High-speed Railway In China Research Articles

Philosophical Reflection on Innovation and Development of China’s High-speed Railway

The author reviews the development history of China's high-speed railway to summarize the major innovative achievements through philosophical reflections. Seven lessons are drawn from Chinese experiences as following: (1) To focus on the overall situation and evaluate the relationship between an individual engineering unit and the entire engineering system; (2) To achieve progressive innovation while pursuing breakthrough innovation based on the practice; (3) To adhere to oneself and consider the relationship between technology import and independent innovation; (4) To cultivate innovation ability, and highlight the role of human resources in various elements; (5) To adhere to collaborative innovation and grasp the relationship among application, industry, university, and research institutes; (6) To take full advantages of the market system as well as the entire national system; (7) To open up and be self-dependent in order to assume more responsibilities to develop the high-speed rail network in the world. Lastly, it is expected that the Chinese railway practitioners continue forging ahead and dare to enter the "no man's land" to make crucial contributions for developing China's railway and the global railway.

UAV-LiDAR-Based Measuring Framework for Height and Stagger of High-Speed Railway Contact Wire

The height and stagger of the contact wire directly affect the energy supply of high-speed trains. To ensure the operation safety, there is an urgent demand for high-speed railways to measure the static parameters of contact wires all over the line with high precision and efficiency. However, this issue is barely discussed. Concerning the issue, this paper proposes a UAV-LiDAR-based measuring framework for the static height and stagger of high-speed railway contact wire. By mounting LiDAR on the UAV, the framework can efficiently collect data from the lines in service without occupying the train operating-diagrams. It is extremely significant for the high-speed and high-density railways. Then, we present self-adaptive extraction algorithms to extract critical infrastructures (rails, contact wires, masts and other suspensions) based on their specific geometric characteristics as well as the continuity and consistency of the spatial distributions along the line. Finally, the height and stagger are calculated by formulas automatically. To verify the framework in practice, we tested it on Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway, which is the busiest high-speed railway in China. It is shown that the measurement error is within 9mm and the framework has potential to reform the inspection of high-speed railways.

Empirical analysis of scaled mixed itinerary-size weibit model for itinerary choice in a schedule-based railway network

The mixed itinerary-size weibit (MISW) model was recently developed for predicting passengers’ itinerary-choice behaviors in a schedule-based railway network. It considers passengers’ heterogeneous perceptions and relaxes the independently and identically distributed assumptions of random utility models. However, this model has not been verified using real-world data. Moreover, it is assumed that passengers hold a negative perception of overlapping, but this assumption may not be suitable for all situations. Thus, this study proposes a scaled MISW model which includes a scale parameter to address this issue. We collected passenger ticket-booking data from the South China High-Speed Railway network and conducted an empirical analysis in which we compared the performances of the scaled MISW model and other models (i.e. the multinomial logit, multinomial weibit, and MISW models). According to the results, the scaled MISW model outperformed the other models in describing passengers’ choice behaviors in the railway network.

A method for assessing resilience of high-speed EMUs considering a network-based system topology and performance data

The high complexity of the system topology and the uncertainty of threats necessitate the consideration of the resilience of high-speed electric multiple units (EMUs). This paper first gives a definition of high-speed EMU resilience. Then, the structure of a high-speed EMU is described in the form of a network to enable the application of network science for resilience evaluation based on corresponding mathematical expressions. Afterward, a measure of system performance (MSP) is constructed that considers the influence of the high-speed EMU topology and performance data. According to the definition of resilience of a high-speed EMU, a system resilience measurement (SRM) is proposed that comprehensively considers the degree and time of the change in system performance. The validity of our method is then illustrated by applying it to the system topology and performance data associated with the Chinese standard electric multiple units (CEMUs) that serve on high-speed railways in China. Experiments are reported to illustrate the concept of resilience and the procedure for its measurement and to present comparisons with an existing resilience index. Our results indicate that the SRM proposed here can capture the sensitivity of the response of high-speed EMUs to the disturbances, thereby supporting the optimal design and risk management.

Analysis of risk factors affecting delay of high-speed railway in China based on Bayesian network modeling

This study aims to investigate the effects of risk factors affecting high-speed railway delay using Bayesian networks. At first, we determined risk factors based on real time data about high-speed railway delay in China. Then, the Bayesian network structure model of the delay of high-speed railway was established according to expert experience and Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. The established Bayesian network structure model was modified by test for conditional independence in the next step. Finally, the posterior probability of each contributing factors in the Bayesian network was calculated based on the real time data. Compared to other statistical analysis methods, Bayesian network took interaction of risk factors into consideration by analyzing the correlation and influence degree of influencing factors under incomplete information. It has been found that the device failure is the most significant factor leading to the delay of the train, among which, failure of automatic train protection, platform door and catenary are the three specific factors that affect the delay most. The findings in this study provide useful and valuable information for high-speed railway operation managers to take effective countermeasures to reduce the delay rate of high-speed railway.

