Highland Type Research Articles

Paleo-geomorphic features of pre-Jurassic and its oil-controlling effect in Wuqi–Dingbian area

The Fuxian-Yan10 layers are the main oil-producing reservoirs of Jurassic in Wuqi–Dingbian area of Ordos Basin. However, due to the lack of understanding of the pattern and distribution characteristics of oil reservoirs, the benefits of exploration and development are restricted. In order to provide theoretical guidance for the study of similar geological features, based on the analysis of paleogeomorphic features and evolution, the analysis focuses on the influence of palaeo-geomorphology on oil reservoir distribution, and summarizes the main types of reservoir models in the study area. The results show that there are four types of palaeo-geomorphic units in the Wuding area: palaeo-river, slope, highland and interriver hill. In the study area, the Jurassic paleogeomorphology controls the sedimentary development and distribution from Fuxian Formation to Yan 9 Formation. The compacted structure and lithologic barrier provide good trapping conditions for the paleogeomorphic oil. Moreover, the swampy coal measures and mudstone at the top of Yan 9 play a sealing role for oil accumulation, and the bottom water was obviously driven. In addition, the pre-Jurassic deep valley was the main channels for oil migration. On this basis, it is concluded that there are four reservoir-forming models in Wuding area: slope type, river hill type, ancient river type and highland type.

Contextual Characterisation Study of Chandrayaan-3 Primary Landing Site

Abstract Chandrayaan-3 is an upcoming lunar mission of India aimed at soft-landing and carrying out first-ever in situ investigations at a high-latitude location on the Moon. Chandrayaan-3 consists of a propulsion module, a lander and a rover, that carry a set of payloads for conducting in-situ science experiments. In this work, contextual characterization of the primary landing site(PLS) located at 69.367621˚S, 32.348126 ̊E is carried out in terms of identification, geomorphology, composition and thermophysical context using the best-ever high-resolution datasets. Our geomorphological study indicates that the PLS is safe for landing with slope less than 4˚ in about 78% of landing area and an average elevation variation of about 169m. The spectral analysis suggests that the region must have experienced extensive space weathering. Compositional analysis indicate that the landing region has a typical highland type of soil characteristics with Mg(4.3 to 5.2 wt.%), Fe(4.2 to 4.9 wt.%), Ca(10-11 wt.%), and Ti(0.25-0.35wt.%). Thermophysical analyses show ∼30K and ∼175K variability in spatial and diurnal temperatures at the PLS- an indicative of a local terrain of distinctive thermophysical characteristics. With important science instruments onboard, Chandrayaan-3 will provide a unique opportunity towards looking at localised variations leading to an improved understanding of the lunar surface.

A comparison of growth of a vulnerable species, common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Actinopteri: Cyprinidae), from two different reservoir types in the same river basin

Context The mechanisms underlying regional differences in growth parameters of common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Actinopteri: Cyprinidae), are not yet fully understood, because comparisons among them have been made post hoc. Aims To simultaneously compare growth of common carp between sexes and between regions: Demirköprü Reservoir (DR) and Marmara Lake (ML), which have different structures (lowland type vs highland type) and are proximate to each other in the same river basin (Gediz River Basin). Methods Length-frequency distributions, length–weight relationships and three growth models (von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF), Gompertz growth function (GGF) and Robertson growth function (RGF)) were used for both sexes and all individuals in reservoirs. Key results As none of the best-fitting models used among these growth models clearly suggested a ‘clear winner’ (Akaike’s weight (wi) > 0.9), the model-averaged multi-model inference (MMI) was used for the first time for common carp. Conclusions Asymptotic length obtained from MMI for all individuals in ML (lowland type) was statistically higher than that in DR (highland type) (P < 0.05). Implications Based on the maximum observed length and the mean L∞ obtained from MMI, the common carp population in the DR can be considered threatened by overfishing.

Determining the effect of climate and profession on dry eye disease: A prevalence study among young males in north, north-west and central India

BackgroundOcular tear film and the ocular surface together represent a dynamic playground of various protective factors against environmental influencers. Surrounding environment and geoclimatic milieu are the pertinent and continuous influencing factors. Prevalence study of Dry eye disease (DED) in various climatic conditions and professions provides an insight into this peculiar aspect of DED and human geography. MethodsThis was a hospital based, cross-sectional, comparative, analytical observational study. 1840 young soldiers between 25 and 45 years of age were studied. Divided in five climate groups based on Köppen–Geiger climate classification system the subjects were sub-grouped into professions exposed to known aggravating environmental factors. The ocular surface was examined for signs and symptoms of DED and its prevalence and risk ratio for different climates and professions were calculated. ResultsHighest prevalence of DED was found in cold desert climate and among visual display unit (VDU) users. Least prevalence was seen in highland type of climate and among people involved in professional exposed to high temperature. Prevalence of DED based upon the signs and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) was calculated and stratified with risk ratio for climatic conditions and professions. ConclusionDifferent climatic conditions and professions had different prevalence of signs, symptoms of OSD and DED which indicated its influence on prevalence of the disease.

