High Performance Concrete Research Articles

Interfacial Shear Behavior of Composite Concrete Substrate to High-Performance Concrete Overly After Exposure to Elevated Temperature

Basically, the interface shear strength between two concrete layers of varying ages must be sufficient to withstand the applied actions on the structure, specifically fire attack, which may cause the complete collapse of the composite structure. Thus, interfacial shear behavior was investigated and analyzed in this paper under the influence of a set of parameters, including temperature (25, 200, 400, and 600 °C), time exposure (30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min), concrete type, and fibers type (polypropylene fiber (PPF), steel fiber (SF), and hybrid fiber) by employing a Z-shape push-off test. The test consists of two parts with different ages: normal strength concrete (NCS) and high-performance concrete (HPC). HPC includes high-strength concrete (HSC) and fly ash concrete (FAC). Initially, twenty-five Z-shaped push-off tests were made, four of which were cast as one unit (NSC/or concrete with hybrid (FSP)), and the rest were composite specimens. Furthermore, a 3D finite element model of a composite push-off specimen was developed to simulate and analyze the impact of various time and temperature exposures on the interfacial shear strength of composite specimen N-FSP. The results indicated that temperature degree and exposure time adversely affected the interfacial shear strength. Also, interfacial shear strength is significantly influenced by fiber types. Including combined fiber (SF + PPF) improved the interfacial shear strength by 114% compared to the composite specimen NSC-NSC after exposure to a temperature of 600 °C. In contrast, using PPF negatively affected the interfacial shear strength, recording only 84% of the composite specimen NSC-NSC. In addition, the inclusion of supplementary cementitious material enhanced the interfacial shear strength by 60.5% in the NSC-FAC composite specimen with 30% FA, compared to the NSC-NSC specimen. Finally, a finite element (FE) model was proposed with a satisfactory level of accuracy (0.95 to 1.03) in predicting the maximum shear strength. Additionally, the difference between the FE and experimental stiffness was between 0.92 and 1.07.

Strength and stiffness characterization of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) cement paste phases through in-situ micro-mechanical testing

Compressive strength and stiffness of concrete materials involve the complex interaction of aggregates and hardened cement, which can involve even more complex phases formed through hydration processes. Typically, the strength and stiffness of concrete materials are determined through material-scale testing, focusing on the bulk behavior while ignoring individual constitutive material interactions. This study aims to identify individual cement phase contributions to bulk concrete properties through the characterization of individual hardened cement-paste phases using micro-scale compressive testing. In this study, in-situ micro-compression measurements are used to generate statistical distributions of compressive strength and stiffness for five hardened cement phases and one phase composite. Results from the in-situ micro-compression testing indicate that AFt/AFm and CH/C–S–H micropillars exhibit higher stiffness and strength when compared to hardened C–S–H and C-A-S-H phases. Comparing measured micropillar strength and stiffness values with traditional nano-indentation methods indicates that nano-indentation approaches may provide a higher estimation of individual phase stiffness due to material confinement boundary effects.

The Properties of High-Performance Concrete with Manganese Slag under Salt Action.

Manganese slag (MS) containing a certain amount of active hydration substances may be used as a kind of cementitious material. In the present study, we measured the mass, the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity (RDME), and the flexural and compressive strengths of MS high-performance concrete (MS-HPC) with added basalt fibers exposed to NaCl freeze-thaw cycles (N-FCs), NaCl dry-wet alternations (N-DAs), and Na2SO4 dry-wet alternations (NS-DAs). Scanning electron microscope energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TG) curves, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) curves were obtained. The mass ratio of MS ranged from 0% to 40%. The volume ratio of basalt fibers varied from 0% to 2%. We found that, as a result of salt action, the mass loss rate (MLR) exhibited linear functions which were inversely correlated with the mass ratio of MS and the volume ratio of basalt fibers. After salt action, MLR increased by rates of 0~56.3%, but this increase was attenuated by the addition of MS and basalt fibers. Corresponding increases in RDME exhibited a linear function which was positively correlated with MS mass ratios in a range of 0~55.1%. The addition of MS and basalt fibers also led to decreased attenuation of mechanical strength, while the addition of MS led to increased levels of flocculent hydration products and the elements Mn, Mg, and Fe. CaClOH and CaSO4 crystals were observed in XRD curves after N-DA and NS-DA actions, respectively. Finally, the addition of MS resulted in increased variation in TG values. However, the opposite result was obtained when dry-wet actions were exerted.

