slope without vertical curve has greater accident rate than those with vertical curve, and that sections with 1 vertical curve are higher in the accident rate than those with over 2 vertical curve. For the sections with 1 vertical curve, SAG sections are higher than CREST sections and for the previous straight section of horizontal curve are higher than curved ones. In particular, when the road surface is wet, the accident rate is closely related with SAG vertical curves or leftward horizontal curved sections. This study will have meanings that it proposes the importance of design of road alignment by taking consideration of 3D synthetic alignment conditions for improvement of the road safety.

PREDICTION FOR TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SEVERITY: COMPARING THE ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK, GENETIC ALGORITHM, COMBINED GENETIC ALGORITHM AND PATTERN SEARCH METHODS

This paper focuses on predicting the severity of freeway traffic accidents by employing twelve accident-related parameters in a genetic algorithm (GA), pattern search and artificial neural network (ANN) modelling methods. The models were developed using the input parameters of driver's age and gender, the use of a seat belt, the type and safety of a vehicle, weather conditions, road surface, speed ratio, crash time, crash type, collision type and traffic flow. The models were constructed based on 1000 of crashes in total that occurred during 2007 on the Tehran–Ghom Freeway due to the fact that the remaining records were not suitable for this study. The GA evaluated eleven equations to obtain the best one. Then, GA and PS methods were combined using the best GA equation. The neural network used multi-layer perceptron (MLP) architecture that consisted of a multi-layer feed-forward network with hidden sigmoid and linear output neurons that could also fit multi-dimensional mapping problems arbitrarily well. The ANN was applied during training, testing and validation and had 12 inputs, 25 neurons in the hidden layers and 3 neurons in the output layer. The best-fit model was selected according to the R-value, root mean square errors (RMSE), mean absolute errors (MAE) and the sum of square error (SSE). The highest R-value was obtained for the ANN around 0.87, demonstrating that the ANN provided the best prediction. The combination of GA and PS methods allowed for various prediction rankings ranging from linear relationships to complex equations. The advantage of these models is improving themselves adding new data.

Highway Traffic Accident Prediction Based on SVR Trained by Genetic Algorithm

The multi researches and experiments show that the future highway traffic accident situation is shown by the highway traffic accident prediction. In the paper, support vector regression trained by genetic algorithm is presented in highway traffic accident prediction. In the method, genetic algorithm is used to train the parameters of support vector regression. Firstly, the regression function of support vector regression algorithm is introduced, and the parameters of support vector regression are optimized by genetic algorithm. The computation results between G-SVR and SVR can indicate that the prediction ability for highway traffic accidents of G-SVR is better than that of SVR absolutely.

A Simulation Framework for Emergency Response of Highway Traffic Accident

The problem of road traffic accidents is now becoming a cause for concern. This paper presents a simulation framework designed to simulate an emergency response system for highway traffic accident. It is a conceptual design of a real-time emergency response system. The major modules of this simulation framework include Accident Generation, Traffic Generation and Accident Response. The key component of this simulation framework is the dispatch strategy. These include the First Called, First Served strategy, the nearest origin dispatch strategy, and the flexible dispatch strategy.

Response Time of Highway Traffic Accidents in Abu Dhabi

Traffic incidents generate many adverse impacts, especially as far as traffic congestion, air pollution, fuel consumption, and secondary crashes are concerned. Therefore traffic incident responders and operators must know how to improve the efficiency of traffic incident management. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of traffic accident characteristics on accident response time, with fully parametric hazard-based duration models with emphasis on the accelerated failure time metric. Accident characteristics and response times were obtained from Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates. For an investigation into the factors affecting response time, data were retrieved from the Federal Traffic Statistics System and the Abu Dhabi Highway Collision Investigation Branch (AHCIB) for the period January to December 2009. For the purpose of this study, “response time” was defined as the length of time between the first report of the incident being received by AHCIB and the time that the first collision investigator arrived at the scene. After a goodness-of-fit test was conducted, a Weibull distribution with frailty was used. Results showed that various accident characteristics, including day of the week, month of the year, accident type, and location of the accident, affected response time. These results highlighted some weaknesses in the current highway accident management practices in Abu Dhabi, particularly the impact of lack of resources on the ability of the AHCIB to respond to an accident immediately upon notification of its occurrence. This paper suggests some measures designed to mitigate response problems.

고속도로 교통사고 심각도 등급별 요인분석에 관한 연구

With respect to the trend of highway traffic accident, highway accident is in decline, whileas, the fatality is on an increasing trend. Thus, many efforts to decrease highway traffic accidents and improve the safety, are required. In particular, in case of highway, the management standard by grade for accident black spot is designated. Thus, investing the effect factors by grade for highway traffic accident is required in detail. Thus, in this study, the factors affecting the traffic accidents among the environmental factors based on the graded data for the accident black spot in the applicable section targeting the Seoul-Pusan Express Highway, were reviewed; accident forecasting model which would analyze the characteristics of the accidents for determining the accident grade, was developed. As a result of establishing a model by using Quantification Theory of Type II, considering the characteristics of the dependent and independent variables based on the geometric structure, `the fixed variable` among the variables relating to the accident, for the variables influencing over the accident grade, `the type of vans, a chassis and people`, `the trailers, special vehicles and chassis people` and `the negligence of watching and cloudy weather` were analyzed as common factors, in case of `horizontal alignment`, `longitudinal slope` and, `barricade` respectively.

