High-performance Fabrics Research Articles

Accelerated Development and Optimization of Adiponitrile Production via Kolbe Electrolysis of Biomass-Derived Precursors

Environmental and societal pressures are demanding a transition from fossil-based resources to renewable and sustainable feedstocks for the production of materials. In this context, biomass streams emerge as scalable candidates for creating sustainable chemicals. Electrocatalytic transformation of biomass can facilitate the production of chemicals under mild conditions and can be easily integrated with renewable energy sources. These transformations could lead to the production of sustainable monomers and polymers from biomass, significantly enhancing the sustainability of plastics production. Amongst a large number of plastics manufactured by the chemical industry, Nylon 6,6 is one of the most important fossil-derived polymers for the production of high-performance textiles and structural materials. Central to Nylon 6,6 production is adiponitrile (ADN), predominantly synthesized via energy-intensive thermochemical processes. An alternative route, electrochemical hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile (AN), although successful, still depends on fossil feedstocks. A promising sustainable source for ADN is renewable glutamic acid, derived from hydrolysis of waste proteins.1,2 This process involves transforming glutamic acid to 3-cyanopropanoic acid (CPA) and then to ADN through Kolbe electrolysis, a reaction with a historical background and multiple pathways. Our study utilizes an electrochemical reaction engineering approach to examine the Kolbe electrolysis of CPA to ADN and AN, focusing on a hierarchical research methodology. This approach allowed us to simultaneously accelerate the exploration of numerous reaction parameters while also conducting detailed studies under optimal conditions. This method has enabled us to gain deeper insights into the factors controlling reaction selectivity. We discovered that platinum electrodes favor ADN formation, with selectivity increasing at higher current densities. Optimal CPA concentrations, the presence of larger alkali cations, solvent composition, and controlled pH levels significantly influence ADN production, reducing side reactions such as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). When using graphite electrodes, an increase in AN production was observed, with the solvent composition playing a crucial role in determining the rate of ADN formation. Our investigation has led to a deeper understanding of the electrochemical conversion of CPA to ADN, revealing key parameters that influence reaction selectivity and rate. The insights obtained from this study are not only pivotal for the specific case of ADN production but also have broader implications for a range of electrochemical decarboxylation reactions. The hierarchical research approach employed here demonstrates its potential for speeding the development of sustainable electrochemical processes. Our insights and methodology used for the electrosynthesis of ADN from biomass-derived feedstocks can be deployed to the deployed to the development of other biomass transformations advancing our ability to produce essential chemicals sustainably.

Automated assessment of hydrostatic pressure resistance in woven fabrics using the enhanced YOLOv8 network

Hydrostatic pressure resistance serves as a crucial metric in the assessment of water resistance in woven fabrics. The expeditious, precise, and efficient conduct of hydrostatic pressure tests holds paramount importance in advancing the progress and production of high-performance textiles. Addressing the challenges posed by intricate printed patterns on woven fabrics, and the presence of small, widely scattered water droplets, the study leverages the enhanced YOLOv8 model to develop a machine vision-based automated detection technique for assessing water resistance in woven fabric. The proposed method incorporates convolutional block attention module attention mechanisms into the backbone and neck network, replaces the path aggregation network structure of YOLOv8 with the bidirectional feature pyramid network structure, and introduces a dedicated detection head for small targets. These enhancements facilitate accurate identification of water outlet points on the woven fabric and precise recording of frame positions, enabling the precise measurement of hydrostatic pressure. Validation of the proposed model is conducted through a series of comparative experiments utilizing a self-collected dataset. The experimental results underscore the exemplary performance of the proposed model, evidenced by an AP0.5 score of 92.18%, showcasing superior overall efficacy in comparison with alternative models. Notably, the target localization time error is found to be less than 2 s when contrasted with manual detection. This method substantially enhances the accuracy of water droplet detection and localization in hydrostatic pressure resistance testing of woven fabric, characterized by complex surface patterns, thereby contributing to refinement of hydrostatic pressure testing methodologies in woven fabric analysis.