High Performance and Ultra-High Performace Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Stabilized Homogeneity

This paper describes the segregation of fibres in high performance and high strength concretes. It focuses on both laboratory and practical conditions. It compares different mixtures produced and processed in the laboratory and in the precast concrete company. Two methods are chosen in the paper to avoid fibre segregation. The first method is a suitable mix design considering the water/cement ratio and the amount of superplasticizer. The second method is the addition of synthetic fibres to the mixture while maintaining sufficient workability. The paper examines the consistence of each mixture according to the concrete placement location, segregation of fibres in the fresh mixture and hardened composite. Both methods under laboratory and practical conditions have shown a positive impact on the reduction of segregation of steel fibres in the mixture. Simultaneously, the strength properties of all mixtures were compared, which depended mainly on the type of synthetic fibres used.

Microstructural investigation of ternary blended high-performance concrete using supplementary cementitious materials

Microstructural investigation of ternary blended high-performance concrete using supplementary cementitious materials

A Review on the Investigation of Durability Performance of High-Performance Concrete with Cementitious Materials

This in-depth examination investigates the ever-evolving area of High-Performance Concrete (HPC), which has seen growth in the amount of research conducted on it because of its increasing use in the construction industry. This review aims to investigate the longevity of high-performance concrete, that emphasizes Fly Ash, Silica Fume, GGBS, Colloidal Silica and an extensive variety of cementitious components and investigate the ways in which curing conditions, mix ratios, and exposure to the environment influence the overall durability performance of HPC combinations. The environmental and performance implications of using cement in HPC and the potential benefits of substituting cement with cementitious materials like GGBS, Fly Ash and Silica Fume are critically reviewed. Cement production is a substantial contributor to CO2 emissions, and it poses significant environmental challenges with the industry accounting for nearly about 8% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The incorporation of cementitious materials into HPC has been identified as a viable strategy to mitigate these environmental impacts. These materials not only reduce the carbon footprint by decreasing cement consumption but also enhance the concrete's mechanical properties and durability performance. The use of GGBS has been shown to improve the strength and serviceability properties of concrete, contributing to a denser microstructure and increased resistance to chloride penetration. It also improves mechanical and durability properties of HPC including enhanced impermeability and resistance to chloride-ion permeability. The review provides a summary of current research findings and offers incisive suggestions for enhancing the long-term durability of HPC. This is accomplished by carefully examining how cementitious materials impact crucial durability characteristics such as permeability, sulphate attack, chloride penetration and carbonation.

Emphasis of Cyclic Loading on the Fracture Mechanism and Residual Fracture Toughness of High-Performance Concrete Considering the Morphological Properties of Aggregate

This research investigates the fatigue behaviour and fracture mechanics of high-performance concrete (HPC), including various compositions such as HPC with basalt aggregates (HPC-B), HPC with gravel (HPC-G), and high-strength coarse mortar (CM) under static and cyclic tensile loading within the special priority program SPP 2020. The study aims to integrate fracture mechanics into structural analysis to enhance design guidelines for slender cross-sections and safety-related high-performance structural components. The experimental investigations reveal HPC-B’s remarkable superiority, displaying its higher compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strength compared to HPC-G and CM. A modified disk-shaped compact tension (MDCT) based on ASTM standards, aided by digital image correlation (DIC) unveils fracture behaviour, emphasizing fracture energy as a crucial parameter. HPC-B exhibits improved crack resistance and notch sensitivity reduction attributed to crushed basalt aggregates and an enhanced interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The research scrutinizes factors like material characterization, aggregate morphology, stress levels, and the displacement rate on crack formation. High-cycle fatigue tests show HPC-B’s superior performance, and the post-fatigue analysis reveals enhanced residual fracture toughness attributed to nano-level structural changes, stress redistribution and aggregate-matrix interaction. A 3D image analysis via Computed Tomography (CT) scans captures mesostructural crack propagation and provide quantitative insights. This research marks a significant shift from conventional aggregate-focused approaches and introduces a novel approach by integrating excess paste theory and mesoscale analysis, highlighting the critical role of aggregate choice in material characterization and mesoscale design in enhancing the structural efficiency of HPC. Furthermore, the study advances the understanding of HPC fatigue behaviour, emphasizing the interplay of aggregate types and morphologies and their dynamic response to cyclic loading, offering valuable insights for optimizing design guidelines and fostering innovation in structural engineering.