The Analysis of Causes and Treatment of Countermeasures for the Accident-Prone Section of Yu-Chang Freeway

Against the status quo of Yu-Chang freeway traffic accidents occur frequently, through the investigation of traffic accidents, Summarized characteristics of typical traffic accidents of Yu-Chang Freeway, analyzed the causes of traffic accidents from the four major factors of people, vehicles, roads and environment, provided some treatment strategies which can solve the status of the frequent occurrence of traffic accidents, and which will protect the this highway of harmony ,safe and smooth.

Research on Tire Pressure Monitoring Inflatable Restraint System

According to statistics, 70% of national highway traffic accidents are due to tire blowout, and a speed of more than 160km/h makes mortality possibility up to nearly 100%. In light of this, the Tire Pressure Monitoring Inflatable Restraint System is put forward. Sensor can send signals to the controller, and then the controller directs the gas generator to generate a lot of gas instantly, and the tire is inflated, so that the instability of the vehicle is eased. In this paper, principle and process of TPIS are illustrated in detail. The process of blowout, sensor detection, control process and the vacuum tire inflation are also scientifically analyzed.

Tire Pressure Monitoring Inflatable Restraint System

Tire blowout is a very serious security incident, particularly on the highway. As the existing anti-blowout device and measures also failed to meet the requirements to ensure traffic safety, research and development of prevention and treatment system is particularly important. In light of this, the Tire Pressure Monitoring Inflatable Restraint System is put forward. Sensor can send signals to the controller, and then the controller directs the gas generator to generate a lot of gas instantly, and through a special airway tire is inflated, so that the instability of the vehicle is eased. The concept of "vacuum tube tire" is first proposed, it can adapt to the inflation process better. Tire blowout, drunk driving and speeding is called together "three big killers on road" in China, so we can see that there are many incidents like these. Meanwhile, tire blowout is not like the other two which can be prevented by human’s means, it is sometimes not within our control. According to statistics, 70% of national highway traffic accidents are due to tire blowout, and a speed of more than 160km/h makes mortality possibility up to nearly 100%. In the check of the tires, more than 40% of them have security risks. [1] Statistics show that: The main reason why traffic accidents of high-speed driving keep increasing is leaked or inflated tires. In China, there is statistical data show that 46% traffic accidents on the highway were due to tire problem, in which tire blowout accounts for more than 70% of the total accidents, and the most crucial reasons of this is because the owners’ improper tire maintenance method. Beyond the boring concept, we can see a bunch of rather alarming figures, accounting for 49.81% highway accidents deaths, 63.94% injuries, 43.38% direct property loss were caused by high-speed tire blowout. High-speed tire blowout is considered to be the super-killer of traffic safety. And all the tire blowout incidents warn people to pay attention to tire safety.

Use Management System to Improve Highway Safety

Based on discussed the characteristics of highway traffic accidents’ severity and distribution in detail, this paper puts forward a new approach that is use safety management system to improve highway safety, establishes it’s logical architecture, puts emphasis on the advantage of institution, standard, safeguard, supervision and implementation.

Application of environmental magnetism on crime detection in a highway traffic accident from Yangzhou to Guazhou, Jiangsu Province, China

Both elemental composition analysis and mineral magnetic measurements were used to infer the source of the earth dumped on a highway in China, which resulted in human life loss and injury in 2002. The results indicate that the earth and the samples from the potential two sources are very similar in geochemical compositions. However, magnetic properties show stronger difference among the samples. A plot of magnetic susceptibility ( χ) vs. Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization (ARM) clearly show that the earth at the accident site (sample No. 1) is closely matched with one sample (No. 4) from the source site B. Such a difference in geochemical and magnetic signatures among the samples is ascribed to the nature of the earth, which is derived from the Xiashu Loess in southern China. Our results indicate that environmental magnetic method can help to crime investigation by aiding in the provenance tracing of soils/sediments evidences in a simple, economic and non-destructive way.

Avoiding the Death Risk of Avoiding a Dread Risk

Abstract-After the airplane attacks of September 11, 2001, in the United States, many Americans drove instead of flying, to avoid the risk of terrorism. As a result, there were extra car accidents in which many people died. This study tested whether a similar effect occurred in Spain after the train bombings of March 11, 2004, in Madrid. Data on train travel, highway traffic, and fatal highway accidents were analyzed for the months immediately following March 11. Results show that, like Americans, Spaniards avoided the dread risk of terror attacks, but unlike Americans, they did not confront the death risk of fatal accidents instead. A sociopolitical interpretation for these findings is offered.

