Highway Capacity Research Articles

Base saturation flow rate (BSFR) and its effect on performance of pretimed signalized intersection with non-lane based urban heterogeneous traffic.

Signalized intersections that are pretimed are commonly used in rapidly developing cities with diverse traffic patterns, including those found in Indonesia. These intersections are a common source of congestion and delays in road networks, particularly when there is non-lane based (NLB) traffic in urban areas. Accurate estimation of both the base saturation flow rate and capacity is essential for this type of facility, as an error in the prediction of the base saturation flow rate can result in significant bias in capacity evaluation and design at signalized intersections. The estimation of capacity at signalized intersections is critical for ensuring optimal signal timings, minimizing delay, and reducing congestion. Heterogeneous traffic, which refers to the presence of various types of vehicles with distinct static and dynamic characteristics, is a common phenomenon. To address this issue, this paper presents a modeling approach for the SFR that takes into account heterogeneous traffic and NLB movements. Indonesia, being an archipelago with 34 provinces, served as the focus of this study, which specifically concentrated on Banda Aceh, the capital province of Aceh province. Employing primary and observed data collected at a specific, predetermined signalized timing, this study aimed to investigate the impact of intersection geometry and heterogeneous traffic composition on the SFR. By adopting the modeling approach for NLB movements, the study formulated the BSFR model. To estimate the scale parameters of the BSFR, the multiple linear regression approach was utilized. The analysis results reveal that the existing BSFR based on the IHCM formula gives a substantially biased estimation because the PCEs from the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) are underestimated. This source of error could be partially due to the heterogeneous (varied vehicle composition) traffic flow with NLB movements, unlike that observed under the prevailing conditions of IHCM 1997. The empirical results show that the existing IHCM should be improved to avoid overestimation, particularly for effective approach width (We) greater than 4.5 m. A comparison of the BSFR prediction model between IHCM's PCEs and new PCEs shows that the BSFR is predicted more accurately in the latter case. This finding demonstrates that the existing IHCM can be adjusted in two ways: adjusting PCEs or calibrating the BSFR formula. The proposed models can also enhance the accuracy of BSFR prediction, leading to better signalized intersection capacity estimation, providing support for designing traffic operation, alleviating traffic congestion, and reducing congestion delay within the city.

An optimal lane configuration management scheme for a mixed traffic freeway with connected vehicle platoons

With the emergent connectivity, both Connected Automated Vehicles (CAVs) and Connected Regular Vehicles (CRVs) have the capability to form platoons that can be defined as connected vehicle platoons, thereby enhancing the capacity of freeways. To fully leverage the innovations of CAVs and CRVs in improving traffic flow mobility, dedicated lanes with distinct vehicle type authority are proposed. Existing studies suggest that the mobility performance of a road section with different lane authority configurations is significantly influenced by the compatibility between lane configurations and traffic flow characteristics, such as penetration rate of connected vehicles (i.e. CAVs and CRVs) and arrival rate per lane. Motivated by the above research need, this paper proposes an optimal lane configuration management scheme to maximize discharge flow in a two-lane freeway mixed traffic environment. To begin with, four lane configuration strategies with different distinct vehicle type authorities are introduced. Analytical models are provided to mathematically derive the discharge flow of given four lane configuration strategies, according to the investigation of single-lane capacity and upstream arriving traffic demand. By configuration strategy-based analytical models, the optimal lane configuration management scheme is proposed. We then conduct numerical analysis to validate the effectiveness of the proposed analytical models of lane configuration strategies under various penetration rates of CAVs and CRVs. As the result indicated, several important factors have significant impacts on the optimal lane configuration management scheme, such as traffic demand and its allocations on each lane, and CAVs/CRVs penetration.