Effects of acidic environments and sorptivity on high-performance concrete containing natural pozzolan and limestone filler

Even though high-performance concrete (HPC) is a more robust type of concrete, acidic environments can still have a negative impact on it. Acids can dissolve other components in the concrete as well, leading to a loss of material and increased porosity. This makes the concrete even more susceptible to further degradation. Acidic environments attack the calcium hydroxide (CH), a key component of the cement paste that binds the aggregate in concrete. This reaction weakens the structure and reduces the overall strength of the concrete. The purpose of this study is to assess how HPC containing natural pozzolan (NP) and limestone filler (LF) responds to acidic environments and sorptivity. The cement (PC) was replaced by NP and LF in different mass proportions. The mixtures HPCC (100% PC), HPC18 (10%LF + 90%PC), HPC7 (20%NP + 80%PC), and HPC14 (5%LF + 10%NP + 85%PC) were prepared. The sorptivity was evaluated by measuring the sorptivity coefficient (S, cm*s-0.5) after 28 days of submersion in distilled water. HPC specimens were submersed in distilled water, 5% sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and 5% hydrochloric acid (HCl) for up to 180 days in order to test their acid resistance. Visual inspection and changes in mass were used to evaluate the specimens' resistance to acid attack. The results showed that replacing PC with LF and NP reduced the sorptivity of HPC. Substituting 10% of PC mass with LF increased the HPC's resistance to sulfuric acid. However, substituting the PC with NP and/or LF reduced the HPC's resistance to hydrochloric acid. According to visual inspection and mass losses, the sulfuric acid was more aggressive than hydrochloric acid.

Cyclic performance of precast segmented bridge pier with inner column socket connection: A parametric study

To enhance the lateral bearing capacity and resilience of precast segmented bridge piers (PSBPs), a novel inner column (IC) socket connection at the bottom of the pier was proposed. The performance of the joint of the precast column and footing block determines the lateral bearing capacity of the pier and the bridge. Therefore, the joint adopts high-performance concrete (HPC) and engineered cementation composite (ECC) ICs. The cyclic performance of IC socket connection under pseudo-static tests with constant vertical loading was investigated. Numerical models against four bridge pier-tested specimens cited in the references were developed utilizing the OpenSees platform and ABAQUS software to verify modeling accuracy. Accordingly, three piers, two PSBPs with varying IC materials, and one standard PSBP without an IC were studied to confirm the effectiveness of IC in the PSBP system. Then, parametric analyses of their impact on PSBPs with IC were conducted, examining variables of the height ratio, cross-section area, concrete strength, reinforcement ratio, and reinforcement yield strength ratios of the IC in addition to vertical loading ratio and post-tension tendon area. The findings indicate that existing the IC improves PSBP performance in terms of hysteretic behavior, ductility, energy dissipation, and stiffness while ensuring self-centering behavior is within the acceptable range. Furthermore, a well-designed IC can effectively regulate the lateral resistance capacity and resilience performance of PSBPs. For PSBP construction, the IC socket connection utilizing modern materials is an effective connector and versatile for future bridge structure applications.

Benchmarking AutoML solutions for concrete strength prediction: Reliability, uncertainty, and dilemma