Characterizing Wettability Dynamics in High Performance Fabrics Made of Multicellulosic Fibers (Cotton, Flax, Modal, Bamboo, and Lyocell)

Characterizing Wettability Dynamics in High Performance Fabrics Made of Multicellulosic Fibers (Cotton, Flax, Modal, Bamboo, and Lyocell)

A recombinant chimeric spider pyriform-aciniform silk with highly tunable mechanical performance

Spider silks are natural protein-based biomaterials which are renowned for their mechanical properties and hold great promise for applications ranging from high-performance textiles to regenerative medicine. While some spiders can produce several different types of silks, most spider silk types – including pyriform and aciniform silks – are relatively unstudied. Pyriform and aciniform silks have distinct mechanical behavior and physicochemical properties, with materials produced using combinations of these silks currently unexplored. Here, we introduce an engineered chimeric fusion protein consisting of two repeat units of pyriform (Py) silk followed by two repeat units of aciniform (W) silk named Py2W2. This recombinant ∼86.5 kDa protein is amenable to expression and purification from Escherichia coli and exhibits high α-helicity in a fluorinated acid- and alcohol-based solution used to form a dope for wet-spinning. Wet-spinning enables continuous fiber production and post-spin stretching of the wet-spun fibers in air or following submersion in water or ethanol leads to increases in optical anisotropy, consistent with increased molecular alignment along the fiber axis. Mechanical properties of the fibers vary as a function of post-spin stretching condition, with the highest extensibility and strength observed in air-stretched and ethanol-treated fibers, respectively, with mechanics being superior to fibers spun from either constituent protein alone. Notably, the maximum extensibility obtained (∼157 ± 38 %) is of the same magnitude reported for natural flagelliform silks, the class of spider silk most associated with being stretchable. Interestingly, Py2W2 is also water-compatible, unlike its constituent Py2. Fiber-state secondary structure correlates well with the observed mechanical properties, with depleted α-helicity and increased β-sheet content in cases of increased strength. Py2W2 fibers thus provide enhanced materials behavior in terms of their mechanics, tunability, and fiber properties, providing new directions for design and development of biomaterials suitable and tunable for disparate applications.

Enhancing Antibacterial and Water-Repellent Properties for the Production of High-Performance Fabrics in Home Textiles

In this research, we aimed to enhance the antibacterial activity and water repellency functionalities of single-layer 100% cotton fabrics on both the face and back sides, utilizing conventional methods. Unlike conventional approaches that often rely on lamination or coating techniques to imbue fabric surfaces with distinct properties, our study pursued a cost-effective strategy using traditional textile finishing methods. By integrating double functionality into cotton fabric, we aimed to circumvent the need for additional equipment and high initial costs associated with other techniques. To achieve this, we improved the antibacterial activity of the fabrics through the incorporation of silver ions in the pad-dry process. Simultaneously, water repellency functionality was introduced through a printing application, where the printing paste, devoid of dyestuff, was combined with functional agents and applied using rotary printing to the fabric’s backside. Following these finishing applications, we conducted comprehensive tests encompassing washing durability, antibacterial efficacy, water repellency, mechanical strength, and fastness properties of the multifunctional fabrics. Characterization tests, including Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and scanning electron microscope analyses (SEM-EDX), were performed. The outcome of our study showcased the successful enhancement of double-functional cotton fabric, featuring water repellency and antibacterial efficiency on distinct sides. Furthermore, the results indicated that these functionalities endured up to 20 washing cycles, with fastness and performance tests consistently achieving peak levels.

Membrane-based inverse-transition purification facilitates a rapid isolation of various spider-silk elastin-like polypeptide fusion proteins from extracts of transgenic tobacco

Plants can produce complex pharmaceutical and technical proteins. Spider silk proteins are one example of the latter and can be used, for example, as compounds for high-performance textiles or wound dressings. If genetically fused to elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), the silk proteins can be reversibly precipitated from clarified plant extracts at moderate temperatures of ~ 30 °C together with salt concentrations > 1.5 M, which simplifies purification and thus reduces costs. However, the technologies developed around this mechanism rely on a repeated cycling between soluble and aggregated state to remove plant host cell impurities, which increase process time and buffer consumption. Additionally, ELPs are difficult to detect using conventional staining methods, which hinders the analysis of unit operation performance and process development. Here, we have first developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy-based assay to quantity ELP fusion proteins. Then we tested different filters to prepare clarified plant extract with > 50% recovery of spider silk ELP fusion proteins. Finally, we established a membrane-based purification method that does not require cycling between soluble and aggregated ELP state but operates similar to an ultrafiltration/diafiltration device. Using a data-driven design of experiments (DoE) approach to characterize the system of reversible ELP precipitation we found that membranes with pore sizes up to 1.2 µm and concentrations of 2–3 M sodium chloride facilitate step a recovery close to 100% and purities of > 90%. The system can thus be useful for the purification of ELP-tagged proteins produced in plants and other hosts.