Risk factors in highway traffic accidents: a case control study

The objective of this study was to identify risk factors related to the driver, the vehicle and the environment, that are associated with motor vehicles accidents on highways. A case and control design was used where the case was: the driver of a motor vehicle who was involved in an accident while traveling on the Mexico–Cuernavaca highway; and the control was: the driver or a motor vehicle who, traveling on the highway, completed the trip without being involved in a traffic accident. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of a traffic accident ( P>0.05) were: age under 25 years, frequent travel, traveling to work, alcohol consumption, driving during the daylight, on a week-day, under adverse weather conditions and in the Mexico–Cuernavaca direction of road. Risks adjusted by logistic regression were: age under 25 years odds ratio (OR) 3.01, confidence interval (CI) (95%) 1.46–6.18; work as a travel reason OR 1.74, CI 1.06–2.86; alcohol intake OR 4.70, CI 1.62–13.6; driving under adverse weather conditions OR 5.70, CI 3.66–8.85; traveling on a week-day OR 1.84, CI 1.14–2.94; during daylight hours OR 4.23, CI 2.36–7.58 and in the Mexico–Cuernavaca direction of road OR 2.69, CI 1.67–4.32. The identification of factors associated with the risk of being involved in a highway traffic accident allows us to propose primary prevention measures for this important public health problem.

The association between sleep apnea and the risk of traffic accidents. Cooperative Group Burgos-Santander.

Drowsiness and lack of concentration may contribute to traffic accidents. We conducted a case-control study of the relation between sleep apnea and the risk of traffic accidents. The case patients were 102 drivers who received emergency treatment at hospitals in Burgos or Santander, Spain, after highway traffic accidents between April and December 1995. The controls were 152 patients randomly selected from primary care centers in the same cities and matched with the case patients for age and sex. Respiratory polygraphy was used to screen the patients for sleep apnea at home, and conventional polysomnography was used to confirm the diagnosis. The apnea-hypopnea index (the total number of episodes of apnea and hypopnea divided by the number of hours of sleep) was calculated for each participant. The mean age of the participants was 44 years; 77 percent were men. As compared with those without sleep apnea, patients with an apnea-hypopnea index of 10 or higher had an odds ratio of 6.3 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.4 to 16.2) for having a traffic accident. This relation remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders, such as alcohol consumption, visual-refraction disorders, body-mass index, years of driving, age, history with respect to traffic accidents, use of medications causing drowsiness, and sleep schedule. Among subjects with an apnea-hypopnea index of 10 or more, the risk of an accident was higher among those who had consumed alcohol on the day of the accident than among those who had not. There is a strong association between sleep apnea, as measured by the apnea-hypopnea index, and the risk of traffic accidents.

Alcohol intake and severity of injuries on highways in Mexico: a comparative analysis.

To analyze the association between alcohol intake and the severity of injuries sustained from traffic accidents on a Mexican highway. An observational unit evaluated drivers involved in auto accidents. Mexico-Cuernavaca Highway, Mexico. A 60 km-long road with many altitude variations and sharp curves. Three hundred and eighty-six drivers involved in traffic accidents between March and September, 1994. A questionnaire was applied to the driver, an occupant or witness at the site of the accident to collect information about the driver, vehicle characteristics, type of accident, day-night occurrence, road section (Mexico-Cuernavaca or Cuernavaca-Mexico) and weather conditions. A physical examination was carried out to determine the presence and severity of injuries. There were 177 injured people, including 12 deaths, with rates of 67.5 injuries and 4.58 deaths per 10,000 km driven. Variables associated with alcohol intake (p < 0.05) included: severity of injuries, non-use of seat belt, vehicle size and occurrence at night. Risk factors for severe injuries were: alcohol intake (adjusted OR 6.1 CI 95% 1.6-24.0); non-use of seat belt (OR 4.9 CI 2.2-10.8), age < 25 years (OR 3.6 CI 1.0-12.7), age > 54 years (OR 6.0 CI 1.4-25.0), speed > 90 km/h (OR 2.6 CI 1.1-6.3) and occurrence at night (OR 2.6 CI 1.3-5.3). Alcohol intake is a major risk factor for severe injuries from highway traffic accidents. Its association with other risk factors such as non-use of seat belt and excessive speed suggests the importance of designing interventions aimed at reducing alcohol intake among automobile drivers.

Emergency Response System for Dangerous Goods Movements by Highways

Artificial intelligence, using a prototype expert system, was applied to transportation issues. The specific issue dealt with improving the quality of the dispatch information in emergency situations involving dangerous goods. The system provided, upon notification of a highway traffic accident involving dangerous goods, a weighted probability list of possible dangerous goods expected to be transported over that part of the arterial highway network and instructions for handling the situation. The importance of quick and effective emergency response was addressed, and methods of assisting those directly involved were examined. Following the analysis of all input data, the program displays the given conditions and a complete list of possible commodities, ordered by highest probability and the appropriate emergency response procedures. Once emergency response personnel arrive at the scene of the accident, they may provide further information to the dispatcher or perhaps update earlier conditions since the initial respondent cannot be expected to recall every detail exactly. The system can then reevaluate the new set of conditions and output an updated list of commodities and procedures.