Building precise machine learning and deep learning models has traditionally required a combination of mathematical skills and hands-on experience to meticulously adjust hyperparameters that significantly impact the learning process. As datasets continue to expand across various engineering domains, researchers increasingly turn to machine learning methods to uncover hidden insights that may elude classic regression techniques. This surge in adoption raises concerns about the adequacy of resultant meta-models and the interpretation of findings. In response to these challenges, automated machine learning (AutoML) emerges as a promising solution, aiming to construct machine learning models with minimal intervention or guidance from human experts. This paper benchmarks AutoML solutions by providing an overview of their principles and applying them to predict the most important mechanical properties of different concrete datasets, i.e., compressive strength. Nine datasets from various concrete types, sample sizes, and features are utilized, with a detailed discussion on the benchmark dataset from high-performance concrete, applying best practices to the other eight datasets. For each case, the importance of hyperparameter tuning is discussed, alongside the ensemble and stacking models. Tree-based models are employed for each dataset to develop SHAP plots, interpret results, and understand the contribution of each component in the mix design to the overall strength of the concrete. This paper further explores three unique aspects of benchmarking AutoML in material science: (1) “reliability” by contrasting the benchmark dataset’s error metric with literature collected over the past 20 years, (2) “uncertainty” by quantifying the variability in the mean and standard deviation of the error metric from different datasets and its correlation with the sample-to-feature ratio, and (3) “dilemma” by discussing the shortcomings of AutoML in specific concrete datasets.

Symbiotic Operation Forest (SOF): A novel approach to supervised machine learning

Reliable AI methods for predicting and formulating relationships between input and output variables are particularly valuable when making data-driven decisions. However, conventional AI methods are primarily “black-box” techniques that lack interpretability. To address this issue, a novel, supervised machine learning model known as Symbiotic Operation Forest (SOF) is introduced. SOF improves the existing model using three strategies, including: (1) enlarging the geometric structure of the operation tree (OT) for better generalization, (2) using a bootstrap sampling technique to construct a diverse OT as a base learner, and (3) implementing a chaos-based algorithm using symbiotic organisms search 2.0 (SOS 2.0) to minimize the prediction error. Experiments were conducted on three datasets covering three different concrete types, including, respectively, recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), high-performance concrete (HPC), and lightweight foamed concrete (LFC). SOF was compared against several commonly used AI models using metrics such as RMSE, MAE, MAPE, R, and R2,with the results showing SOF to have both the best predictive performance and the capability to generate explicit formulas. The statistical results also confirmed the predictive performance of SOF to be significantly better than these AI models, with a p-value < 0.05.

Prediction of the Splitting Tensile Strength of Manufactured Sand Based High-Performance Concrete Using Explainable Machine Learning

Prediction of the Splitting Tensile Strength of Manufactured Sand Based High-Performance Concrete Using Explainable Machine Learning

Study on the fracture mechanical properties of high performance concrete (HPC) with rapid cooling after high temperature

In practical engineering, concrete structures typically undergo high temperatures and fire spray cooling during the process of fire, and high temperatures will cause changes in the microstructure of concrete. Therefore, studying the fracture mechanical properties of concrete after rapid cooling at high temperatures is more in line with the actual engineering situation. This paper sets five temperature conditions (20°C, 200°C, 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C), and after rapid cooling in a water bath, a hydraulic servo machine is used to conduct three-point bending beam fracture tests on plain concrete (PC) and high performance concrete (HPC). The fracture process and mechanism are analyzed using digital image correlation (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE). The research results indicate that the three-point bending unstable fracture load of PC and HPC decreases with the increase of temperature, with the maximum reduction after 800 ℃ high temperature, reaching 87.5% and 82.2%, respectively. After high temperature, the fracture energy of PC and HPC both showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The ductility index of PC and HPC increases with the increase of temperature. The unstable fracture toughness and initial fracture toughness of PC and HPC decrease with the increase of temperature. By combining DIC and AE technologies, the development and fracture mode of cracks in PC and HPC after rapid cooling at high temperature are analyzed. The results showed that the softening effect of concrete is more significant after high temperature, the crack initiation stage is earlier, and the bearing capacity is lower. Furthermore, modern testing techniques are employed to reveal the mechanism of the impact of high temperature and cooling methods on the mechanical properties of HPC from a microscopic perspective. The research results have important reference value for practical engineering.