Bionic design of knitted fabrics for ice and snow sports

The extreme environment of winter sports significantly impacts the performance of athletes, leading to a need for clothing that meets composite functional requirements such as warmth, comfort, and protection to improve competition performance. Knitted fabrics for ice and snow sports with excellent heat and moisture performance were inspired by the water collection and transmission system used by the Moloch horridus. A bionic design model of multi-state fabric morphology was developed by using a topological derivation method and three-dimensional parametric surface modeling technology. The experimental results showed that the four single-sided three-dimensional fabrics have better moisture management characteristics and it is possible to achieve an excellent thermal insulation performance. The textile design application models based on this new design method can provide a feasible solution for developing high-performance textiles for winter sports.

Application of Textiles in Aerospace

Kevlar fibres are critical for use in aerospace purpose due to their ability to perform quality and consistency. In aerospace applications, G-suits is very much interesting and significant role to play for the same purpose. Mid-mountain’s products are innovative and enhancing towards overall fabric performance with manufacturing and applications. As an aerospace material, the manufacturing of aerospace textiles and structures of composites are most successful. In aerospace textiles manufacturing, high-performance textiles are most essential for processing. The textile cloths are considered next to skin has pivotal role to act under variable environmental conditions as well as gravitational force in aerospace operations. Highly developed textiles are mostly applied in building aircraft, spacecraft, etc for the last few years. Arville’s made aerospace fabrics are widely used in civil aircrafts throughout the world for wide big range of applications. Aerospace textile is defined as the combined effects of textile technology and aeronautical engineering. Textiles can play the important role as a clothing and safety performance from the view point of structurally in design with realization of optimal living conditions in space.

Investigation of slashing mechanisms and behavior of high-performance fabrics

The slashing mechanism is influenced by various properties that impact fabric slicing, contingent upon both fabric design and yarn-slicing characteristics. This study explores the slash resistance of soft armor, underscoring the essential need for enhancements in fabric design and fiber properties. Yarn-slicing qualities and the fabric’s pattern play pivotal roles in the fabric-cutting mechanism. The fabric stabbing resistance force demonstrates strong positive correlations with multiple factors, encompassing values such as friction force between warp and weft, yarn cutting force, yarn pull-off force, fabric shear modulus, and fabric flexural stiffness. The investigation explores the relationship between slash resistance in high-performance fabrics, revealing a robust correlation with factors such as yarn cutting force, yarn pull-off force, fabric shear modulus, friction force between warp and weft, and fabric flexural rigidity. Fabrics constructed from Kevlar 129 or 29 showcase the highest slashing resistance force. Experimental results unveil that the Kevlar 129 plain weave exhibits the utmost resistance, recording a force of 100.37 N and a fabric-slashing energy of 3.65 J. In contrast, the Kevlar 29 plain weave structure withstands a slash resistance force of 67 N, while the Kevlar 29-carbon plain weave displays a slash resistance of 62.97 N. The correlation coefficients between various variables linked to fabric-slashing resistance force unveil a strong, positive, and highly interrelated association for the majority of factors investigated. These factors encompass yarn-cutting force, yarn pull-off force, fabric shear modulus, and fabric flexural rigidity. Additionally, there exists a positive correlation with the friction force between warp and weft.

Tensile behavior of textile reinforced ultra-high performance concrete

Textile-reinforced ultra-high performance concrete (TR-UHPC) specimens are developed with various high-performance textiles and volume fractions of steel fibers. Experimental and numerical studies are conducted to investigate the tension-stiffening phenomenon of TR-UHPC and synergistic reinforcing mechanisms. The prepared TR-UHPC specimens exhibit pronounced strain-hardening phenomenon with distributed cracks. The tensile strength, post-cracking stiffness, and ductility improve. When the volume fraction of steel fibers increases from 0.5% to 1.5%, the tensile behavior of the TR-UHPC is primarily affected by the bridging mechanism of steel fibers. In contrast, when it further increases to 2.0%, the bonding between the textile and the UHPC matrix govern the tensile behavior of the TR-UHPC. The multiple cracking process continues throughout the test, indicating the effective load transfer mechanisms under high stress level. The evolution of multiple cracking is quantitatively analyzed using digital image correlation (DIC). The prepared TR-UHPC can satisfy the durability requirements on crack width even under high stress. Additionally, a numerical model is established to incorporate the textile’s tensile properties, the stress-crack width relationship of UHPC, and the interfacial bonding between the textile and the UHPC matrix. The modeling results are consistent with the experimental responses. Thus, the method devised herein can provide a practical basis for determining the optimized reinforcement ratios for TR-UHPC.