Identification of necessity behind the construction of the third Shitalakhya bridge based on level of service (LOS) measurement parameters applicable for developing countries

With the expansion of industrial activities in developing countries like Bangladesh, the purchase of motorized vehicles is also growing in recent days. This increased number of motorized vehicles is creating massive pressure on the logistic movement in industrial areas, and the performance level of roadways is deteriorating day by day. It has become quite difficult to meet the need for a reliable transportation system that can provide good compatibility for road users and logistical operations. Kanchpur Industrial Area can be classified as an industrial hub of Narayanganj District due to the presence of jute trading and plant processing industries. Over the years two bridges have been constructed in the proximity of this area named, the Kanchpur Bridge and Sultana Kamal Bridge to decrease the pressure on N2 National Highway; however, the situation is still not satisfactory and construction of a third bridge over the Shitalakhya River is under consideration by the Government of Bangladesh (GOB). Dhaka-Sylhet Highway is a section of the N2 National Highway system which connects the industrial district Kanchpur with Dhaka City. The main objectives of the study were to develop a methodology which can be used to measure the Level of Service (LOS) of roadways located in developing countries and use it to understand the necessity of the construction of the third Shitalakhya Bridge. LOS measurement procedures suitable for developed countries are not useable for developing countries due to the difference in road geometry, presence of non-motorized vehicles, and control delay at intersections. A procedure has been developed to measure LOS by combining standards of the National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Chandigarh, India; Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), USA; and Roads and Highway Department (RHD), Bangladesh. LOS measurement was based on four parameters: Peak Hour Factor (PHF), Travel Speed, Load Factor, and Volume/Capacity Ratio (VCR). The data analysis shows that the LOS value of the Dhaka-Sylhet Highway varies within the range from “E" to “F", and construction of the third Shitalakhya Bridge will significantly improve the roadway condition.

Simulation of Signalized Intersection with Non-Lane-Based Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions Using Cellular Automata

Intersections affect the maneuvering and driving behavior of vehicles. The present study attempts to simulate an isolated signalized intersection with the dimensions obtained through the influence zone of intersections. This model includes several unexplored traffic characteristics observed at the intersection, such as non-lane-based heterogeneity and seepage behavior. The model was calibrated and validated with the field data collected in New Delhi, India. Several measures of performance, such as GEH statistics, Theil’s coefficient, root mean square error, and so forth, were used to validate and benchmark the simulation model. After calibration and validation, the model was used to find delays. The delays obtained from the model, several manuals, and the field were compared and found to be close to the field delays. Further, delays obtained from Indonesian and Canadian manuals were comparatively closer to the delays obtained from the field, whereas delays obtained from the Indian Highway Capacity Manual (2017) and U.S. Highway Capacity Manual (2010) are overestimated. The model presented can be used to benchmark the performance of signalized intersections under a variety of traffic and environmental conditions.

ANALISIS KINERJA RUAS JALAN JARIT-PUGER JEMBER PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR

In addition to serving as a vital link between neighborhoods for residents, roads also serve as a tool for facilitating daily activities like travel and commerce. Population has a big impact on transportation activities. The volume of traffic is also impacted by the high population density. The Jatir-Puger road in Jember, East Java, serves as one illustration. We will talk about the road performance on Jalan Jatir-Puger in Jember, East Java, in this study. MKJI or The Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual 1997 serves as the research source. To gather information about these roads, the research method employs observation. Then calculations for volume, speed, density, side resistance, and capacity will be made using the data obtained.

Modeling and Forecasting Freight Delivery for Blocked and Unblocked Streets through Machine Learning Approaches and Analysed by Microsimulation Model

Deliveries of freight on signalized city roads often lead to lane obstructions, contributing to urban traffic congestion. This issue has garnered increasing attention as traffic engineers and city planners seek sustainable solutions to meet growing demand while working within the constraints of limited road capacity. The primary objective of this study is to assess a model designed to quantify the impact of freight deliveries on both the capacity and delay experienced on signalized city roads in Ahmedabad. The model is structured similarly to the approach outlined in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM2010). The aim of this research is to provide insights into the utilization of these analytical tools in the context of urban freight delivery policies. This research explores the estimation of delay and vehicle capacity, accounting for various factors such as delivery locations, durations, and their distinct effects on different lanes. To predict vehicle capacity and estimate delays, this study employed machine learning techniques, specifically Support Vector Machines and Artificial Neural Networks. The results demonstrate a high level of agreement between our predictions and actual observations.