Investigation of mechanical properties of high-performance concrete via optimized neural network approaches

In this paper, an artificial intelligence approach has been employed to analyze the slump and compressive strength (CS) of high-performance concrete (HPC), focusing on its mechanical properties. The importance of assessing these critical concrete characteristics has been widely acknowledged by experts in the field, leading to the development of innovative methods for estimating parameters that typically require laboratory testing. These intelligent techniques improve the accuracy of mechanical property predictions and reduce the resource-intensive and costly nature of experimental work. The radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is the foundational model for predicting the mechanical attributes of various HPC mixtures. To fine-tune the RBFNN’s performance in replicating the mechanical properties of HPC samples, two optimization algorithms, namely the Golden Eagle Optimizer (GEO) and Dynamic Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (DAOA), have been employed. In this manner, both RBGE and RBDA models were trained using a dataset comprising 181 HPC samples that included superplasticizers and fly ash. The results show that DAOA has significantly improved the base model’s predictive capability, achieving a higher correlation with a value R2 of 0.936 when estimating slump. Furthermore, RBDA exhibited a more favorable root mean square error (RMSE) in predicting compressive strength compared to RBGE, with a notable 16% difference. Ultimately, both integrated models demonstrated their effectiveness in accurately modeling the mechanical properties of HPC.

Influence of industrial waste and mineral admixtures on durability and sustainability of high-performance concrete.

The present research explores the strength, durability, microstructure, embodied energy, and global warming potential investigations made toward cleaner production of high-performance concrete (HPC) using a new composition. For this, various mixes were considered by replacing cement with metakaolin (MK) and silica fumes (SF) while simultaneously altering fine aggregates with industrial waste, copper slag (CS) in 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% at 0.23 w/b ratio. The observations on fresh properties show a decrease in the slump due to pozzolans MK and SF but get compensated by the inclusion of copper slag simultaneously. HPC mixes with 50% replacement of CS revealed the best outcomes in compressive and splitting tensile strengths. Upon testing the concrete mixes against resistance to sulfate exposure, chloride penetration, and water absorption, the durability performance results best for modified mixes having 50% CS substitution levels. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy support a 25% substitution of CS, showing a thickset microstructure with an ample amount of C-S-H gel with negligible cracks and capillary channels resulting in having best-strengthening properties. Overall, decrement in embodied energies and global warming potential has resulted with a reduction in the usage of cement and river sand in modified concrete mixes, ultimately making the production sustainable as well as environment friendly.

Influence of Glass Microfibers on the Control of Autogenous Shrinkage in Very High Strength Self-Compacting Concretes (VHSSCC)

High-performance concrete (HPC) is widely used in infrastructure for its durability and sustainability benefits. However, it faces challenges like autogenous shrinkage, leading to potential cracking and reduced durability. Fiber reinforcement offers a solution by mitigating shrinkage-induced stresses and enhancing concrete durability. In this sense, this study investigates the use of glass microfibers to mitigate autogenous shrinkage and early-age cracking in high-strength self-compacting concrete. Samples were prepared with two water-to-binder ratios (w/b): 0.25 and 0.32; and three glass microfiber contents: 0.20%, 0.25%, and 0.30 vol.%. The concrete mixtures were characterized in the fresh state for slump flow and in the hardened state for compressive strength, static, and dynamic Young’s modulus. Unrestrained and restrained shrinkage tests were also conducted in the seven days-age. The findings revealed that glass microfibers reduced the workability in mixtures with lower slump flow values (w/b of 0.25), while less viscous mixtures (w/b of 0.32) exhibited a slight improvement. Compressive strength showed a proportional enhancement with increasing fiber contents in concretes with a w/b ratio of 0.32. A contrasting trend emerged in concretes with a w/b ratio of 0.25, wherein strength diminished as fiber additions increased. The modulus of elasticity improved with fiber additions only in the matrix with a w/b ratio of 0.25, showing no correlation with compressive strength results. In shrinkage tests, the addition of glass microfibers up to specific limits (0.20% for a w/b ratio of 0.25 and 0.25% for w/b of 0.32) demonstrated improvements in controlling concrete deformation in unrestrained shrinkage analyses. Concerning cracking reduction in restrained concrete specimens, the mixtures did not exhibit significant improvements in crack prevention.

Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) Materials and Its Applications

In the 1940’s, potential of glass as a construction material was realized and improvement continued with the addition of zirconium dioxide in 1960's for harsh alkali conditions. The development of new glass fibre generations is focused on improving the process of material durability. In order to meet various needs, glass fibre reinforced concrete, or GFRC, was thus introduced into production. Research and experiments conducted on GFRC have demonstrated that the material quality and production precision have an impact on the material's mechanical and physical characteristics. GFRC can be applied anywhere an impermeable, weather-resistant, fire-resistant, light-weight, and robust material is required. With the development of technology, it may be possible to construct sophisticated freeform structures and entire buildings at a reasonable cost. Recently, research has been done on the impact of glass fibres in hybrid mixtures for high-performance concrete (HPC), a newly developed technology that is gaining popularity in the building sector.