Investigating the shear behaviour of high-performance fabrics

Shear modulus is a critical factor that significantly influences the mechanical properties and overall performance of these textiles. Understanding the mechanics behind fabric performance during forming operations is of paramount importance, especially given the diverse use of various fabric types as key components in composite products. Fabric's ability to undergo shear deformation is a pivotal attribute in forming and facilitating the transformation of 2-dimensional preforms into intricate 3-dimensional structures. In numerous industrial applications, the manufacturing of composite materials heavily relies on carbon and Kevlar fibers. This research investigates the relationship between shear stress and wrinkling in single-layer structures. The investigation involved woven fabrics composed of carbon, Kevlar, and hybrid carbon-Kevlar configurations. The study encompassed an assessment of shear characteristics, wrinkling force, and fabric stiffness for each fabric variant. To comprehensively analyze the intricate interplay among in-plane shear characteristics, fabric parameters, and tow properties in the scope of shear behavior, the study's findings underwent meticulous scrutiny. Selected tow and fabric parameters exhibit a substantial paired association with the fabric shear modulus, a deduction derived from analysis of experimental results. The formulated fabric shear index serves as a valuable tool for categorizing the fabric's response to shear forces. The shear force component that triggers the onset of buckling demonstrates a proportional relationship with the cube root of the fabric shear modulus. This observation sheds light on the intricate connection between shear properties and mechanical behavior, offering valuable insights into the fabric's performance under various conditions.

Multifunctional fabrics based on copper sulfide with excellent electromagnetic interference shielding performance for medical electronics and physical therapy

With the rapid development of medical electronics, remarkable electromagnetic interference shielding materials are designed extensively to weaken undesirable electromagnetic waves under a variety of conditions, while needing multifunctional applications. So far, it remains an urgent requirement to effectively construct electromagnetic interference shielding materials with photothermal antibacterial activity in the medical devices field. Herein, the low-cost, environmentally friendly, flexible, durable, and multifunctional PDMS@CuS@PSF fabric for medical electronics is manufactured via in-situ growth of copper sulfide (CuS) and then encapsulation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Owing to the double advantages of semiconductor CuS with conductive and absorbing near-infrared light strongly, PDMS@CuS@PSF fabrics exhibit satisfying electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 46 dB and outstanding photothermal conversion for sterilization. Benefiting from the encapsulation, PDMS@CuS@PSF fabrics further improve hydrophobicity and mechanical stability (>2000 cycles folding test). Besides, PDMS@CuS@PSF fabrics integrate functions of physical therapy and monitoring sensors simultaneously. Therefore, such high-performance fabrics based CuS offer facile substantial application prospects in medical electronic apparatus and physical therapy monitoring.

To study the anti-microbial effect of groundnut shell extract when applied on cotton fabric

Antimicrobial textile products are becoming increasingly popular as consumers seek fresh-smelling, skin-friendly, and high-performance fabrics. By imbuing the fabric with antimicrobial properties, we can increase the comfort and hygiene factor, making it more pleasant to wear. Odors can be neutralized, and skin problems caused by microbial growth can be reduced, emphasizing the treated product's hygiene. This research looks at extracting an antimicrobial finish from groundnut shells and applying it to cotton fabric. The hydrous (water) and solvent extraction processes were used for the extraction (methanol, ethanol). The Agar Diffusion Plate Method was used to test the antimicrobial efficacy of groundnut shell extract at different concentrations (20%, 40%, and 60%) with ethanol, methanol, and water. 20% methanolic extract for the Escherichia coli, the inhibition zone is greater than at other concentrations. For application, the fabric was desized and an iodine test was performed to check for the presence of starch before the finish was applied using the exhaustion and pad-dry-cure methods. The results show that for Escherichia coli, the fabric treated with groundnut shell extract along with 12% citric acid performed better than the extract alone. Until the fifth wash, the fabric sample treated with extract and 12% citric acid showed a clear zone of inhibition. The clarity decreased after the sixth, seventh, and eighth washes.

Impact-Protective Bicontinuous Hydrogel/Ultrahigh-Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fabric Composite with Multiscale Energy Dissipation Structures for Soft Body Armor.