Challenges in Policy Developments for Automated Vehicles

Innovation is the driving factor in autonomous vehicles (AV). AVs are creating a buzz all around due to the reaction perception time required while driving the vehicles. AV technology will lead to the increased highway capacity and also the speed of the vehicles. The caution to utilize the benefits of the AVs lead to the proper planning and implementation. This calls for systematic policy developments. The policies governing various facets of AVs such as mobility, connectivity, social and environmental impact and adherence to the sustainability principles. This paper aims to discuss the guiding strategies governing AVs and the principles associated with them.
 The policies to be followed for AVs face various challenges and require effective planning. The challenges in context with the law, safety , security and economies will lead to various policy recommendations. The paper discusses the policy considerations in the state enabled legislation, cross sector partnerships and fiscal implications of AVs at different levels.

Exclusive Stopping Space for Motorcycles (ESSM) technical design at signalized intersections

The growth of motorcycles which continues to increase every year can lead to an increase in the number of accumulation of motorcycles on the approach to the intersection, so it is necessary to plan a Exclusive Stoping Spaces for Motorcycle (ESSM). The purpose of this study is to find out whether the street at the research location meets the requirements for ESSM planning by reviewing the number of motorbikes piled up during the red phase and planning the ESSM design. The method used in this study is an experimental method in accordance with the 2014 Indonesian Highway Capacity Guidelines (PKJI) and the Technical Planning Guidelines for Special Stopping Spaces in urban areas. The results of the study show that ESSM at signalized intersections in urban areas in Merauke City can be implemented in the next 15 years, namely in 2037. Of the four arms of signalized intersections, only 3 approaches can implement ESSM facilities, namely the Brawijaya Street approach, the TMP Street approach, and Parakomando Street approach. While the Angkasa Street approach cannot be applied to ESSM because it does not meet the requirements in the ESSM planning guidelines. The ESSM design on the Brawijaya Street approach uses a 2-lane box type ESSM with an area of 60 m2; on the TMP Street approach using a 2-lane box type ESSM with an area of 60 m2; on the Parakomando Street approach using a 2-lane box type ESSM with an area of 56 m2.

ANALYSIS OF DENSITY IN SIGNIFICANT junctions (CASE STUDY: junction of JL. MARGOREJO AND JL. FRONTAGE AHMAD YANI

In this modern era, the increase in science and technology has led to an increase in human activities followed by an increase in vehicle capacity and a decrease in pedestrians. So the need for transportation facilities cannot be avoided. In the city of Surabaya, the need for transportation has become a primary need for the urban community and the situation is at the intersection of Jalan Ahmad Yani, Jalan Frontage Ahmad Yani and Jalan Margerejo, City of Surabaya with the 333 intersection type and 3 signal phases, which means that if one arm of the intersection is in phase green, the other three phases are in the red phase. The method used in this research is the 1997 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI 1997). Researchers conducted a traffic survey on the number of vehicles that passed for 3 days, namely Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, to calculate the amount of traffic volume, the capacity of the intersection, and the degree of saturation. From the results of the study, the highest traffic volume was found at the intersection of Jalan Ahmad Yani, Jalan Frontage Ahmad Yani and Jalan Margerejo, City of Surabaya, occurring on Wednesdays at 16.00-17.00 WIB. Jalan Ahmad Yani was 4125 pcu/hour, Jalan Ahmad Yani (South) was 710 pcu/hour, Jalan Frontage Ahmad Yani is 2700 pcu/hour, Jalan Margerejo is 1295 pcu/hour. The results of the existing performance at the intersection of Jalan Ahmad Yani, Jalan Frontage Ahmad Yani and Jalan Margerejo, City of Surabaya with the 333 intersection type occurring on Wednesday at 16.00-17.00 WIB, have an average degree of saturation of 0.97.