Analysis on the Development and Prospect of High Speed Railway in China

Analysis on the Development and Prospect of High Speed Railway in China

Turning a curse into a blessing: Contingent effects of geographic distance on startup–VC partnership performance

This study aims to unravel the dynamic effect of geographic distance on startup–VC partnership performance by incorporating the possibility of accessibility improvement triggered by China's high-speed railway (HSR) during the partnership. We find that the negative effect of geographic distance is significantly weakened when HSR becomes available after the startup–VC partnership formation. We draw on the relational view to explore what types of geographically distant startup–VC partners can benefit more from HSR technology advancement. Results indicate that startup–VC partners that rely heavily on knowledge-sharing, have more complementary resources, or have more complex governance structures can better leverage the improved accessibility from HSR to transform the disadvantages of the long-distance to advantages.

Discussion on Night Driving Method of High-speed Railway in China

Discussion on Night Driving Method of High-speed Railway in China

Development and application of a life cycle energy consumption and CO2 emissions analysis model for high-speed railway transport in China

China's high-speed railway (HSR) is booming recently, the HSR's performance of energy conservation and carbon reduction has attracted much attention. This study developed a new life cycle model of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on China's HSR by life cycle analysis (LCA), covering the stages of infrastructure, HSR train, and operation, based on the TLCAM (Tsinghua-LCA Model). A case of the Beijing–Shanghai HSR has been studied to show that the full life cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of HSR transportation are 0.4 MJ km−1 per capita and 0.04 kg CO2e km−1 per capita, respectively, which are far less than aviation, gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, electric vehicles and public vehicles. With the cleaner power structure and the progress of HSR train technology, the energy consumption and carbon emissions of HSR in 2020 could be reduced by 20% compared to 2015. This study indicates that electricity generation mix structure and full load rate are important factors influencing the life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of HSR transportation. It is recommended to improve the coverage of HSR network, accelerate train upgrades, improve the full load rate of HSR trains, and promote the low-carbon development of electricity supply to strengthen and realize the low-carbon advantage of HSR transport mode in China. HSR transportation can be used to achieve the low carbon transformation of China's transportation sector and improve oil supply safety situation.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Operating Speeds for High-Speed Railway: A Case Study of China High-Speed Railway

This paper proposes the indicator systems and integrated desirability framework for comprehensive evaluation towards the operating speeds of high-speed railway (HSR). Speed is a crucial piece in the characterization of the HSR system. The debate about what is the most appropriate operating speed continues. The established indicator systems and integrated desirability framework can comprehensively evaluate the HSR operating speeds from stand points of the economic efficiency, operational efficiency, track capacity, operational security, and environment impact. Moreover, the integrated desirability framework, which is a combination of entropy-analytical hierarchy procedure (EAHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), can output some references for selecting the most suitable speed regimes of HSR. The application of the desirability framework to the case of China high-speed railway (CHSR) is demonstrated concretely. Based on the case study of CHSR, the comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of the indicator systems on HSR operating speeds is carried out. The case study shows that the proposed indicator systems and integrated desirability framework can be used to evaluate comprehensively the HSR operating speeds under various conditions.

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the impact of high-speed railway on urban economy: Empirical study of Chinese cities

The relationship between high-speed railway (HSR) construction and economic development has become a significant concern in recent decades. This study uses the spatiotemporal panel data of China's HSR construction and economic development from 2008 to 2018 as bases to discuss the spatial–temporal heterogeneity of the relationship between HSR and the urban economy. Firstly, this research measures the accessibility of different dimensions (i.e. location accessibility, potential accessibility and daily accessibility), and assesses the regional disparity of HSR accessibility and urban GDP using the Gini index. Secondly, the direct and indirect effects of HSR on economic development are analyzed from the global perspective by using the spatial Durbin model. Lastly, the geographically and temporally weighted regression model is applied to assess the spatial–temporal heterogeneity of the correlation between HSR and economic development from a local perspective. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The construction of HSR might reduce the regional disparity of daily accessibility, but expand the disparity of potential accessibility and location accessibility. (2) From a global perspective, HSR has a significant positive impact on urban economic development, but this impact was mainly produced by the spillover effect and not the direct effect. Specifically, the smaller the spatial–temporal distance between cities, the higher the level of regional integration and the better the economic development of cities. (3) The HSR impact on urban economic growth has a periodic feature. The stimulation of large-scale railway construction will expand the economic effect of HSR, although network improvement will gradually converge the corresponding impact. (4) From a local perspective, the HSR impact on economic development has significant spatial heterogeneity. Although HSR has a certain inhibitory effect on the economic development of Eastern China, it has a positive impact on the economic growth of the western region.