Soft body armor greatly improves the comfort and security of the wearers. Although laminates based on high-performance fabrics have been adopted, it remains an enormous challenge to develop fabric laminates having flexibility, low bulge deformation, and ballistic protection capability simultaneously. Herein, we report a bullet-proof bicontinuous hydrogel (BH)/ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene fabric (UPF) composite. The presence of the BH significantly improves the impact resistance performance of the UPF, without compromising its flexibility. In specific, the multiscale energy dissipation structures composed of hydrogen bond associations in the chain scale, bicontinuous phase structures in the nanoscale, and fibers in the microscale are broken to dissipate energy. As a result, the impact energy of the bullet is greatly absorbed and the bulge height of the composites is significantly reduced in contrast to the neat UPF laminates. This study indicates that the flexible BH-UPF composites with multiscale energy dissipation structures have a promising application in soft body armor.

Fluorine-Free, Highly Durable Waterproof and Breathable Fibrous Membrane with Self-Clean Performance.

Lightweight, durable waterproof and breathable membranes with multifunctional properties that mimic nature have great potential for application in high-performance textiles, efficient filtering systems and flexible electronic devices. In this work, the fluoride-free triblock copolymer poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS) fibrous membrane with excellent elastic performance was prepared using electrospinning. According to the bionics of lotus leaves, a coarse structure was built onto the surface of the SBS fiber using dip-coating of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs). Polydopamine, an efficient interfacial adhesive, was introduced between the SBS fiber and SiO2 NPs. The hydrophobicity of the modified nanofibrous membrane was highly improved, which exhibited a super-hydrophobic surface with a water contact angle large than 160°. The modified membrane retained super-hydrophobic properties after 50 stretching cycles under 100% strains. Compared with the SBS nanofibrous membrane, the hydrostatic pressure and WVT rate of the SBS/PDA/SiO2 nanofibrous membrane improved simultaneously, which were 84.2 kPa and 6.4 kg·m-2·d-1 with increases of 34.7% and 56.1%, respectively. In addition, the SBS/PDA/SiO2 nanofibrous membrane showed outstanding self-cleaning and windproof characteristics. The high-performance fibrous membrane provides a new solution for personal protective equipment.

Eco-Friendly Fibers Embedded Yarn Structure in High-Performance Fabrics to Improve Moisture Absorption and Drying Properties.

This study examined the perspiration absorption and drying characteristics of eco-friendly fiber-embedded fabrics with different yarn structures. The wicking and drying rates of fifteen fabrics made from quadrilobal PET, Lyocell, and bamboo fibers were measured using two evaluation methods and compared with the pore diameter and hygroscopic characteristics of the constituent fibers in the yarns. The sheath/core yarn structure played a vital role in improving the moisture absorption and drying properties of the eco-friendly fibers embedded in high-performance fabrics, which was partly affected by the hygroscopicity and non-circular cross-section of constituent fibers in the yarns. Superior perspiration absorption and drying properties among the various eco-friendly high-performance fabrics were observed in the quadrilobal PET/Lyocell sheath/core and quadrilobal PET/bamboo spun yarn fabrics. By contrast, the PET/Lyocell Siro-fil, bamboo spun, and hi-multi PET yarn fabrics exhibited inferior moisture absorption and drying properties. In particular, the evaluated results between transverse and vertical wicking measuring methods in absorption property showed a similar trend. In contrast, the drying property measured between the drying rate (min) at a steady state and the drying rate (g) at a transient state showed a different trend. Multiple regression analysis showed that the wicking property of the eco-friendly fiber-embedded fabrics was mainly related to the pore diameter, cross-sectional shape, and absorption property of the fibers in the yarns, and it was also highly associated with the drying characteristics of the fabrics. The market application of the sheath/core yarn structure using Lyocell and bamboo fibers with quadrilobal PET is available for producing eco-friendly fabrics that can contribute to environmental improvement and wear comfort related to the moisture absorption and fast-drying properties of the woven fabrics.

Recent research developments of textile flexible structures with high puncture resistance: A review

In recent years, with the popularity of firearms and ammunition, body armor materials have undergone a great development. Body armor is commonly used to provide protection against ballistic threats, and its use has increased as people become increasingly aware of protecting their own lives. Compared with the traditional body armor materials, fabrics made of high-performance fibers are not only lightweight and convenient, but also process good protective performance. The purpose of this study is to obtain textiles with higher puncture resistance, by reviewing the progress of rapidly changing and advancing field of high-performance textiles with puncture resistance, which is introduced into four methods: shear thickening fluids (STFs), coating and impregnation, composition and structural optimization, respectively. The content of the manuscript provides a comprehensive perspective for new researchers in relevant fields for subsequent design of protective clothing.