Analisa Kinerja Ruas Jalan Panglima Sudirman Singosari-Malang

Highways are transportation infrastructure that is very important in supporting land transportation. Without being matched by an increase in road infrastructure, it will result in an excessive load on the road structure and will cause congestion. Congestion is one of the problems that is often experienced or encountered, congestion occurs due to the large number of vehicles that exceed the capacity of the road so that it affects road performance. Based on the network pattern seen during holidays or weekends, access to and from the Malang City area tends to increase. Road side barriers that occur on Commander Sudirman street, Singosari are one of the causes of traffic jams. This research aims to provide an alternative plan in overcoming the problem of traffic jams on Commander Sudirman street, Singosari. The method used in this research was based on the 1997 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI), as well as data collection using direct observation methods in the field and then followed by collecting primary data and secondary data. From the research results, the vehicle volume of 2320.6 pcu/hour and degree of saturation (DS) of 0.80 with a level of service (LOS) class D. So it is necessary to divert the route for heavy vehicles (HV) that pass through Commander Sudirman street in the direction of Malang - Surabaya to be diverted via Tumapel street, Ronggowuni street and Kertanegara street, then return to street main route, while for vehicles from Surabaya to Malang that will cross Commander Sudirman street with heavy vehicle types (HV) will follow the current road diversion, namely crossing Rogonoto street, Kebon Agung street, Watu Gede street, and Stasiun street then returning. to the main road as well as installing signs prohibiting parking in the Singosari market shopping area which is on Commander Sudirman street. From the results of this treatment the DS value became 0.76.

Deep Q-Network-Enabled Platoon Merging Approach for Autonomous Vehicles

Platoon merging control of autonomous vehicles driving in a platoon formation can improve traffic efficiency. However, current platoon merging control approaches primarily rely on rules, making it challenging to achieve optimal control. In this study, we propose a platoon merging control approach based on a deep Q-network (DQN). First, we specify the state and action of the vehicle and establish a set of reward functions to ensure safe driving. Then, the DQN algorithm is used to train a neural network suitable for merging the controls of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) to continuously approach the state-value function. Finally, we compare the proposed approach with a rule-based (RB) vehicle merging approach using a MATLAB simulation. In particular, CAVs are driven simultaneously using the two approaches in a random environment. The simulation results show that the proposed DQN-based vehicle merging approach requires less merging travel time and fewer vehicle lane change times than the RB approach. Additionally, merging can result in improved capacity in medium and high traffic densities compared with no-merging: the higher the CAV penetration rate, the larger the improvement. We verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach for different initial conditions. We suggest that the proposed method is a safe and robust method for CAV platoon merging, and that it can be applied to increase the capacity of freeways and roads.

A Knowledge-Guided Fusion Visualisation Method of Digital Twin Scenes for Mountain Highways

Informatization is an important trend in the field of mountain highway management, and the digital twin is an effective way to promote mountain highway information management due to the complex and diverse terrain of mountainous areas, the high complexity of mountainous road scene modeling and low visualisation efficiency. It is challenging to construct the digital twin scenarios efficiently for mountain highways. To solve this problem, this article proposes a knowledge-guided fusion expression method for digital twin scenes of mountain highways. First, we explore the expression features and interrelationships of mountain highway scenes to establish the knowledge graph of mountain highway scenes. Second, by utilizing scene knowledge to construct spatial semantic constraint rules, we achieve efficient fusion modeling of basic geographic scenes and dynamic and static ancillary facilities, thereby reducing the complexity of scene modeling. Finally, a multi-level visualisation publishing scheme is established to improve the efficiency of scene visualisation. On this basis, a prototype system is developed, and case experimental analysis is conducted to validate the research. The results of the experiment indicate that the suggested method can accomplish the fusion modelling of mountain highway scenes through knowledge guidance and semantic constraints. Moreover, the construction time for the model fusion is less than 5.7 ms; meanwhile, the dynamic drawing efficiency of the scene is maintained above 60 FPS. Thus, the construction of twinned scenes can be achieved quickly and efficiently, the effect of replicating reality with virtuality is accomplished, and the informatisation management capacity of mountain highways is enhanced.