Magical Hands of a Tribal Farmer Set a Milestone in Finger Millet Cultivation-A Case from Koraput, Odisha, India

Odisha is predominantly an agricultural state with a cultivated area of 90.54 lakhs ha and average production of 25.44 million tons. Koraput district comes under Eastern Ghats high land type agroecological zone...

Thermogravimetric analysis of chemical reduction processes to produce oxygen from lunar regolith

Various processes exist for extracting oxygen from lunar regolith via chemical reduction for In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). Reduction with hydrogen, methane, possibly carbon monoxide, or gas mixtures are the processes that have predominantly been studied and discussed for this purpose over the past decades. However, it remains unclear how applicable these processes are to lunar highland regolith and how well they compare at temperatures below 1000 °C, above which the material starts sintering and melting. To approach this knowledge gap, a direct comparison of the reduction of pure ilmenite and the highland type lunar regolith simulant NU-LHT-2M was performed by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Pure nitrogen, hydrogen, and methane were used as process gases for the TGA. The results show that ilmenite is a good reference material for the reduction with hydrogen, which starts at temperatures around 500 °C. Hydrogen can also be used to reduce the very low ilmenite content in NU-LHT-2M, but due to the low weight loss and additional thermal decomposition of several impurities in the simulant this reduction is hardly visible in the TGA. The reduction of ilmenite via methane was demonstrated to be possible in the investigated temperature range. However, the deposition of carbon on the sample lead to a strong contamination of the measurement setup and a steep weight increase that overcompensated the weight loss expected from the release of oxygen. For NU-LHT-2M the reduction via methane is more difficult to assess because of the low weight change and the less pronounced weight loss. Several potential side reactions with decomposition products, such as water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, at higher temperature additionally complicate the interpretation of results.

Risk assessment and spread of the potentially invasive Ceratitis rosa Karsch and Ceratitis quilicii De Meyer, Mwatawala & Virgilio sp. Nov. using life-cycle simulation models: Implications for phytosanitary measures and management.

Integrative taxonomy has resolved the species status of the potentially invasive Ceratitis rosa Karsch into two separate species with distinct ecological requirements: C. rosa “lowland type” and the newly described species Ceratitis quilicii De Meyer, Mwatawala & Virgilio sp. nov. “highland type”. Both species are tephritid pests threatening the production of horticultural crops in Africa and beyond. Studies were carried out by constructing thermal reaction norms for each life stage of both species at constant and fluctuating temperatures. Non-linear functions were fitted to continuously model species development, mortality, longevity and oviposition to establish phenology models that were stochastically simulated to estimate the life table parameters of each species. For spatial analysis of pest risk, three generic risk indices were visualized using the advanced Insect Life Cycle Modeling software. The study revealed that the highest fecundity, intrinsic rate of natural increase and net reproductive rate for C. rosa and C. quilicii was at 25 and 30°C, respectively. The resulting model successfully fits the known distribution of C. rosa and C. quilicii in Africa and the two Indian Ocean islands of La Réunion and Mauritius. Globally, the model highlights the substantial invasion risk posed by C. rosa and C. quilicii to cropping regions in the Americas, Australia, India, China, Southeast Asia, Europe, and West and Central Africa. However, the proportion of the regions predicted to be climatically suitable for both pests is narrower for C. rosa in comparison with C. quilicii, suggesting that C. quilicii will be more tolerant to a wider range of climatic conditions than C. rosa. This implies that these pests are of significant concern to biosecurity agencies in the uninvaded regions. Therefore, these findings provide important information to enhance monitoring/surveillance and designing pest management strategies to limit the spread and reduce their impact in the invaded range.

Development of novel InDel markers and genetic diversity in Chenopodium quinoa through whole-genome re-sequencing

BackgroundQuinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a balanced nutritional crop, but its breeding improvement has been limited by the lack of information on its genetics and genomics. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain knowledge on genomic variation, population structure, and genetic diversity and to develop novel Insertion/Deletion (InDel) markers for quinoa by whole-genome re-sequencing.ResultsWe re-sequenced 11 quinoa accessions and obtained a coverage depth between approximately 7× to 23× the quinoa genome. Based on the 1453-megabase (Mb) assembly from the reference accession Riobamba, 8,441,022 filtered bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 842,783 filtered InDels were identified, with an estimated SNP and InDel density of 5.81 and 0.58 per kilobase (kb). From the genomic InDel variations, 85 dimorphic InDel markers were newly developed and validated. Together with the 62 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers reported, a total of 147 markers were used for genotyping the 129 quinoa accessions. Molecular grouping analysis showed classification into two major groups, the Andean highland (composed of the northern and southern highland subgroups) and Chilean coastal, based on combined STRUCTURE, phylogenetic tree and PCA (Principle Component Analysis) analyses. Further analysis of the genetic diversity exhibited a decreasing tendency from the Chilean coast group to the Andean highland group, and the gene flow between subgroups was more frequent than that between the two subgroups and the Chilean coastal group. The majority of the variations (approximately 70%) were found through an analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) due to the diversity between the groups. This was congruent with the observation of a highly significant FST value (0.705) between the groups, demonstrating significant genetic differentiation between the Andean highland type of quinoa and the Chilean coastal type. Moreover, a core set of 16 quinoa germplasms that capture all 362 alleles was selected using a simulated annealing method.ConclusionsThe large number of SNPs and InDels identified in this study demonstrated that the quinoa genome is enriched with genomic variations. Genetic population structure, genetic core germplasms and dimorphic InDel markers are useful resources for genetic analysis and quinoa breeding.