Effect of Geometric Arrangement on Mechanical Properties of 2D Woven Auxetic Fabrics

Textiles-fibres, yarns and fabrics are omnipresent in our daily lives, with unique mechanical properties that fit the design specifications for the tasks for which they are designed. The development of yarns and fabrics with negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) is an area of current research interest due to their potential for use in high performance textiles (e.g., military, sports, etc.). The unique braiding technology of interlacement for preparation of braided helically wrapped yarns with NPR effect with later development of auxetic woven fabric made it possible to avoid the slippage of the wrapped component from the core. The applied geometrical configuration and NPR behaviour of the braided helical yarn structure with seven different angles comprising of monofilament elastomeric polyurethane (PU) core with two wrap materials that include multifilament ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibres were investigated and analysed. The mechanically stable 2D woven textile auxetic fabrics (AF) with various weave patterns such as 2/2 matt and 3/1 twill were developed from the auxetic yarn with PU elastomer core having maximum NPR effect of −1.70 using lower wrapped angle of 9° to study and compare their mechanical responses. The auxetic yarn was used in weft direction and multifilament UHMWPE yarn in warp direction, using semi-automatic loom. Auxeticity of AF was analysed and its various mechanical properties such tensile strength, impact energy absorption, in-plane, and out-of-plane auxeticity, and puncture resistance were studied. Higher energy absorption of 84 Nm for matt fabric was seen compared to twill fabric having an energy of 65 Nm. The puncture resistance capability of matt fabric was better than twill fabric. While twill fabric exhibited better auxetic effect in both in-plane and out-of-plane mode compared to matt fabric. In short, both the twill and matt design AF’s showed unique characteristics which are beneficial in making various protective textiles such as protective helmets, bullet proof shields, cut resistance gloves, blast resistant curtains, and puncture tolerant elastomeric composites.

Ballistic Performance Evaluation of High-Performance Fabric Due to Interyarn Friction

This paper discusses the novel multimaterial arbitrary-Lagrange-Euler (MM-ALE) based approach for modeling shear-thickening fluid (STF)–treated fabric under ballistic impact. The friction-based model of fabric implements the effect of interyarn friction on the ballistic performance of the neat and STF-treated fabric. Furthermore, this paper presents the limitations of friction-based modeling of STF-treated fabric under a wide range of projectile velocities. Such a limitation is the exact prediction of interyarn coefficients of friction for STF-treated fabric for the complex phenomenon of ballistic impact. The results obtained from the friction-based model for the ranges of interyarn coefficients and fabric sett showed that there is an enhancement in the ballistic performance due to an increase in the coefficient of friction up to a critical value of friction coefficients. It was observed that beyond the critical level, there was no improvement in the ballistic performance of the fabric. However, there was a decrease in the ballistic performance beyond the critical friction level. Moreover, the numerical model of neat fabric using friction-based models as validated and implemented in the development of MM-ALE-based modeling of STF-treated fabric. The novel MM-ALE-based modeling approach will enrich the understanding of the STF mechanism under ballistic impact for STF-treated fabric systems. The limitations of friction-based models shall be handled using the MM-ALE based technique.

Recent Advances in Functionalization of Cotton Fabrics with Nanotechnology.

Nowadays, consumers understand that upgrading their traditional clothing can improve their lives. In a garment fabric, comfort and functional properties are the most important features that a wearer looks for. A variety of textile technologies are being developed to meet the needs of customers. In recent years, nanotechnology has become one of the most important areas of research. Nanotechnology’s unique and useful characteristics have led to its rapid expansion in the textile industry. In the production of high-performance textiles, various finishing, coating, and manufacturing techniques are used to produce fibers or fabrics with nano sized (10−9) particles. Humans have been utilizing cotton for thousands of years, and it accounts for around 34% of all fiber production worldwide. The clothing industry, home textile industry, and healthcare industry all use it extensively. Nanotechnology can enhance cotton fabrics’ properties, including antibacterial activity, self-cleaning, UV protection, etc. Research in the field of the functionalization of nanotechnology and their integration into cotton fabrics is presented in the present study.