A Case Study on Reducing Traffic Congestion–Proposals to Improve Current Conditions

Traffic congestion has been considered one of the most serious global issues confronting all nations in recent years. Basrah City’s highways in general, and particularly the highways surrounding and leading to the University of Basrah, the campus of Bab Azzubair, and the college complex, have experienced traffic congestion and higher delays. The focus of this study is to propose some solutions to mitigate traffic congestion and higher delays on these highways. Field traffic data and questionnaires where SPSS was used to analyse the collected data, and Highway Capacity Software (HCS 2010) was used to assess the level of service (LOS) on the highways. The results showed that the LOS reaches level F on Baghdad Street, while other streets range from level B to level C. Two proposals have been suggested to improve the LOS on Baghdad Street: (1) applying a park-and-ride system; and (2) widening Baghdad Street by adding two lanes in each direction. The LOS for both proposals has been evaluated, and the results showed that the first proposal performed better. The analysis of the collected data also showed that public transportation services are very limited on the highways surrounding and leading to the Bab Azzubair campus. Therefore, public transportation services should be promoted and enhanced in Basrah City. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-10-07 Full Text: PDF

Performance of Road Sections on the Road by Adding Traffic Lanes by Utilizing Roadside Drainage

Along with the rapid development in the Jalan Benteng Pancasila area, Mojokerto City, it has resulted in the emergence of problems, namely the problem of traffic jams along the road. One of the factors that contribute to the problem of traffic jams that occur along Jalan Benteng Pancasila is the presence of side barriers. Studies on the performance of Jalan Benteng Pancasila are needed to find solutions to existing problems. In this study, what was carried out was to analyze the capacity and degree of saturation in the existing and planned conditions. The analysis process was carried out using the Indonesian Highway Capacity Guidelines (IHCG) method. Based on the results of the analysis, the average traffic volume value at peak hours was 1396.90 pcu/hour, while the side resistance class was Medium. The capacity value of the Benteng Pancasila road section is 2480.41 pcu/hour, the Degree of Saturation value is 0.56, and the travel speed value is 39.0 km/hour. Thus the Jalan Benteng Pancasila section of Mojokero City can be stated to be performing well with traffic flow in a stable condition.

Design Hourly Volume Estimation at Freeway Nodes From Short-Term Traffic Counts

This paper extends the concept of a design hourly volume (DHV) which is derived from the “ nth hour” to a concept based on the nth highest saturated hour. To calculate this nth highest saturated hour at each ramp junction of a node, it is necessary to have permanent traffic counts (PTC) on all ramps and the main lanes. In practice, such counts are often not available. For such cases, the German Highway Capacity Manual proposes a method that enables the estimation of DHV through short-term traffic counts (STCs) and the extrapolation of the results using available PTC in the vicinity. This study examines how accurately the required nth highest saturated hour can be estimated with this method and similar concepts. Furthermore, we investigate to what extent the number and the location of the available PTC affect the accuracy of the estimation. Scenarios without PTC are also considered. The evaluation is based on a database with a total of 72 freeway nodes for which PTC data from three years (2017–2019) are processed. The results show that the estimation of the nth highest saturated hour with the method of the German Highway Capacity Manual works accurately, even if only one PTC is available on each inflowing approach. The results further indicate that STC are crucial to achieve accurate results when few PTCs are available. Acceptable results are also obtained by STC of one week, even without a projection at a PTC.

EVALUASI KINERJA SIMPANG TAK BERSINYAL TIPE 422 DAN TIPE 424M (STUDI KASUS : SIMPANG EMPAT TAK BERSINYAL JALAN TGH IBRAHIM KHOLIDI, KECAMATAN KEDIRI, KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT)

The unsignalized four-way intersection in Kediri is located in the Kediri Subdistrict of West Lombok Regency and is one of the unsignalized intersections situated very close to the center of community activities. Additionally, there is an educational center in the vicinity, and the traffic conditions at this intersection are quite congested on a daily basis. The mobility level of both individuals and goods, using both light and heavy vehicles, is visibly high at this intersection. A median strip is the central part of the road that physically separates opposing traffic flows. Therefore, the use of a median strip on the road significantly impacts traffic flow efficiency, by reducing delays, queue probabilities, side hindrances, decreasing accident rates, and providing comfort for road users, thereby making road users feel safe and organized. Thus, the government is planning to construct a road median.This study analyzes the performance of an unsignalized intersection before and after the installation of a median, covering aspects such as volume, side constraints, queue probabilities, delays, and saturation levels, using the 1997 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI) methodology.The analysis results for the unsignalized intersection before median installation show a capacity of 3061.5 vehicles per hour, a saturation level of 0.970 (Service Level D), a delay of 14.885 seconds per vehicle, a queue probability of 36.361%, and side constraints amounting to 881.9 incidents per hour. On the other hand, for the unsignalized intersection tipe after median installation, it exhibits a capacity of 3330.5 vehicles per hour, a saturation level of 0.729 (Service Level C), a delay of 12.654 seconds per vehicle, a queue probability of 21.942%, and side constraints amounting to 629.2 incidents per hour.The performance of the four-way intersection in Kediri on TGH Ibrahim Kholidi Road, in the Kediri Subdistrict of West Lombok Regency, was lower before the median installation compared to the tipe of intersection after median installation.