Effect of Na2CO3 Replacement Quantity and Activator Modulus on Static Mechanical and Environmental Behaviours of Alkali-Activated-Strain-Hardening-Ultra-High-Performance Concrete

The application of alkali-activated concrete (AAC) shows promise in reducing carbon emissions within the construction industry. However, the pursuit of enhanced performance of AAC has led to a notable increase in carbon emissions, with alkali activators identified as the primary contributors. In an effort to mitigate carbon emissions, this study introduces Na2CO3 as a supplementary activator, partially replacing sodium silicate. The objective is to develop a low-carbon alkali-activated-strain-hardening-ultra-high-performance concrete (ASUHPC). The experimental investigation explores the impact of varying levels of Na2CO3 replacement quantity (0, 0.75 Na2O%, and 1.5 Na2O%) and activator modulus (1.35, 1.5, and 1.65) on the fresh and hardened properties of ASUHPC. The augmentation of Na2CO3 replacement quantity and activator modulus are observed to extend the setting time of the paste, indicating an increase in the modulus of the activator and Na2CO3 replacement quantity would delay the setting time. While the use of Na2CO3 intensifies clustering in the fresh paste, it optimizes particle grading, resulting in higher compressive strength of ASUHPC. The tensile crack width of ASUHPC conforms to the Weibull distribution. ASUHPC with a Na2CO3 replacement quantity of 0.75 Na2O% exhibits superior crack control capabilities, maintaining a mean crack width during tension below 65.78 μm. The tensile properties of ASUHPC exhibit improvement with increasing Na2CO3 replacement quantity and activator modulus, achieving a tensile strength exceeding 9 MPa; otherwise, increasing the activator modulus to 1.5 improves the deformation capacity, reaching 8.58%. Moreover, it is observed that incorporating Na2CO3 as a supplementary activator reduces the carbon emissions of ASUHPC. After considering the tensile performance indicators, increasing the activator modulus can significantly improve environmental performance. The outcomes of this study establish a theoretical foundation for the design of low-carbon, high-performance-alkali-activated-strain-hardening-ultra—high-performance concrete.

Metaheuristic optimization of machine learning models for strength prediction of high-performance self-compacting alkali-activated slag concrete

Metaheuristic optimization of machine learning models for strength prediction of high-performance self-compacting alkali-activated slag concrete

Effect of Cement Dosing Without Additions (CPA) on High-Performance and Ordinary Concrete Based Glass Powder as Fine Partial Cement Replacement - A Comparative Study

Abstract The main objective of this paper research is a comparative study on the effect of the glass powder (GP) substitute from collected and recycled glass waste, as a fine partial cement replacement on the mechanical performance and durability of high performance concrete (HPC) and ordinary concrete (OC). For this two cement dosing were used of 400 kg/m3 to formulate OC and 450 kg/m3 to formulate HPC, and GP as considered binder like cement and not as fine addition, hence binder represent the sum of cement with GP (L=C+GP) with which will be made our two concretes formulation. Two ratios were used for the Water/Binder (W/B), the first W/B=0.35 for the HPC and the second W/B=0.5 for the OC, this ration is very important to fix the concentration of superplasticizer. A percentage of 10% and 20% substitution of cement CPA without additions noted CEM I 52.5 by the glass powder with fineness of 3600 cm 2/g are used. The evaluation of the compressive strength was followed from 7 to 365 days in order to study the behavior of the GP at different ages affected by the cement dosing and the ratio W/B compared to the reference concrete without GP for the two concretes HPC and OC. At 28 days the strengths of concretes with GP is affected by the replacement of a quantity of cement since the two reference concretes were superior but beyond this age an inverse behavior is noticed such that results obtained at age of 365 days seem to be advantageous in terms of savings in the quantity of cement used by interpreting the compressive strength, and the decrease in quantity of water in the mixtures offers a remarkable difference between the two concretes studied by using 20 % of GP as replacement of cement.