The invulnerability assessment of two-layer railway network under the uncertain environmental hazard risk

The failure of the railway station or line will cause the reduction of the railway network efficiency and bring travel inconvenience to the passengers, especially for the key stations and tracks. Reasonable invulnerability assessment is beneficial to maintain the system operation ability and prevent passengers from abandoning railway when the uncertain environmental hazard risk is appeared. At present, larger numbers of research about the railway network invulnerability assessment are purely based on complex network theory, while ignored the nature of railways. In this paper, the Railway Network Invulnerability Model (RNIM) is introduced from the perspective of infrastructure network and service network, and the efficiency of the proposed RNIM is verified according to compare the structural connectively and functional accessibility using different attack strategies. Furthermore, the RNIM framework is applied on the China high-speed railway network, and the results show the validity of the proposed model for the invulnerability of railway network assessment in accurately and efficiently. Finally, some protection suggestions are proposed to reduce the negative effects after the inevitable disruptions emerged.

Has high-speed railway promoted spatial equity at different levels? A case study of inland mountainous area of China

Since China's high-speed railway (HSR) has gradually shifted from coastal to inland areas, more marginal inland areas have been covered by the national HSR network. The assessment of the effect of HSR on spatial equity is now becoming an important issue for governments and planners. Little research has investigated the effect of HSR on spatial equity in inland mountainous areas. Based on the case study of Southwest China, this paper evaluates the effects of HSR on regional spatial equity at different planning levels. First, accessibility values are calculated to assess the efficiency effects of HSR. Then, the overall changes in spatial equity are evaluated by the Accessibility Dispersion (AD) index and Territorial Cohesion (TC) index. Finally, the normalized differences in the accessibility values of cities are used to reflect the regional polarization or equalization at local conditions. The results show that HSR causes significant accessibility improvements in non-HSR cities with poor initial accessibility and has a positive effect on spatial equity at the national level. However, at the regional level, HSR has damaged territorial cohesion and caused a more polarized accessibility pattern. In addition, the non-HSR cities are more likely to be winners in HSR construction at national level. At the regional level, non-HSR cities mostly become losers, and this situation may be solidified by further HSR construction. We argue that different measures should be coordinated at different planning levels to reduce the risks of spatial inequity caused by HSR construction in cities unconnected by newly built HSR lines.

Noise Control of Shinkansen and Its Reference Significance to China

Japanese society has always been concerned about noise issues in the environmental protection of high-speed railways, and various efforts have been made administratively and technically to address high-speed railway noise issues. Administrative efforts include regulatory measures such as setting environmental standards for high-speed railway noise and noise measurement and assessment; technical efforts include testing and control using appropriate means for various railway noise sources. The environmental noise problem of the Shinkansen has become one of the key factors limiting the ability of the Shinkansen to increase its operating speed. China's high-speed railway construction has been developing rapidly since 2008, and increasing attention is being paid to environmental protection. With the increase in China's high-speed railway construction lines and the gradual increase in high-speed railway speed, China's high-speed railway’s new higher-speed technology shall be put into operation in the future. The issue of high-speed railway noise control is also becoming increasingly important to China. China's high-speed railways have applied both active and passive noise reduction technologies, but in view of the research on high-speed railway noise control the concept and design of environmental protection, especially noise control, of the Japanese Shinkansen railway was carried out relatively early, and the research on advanced technology of some Shinkansen noise control measures has certain significance for China's high-speed railway operations.

Analysis of Demand Factor for High Speed Railway Power Transmission Line from Load Measurement Data

With the rapid construction of high-speed railway in China and other developing countries, as well as the continuous expansion of its distance and scale, the load of power transmission line along the railway is increased accordingly. However, the existing design standards for power transmission line of high speed railway cannot specify the demand factor for the electrical load supplied by power transmission line, and there is no unified calculation method for the demand factor, resulting in a large difference between the theoretical value and the actual value of transformer capacity and cable section selected for engineering project, which takes huge additional energy penalty from the utility companies. To address the problems and formulate a more accurate selection standard for the load demand factor of high-speed railway power transmission line (HSR-PTL), the demand factor is calculated from the data measured on several typical high-speed railway operating in China. Firstly, the load model of HSR-PTL is proposed. According to the function and characteristics of the several kinds of load in HSR-PTL, each load is classified for load demand modelling. By measuring the load of several typical operating HSR-PTL, based on the proposed model, the value of the required coefficient of each load type based on the measured data is proposed. The calculated demand factor can be applied as an applicable reference for the design of high-speed railway power system.