Research on the weaving area capacity of freeways under man–machine mixed traffic flow

Research on the weaving area capacity of freeways under man–machine mixed traffic flow

DEVELOPMENT OF ROUNDABOUTS EMPIRICAL CAPACITY MODEL – CASE STUDY OF HUNGARY

Roundabouts are commonly used worldwide because they offer several advantages over traditional intersections. The capacity that a roundabout can handle is an important factor in ensuring smooth traffic flow at a particular location. Therefore, various models have been developed to describe traffic conditions and driver behaviour at different sites or countries. However, existing models cannot be directly applied to other countries without proper calibration of the models to ensure an accurate estimation of capacity. In this study, five roundabouts in Hungary were selected to develop a general capacity model and compare it with international models. First, all sets of entry and circulating data were obtained from video recordings of each roundabout entry. These data were used to develop a model for each entry and then for each roundabout separately. Finally, all the data sets from all sixteen entries were used to develop a general capacity model (GM). The general capacity model (GM) was compared with the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2016, the Brilon-Bondzio, and the Brilon-Wu models. The maximum capacity of the general capacity model (GM) was 1390 pcu/h, slightly higher than the maximum capacity of the HCM 2016 model of 1380 pcu/h. The percentage differences between the generated general capacity model (GM), HCM 2016, Brilon-Bondzio, and Brilon-Wu models were +0.71%, +12.4%, and +10.7%, respectively.

A Robust CACC Scheme Against Cyberattacks via Multiple Vehicle-to-Vehicle Networks

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) is a vehicular technology that allows groups of vehicles on the highway to form in closely-coupled automated platoons to increase highway capacity and safety. The underlying mechanism behind CACC is the use of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) wireless communication networks to transmit acceleration commands to adjacent vehicles in the platoon. However, the use of V2V networks leads to increased vulnerabilities against faults and cyberattacks. Here, we address the problem of increasing the robustness of CACC schemes against cyberattacks by using multiple V2V networks and a data fusion algorithm. The idea is to transmit acceleration commands multiple times through different communication channels to create redundancy at the receiver side. We propose a data fusion algorithm to estimate of the true acceleration command, and isolate compromised channels. Finally, we propose a robust <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{\infty }$</tex-math></inline-formula> controller that reduces the joint effect of fusion errors and sensor/channel noise in the platooning performance (tracking performance and string stability). Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of our approach.

EVALUATION OF THE OPERATIONAL METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SIGNALISED INTERSECTIONS

The problem of traffic congestion in urban areas is worse at road intersections. Junction design, traffic light capacity, and driver behaviour are prevalent influences on traffic congestion. Since the traffic signal is one of the traffic controls to alleviate road congestion, adequate traffic capacity with a good design and an optimum delay is the key to improving the signalised junction. Hence, this research aims to determine the performance of signalized junctions with different traffic methods compared to on-site data. Two methods were selected for the analysis: Signalised Intersection Design and Research Aid (SIDRA) and the Malaysia Highway Capacity Manual (MHCM). Prominent signalised intersections along Jalan Kempas in the Kempas neighbourhood of Johor Bahru were selected for this study to measure the length of the vehicle line-up during rush hour. Based on these two (2) methods used, the significant different are related to traffic parameters, namely capacity analysis and level of service and by different conditions of traffic, geometric and type of traffic signal. It was determined that the parameter used for both SIDRA and MHCM is suitable; however, the output of SIDRA resulted in a more similar performance to the site observation. Based on the findings, this research is able to measure the efficiency of traffic assessment tools compared to the actual situation on site and assist the traffic engineer in efficiently investigating and evaluating the performance at signalised junctions.