Analysis of the Impact of High-speed Railway on the Upgrade of Consumption Structure

In 2008, with the opening of the Beijing-Tianjin High-speed Railway, China entered an era of rapid development of high-speed railways. The operation of high-speed railways in the past decade has had many effects on the economic development of the surrounding areas. In this paper, the panel data of 9 prefecture-level cities in Fujian Province from 2008 to 2018, the first high-speed railway in China to achieve "city-city connectivity", are analyzed by regression analysis. The results verify that the operation of the highspeed rail has a significant positive effect on the upgrade of the local consumption structure and the actual per capita disposable income and actual per capita GDP that affect residents' consumption.

Study on intelligent anti–electricity stealing early-warning technology based on convolutional neural networks

In recent years, electricity stealing has been repeatedly prohibited, and as the methods of stealing electricity have become more intelligent and concealed, it is growing increasingly difficult to extract high-dimensional data features of power consumption. In order to solve this problem, a correlation model of power-consumption data based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) is established. First, the original user signal is preprocessed to remove the noise. The user signal with a fixed signal length is then intercepted and the parallel class labelled. The segmented user signals and corresponding labels are input into the convolutional neural network for training, and the trained convolutional neural network is then used to detect and classify the test user signals. Finally, the actual steal leak dataset is used to verify the effectiveness of this algorithm, which proves that the algorithm can effectively carry out anti–-electricity stealing by warning of abnormal power consumption behavior. There are lots of line traces on the surface of the broken ends which left in the cable cutting case crime scene along the high-speed railway in China. The line traces usually present nonlinear morphological features and has strong randomness. It is not very effective when using existing image-processing and three-dimensional scanning methods to do the trace comparison, therefore, a fast algorithm based on wavelet domain feature aiming at the nonlinear line traces is put forward to make fast trace analysis and infer the criminal tools. The proposed algorithm first applies wavelet decomposition to the 1-D signals which picked up by single point laser displacement sensor to partially reduce noises. After that, the dynamic time warping is employed to do trace feature similarity matching. Finally, using linear regression machine learning algorithm based on gradient descent method to do constant iteration. The experiment results of cutting line traces sample data comparison demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the proposed algorithm.

Study on Power Quality Evaluation of Traction Power Supply System of High-speed Railway

With the continuous development and progress of China's high-speed railway system, the power supply of high-speed railway has become an important load of the power system. The introduction of large load will bring certain voltage fluctuation, harmonic interference and other random problems to the power system. In this paper, the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence component models of current and voltage are established to solve the problem of equivalent modeling for power quality assessment of high-speed railway power supply system. Firstly, the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence component models of current and voltage based on symmetric component method are established. Through Fourier transform, the phase Angle of fundamental wave is solved, and the positive sequence, negative sequence, zero sequence component, sequence component diagram and current spectrum diagram of current and voltage under three actual working conditions are obtained Through the analysis of the whole train operation process, the amplitude graphs of the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence components of the current and the curves of the third harmonic possession with time are obtained by using the above methods.

Study on Post-editing for Machine Translation of Railway Engineering Texts

With rapid development of China's railways, there are more overseas construction projects and technical exchanges in the field of railway engineering, which have generated widespread demands for translation. To meet the increasingly growing demands for translation of railway engineering texts, the mode of machine translation plus post editing (MTPE) has been frequently applied besides traditional human translation (HT) for the combination of translation quality and efficiency. Through the case study of post editing in the machine translation of China's High-Speed Railway by Google Translate, this paper discusses the common error types of machine translation in railway engineering translation, and puts forward corresponding post editing strategies, so as to provide references for MTPE of railway engineering translation in the future. It is hoped that research on post editing in the mode of machine translation for railway engineering texts may improve the translation quality and efficiency, thus helping speed up the process of China's railway going global.

New method for allocating high-speed railway infrastructure costs among train types

With the rapid development of China's high-speed railway (HSR), there are also many problems. For example, in the classification and calculation of HSR transportation costs, there is a lack of reasonable cost statistical methods. There are many types of high-speed train currently running on HSR (mainly G and D trains). There are differences in the speed, load and energy consumption of different types of trains. The resulting infrastructure usage costs also vary. However, all train costs are classified and calculated uniformly in practice. This paper proposes the expenditure rate method of the transport process allocating the infrastructure use costs among types of trains. Based on data from the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway, the cost of infrastructure is calculated, and the calculation results can reasonably reflect the cost allocation among types of trains. It makes the cost calculation of high-speed railway more accurate and lays a foundation for environmental cost calculation.