The effect of land type diversity and spatial heterogeneity on farmland birds in Norway

The decline in farmland birds observed throughout Europe during recent decades has attracted much attention. Agricultural intensification or land abandonment are commonly forwarded as key drivers. Several countries have established agri-environmental schemes (AES) to counter these negative trends among farmland birds. This paper reports a study of the relationship between land use and bird species in the agricultural landscape of Norway. The main objective was to investigate the effect of spatial heterogeneity and diversity of land use on total richness and abundance of farmland birds at a national level.Monitoring the distribution and abundance of birds is part of the Norwegian monitoring programme for agricultural landscapes. The monitoring programme is based on mapping of 1×1km squares distributed across the entire agricultural landscape. Within these squares permanent observation points are established for bird monitoring. Detailed interpretation of aerial photographs provides the land classification. We tested the relationship between landscape metrics at different levels of land type detail and species richness and abundance of farmland and non-farmland birds.There was a positive relationship between species richness and abundance of farmland birds and agricultural area. For non-farmland birds the relationship was negative. Spatial heterogeneity of land use was a significant positive factor for both farmland and non-farmland species. High land type diversity was positive for farmland bird richness, but negative for abundance. Non-farmland bird richness was not affected by land type diversity, but abundance had a negative response.The results presented in this paper highlight the importance of a spatial heterogeneous landscape. However, we also found that land type diversity could negatively affect the abundance of both farmland and non-farmland birds. Our findings suggest a need for different management approaches depending on whether the aim is increased species richness or abundance. Achieving both aims with the same means might be difficult. We thus suggest a need for land use analyses before proper management strategies can be implemented.

Comparative study of growth in Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) and Rutilus rutilus (L., 1758) from two Serbian reservoirs: Multi-model analysis and inferences

We assessed growth patterns of Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) and roach Rutilus rutilus (L., 1758) from two different types of reservoirs (lowland type vs highland type) through multi-model analysis. We applied three different fish growth models: von Bertalanffy (VBGF), Gompertz (GGF) and Robertson (RGF) growth functions and assessed the best fitting model using the Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). Additionally, we calculated deviations from the best fitting model (Δi) and Akaike weights (wi) for all models. The VBGF was not the best fitting model in all cases. Furthermore, in many cases more than one model was significantly supported (Δi<2) and Akaike's weight displayed no ‘clear winner’ (wi<0.9). Therefore we applied multi-model inference through model-averaging in order to provide more stable inferences, reduce model selection bias and achieve higher precision compared to the selected best model. Since most studies that applied multi-model analysis in modeling fish growth were conducted on elasmobranchs and other marine fish species, we suggest that these analyses should also be applied to freshwater species in order to achieve improved conservation strategies for endangered species and improved management strategies for invasive species. When comparing growth patterns between the two reservoirs, the F-statistic displayed significant differences in the best fitting growth functions between the Gruža and Međuvršje Reservoirs for both species. As hypothesized, individuals inhabiting the calm, shallow lowland reservoir with a large surface area attained higher asymptotic lengths than individuals inhabiting narrow highland reservoir with high water flow. Fish inhabiting narrow water bodies with high water flow need to adapt specifically to these conditions since water current affects the movement of fish as well as prey encounter rate, thus smaller bodies which allow higher maneuverability appear to be favored when compared to bulkier body forms in such environments. Therefore, we assume that differences in growth patterns observed in this study predominantly present a response to the highly differential environmental conditions from the two reservoirs.

Efficiency of soil and flood control measures in land consolidations

Land consolidations are an important instrument for implementation of erosion and flood control measures. Thanks to their poly-functional character, they also contribute to increase of ecological stability and aesthetic of landscape. Although the land consolidation process does not advance as quickly as requisite, it brings unquestionably positive results. One or more erosion and flood control measures are built in 17 % of cadastres with finished complex land consolidation. Land consolidation designs are supported by the state and the EU funds are used for the realization of protective and ecological measures. With the aim to evaluate real efficiency of implemented measures, research project QI92A012 has been started. This paper presents its method principles and particular results for one of the model cadastres – Lejčkov. Realized elements in Lejčkov were confronted with the plan of common facilities and critical analysis of the size, parameters, type and localization of elements was made with regard to their efficiency to keep the soil from surface erosion away in the long run, to decrease discharges and sediment transport in extreme precipitation events. We can state that erosion control measures in Lejčkov were designed and built well and they are suitable for the highland type of countryside.

Racial Evolution in Eleusine coracana ssp. Coracana (Finger Millet)

Eleusine coracana ssp. coracana (finger millet, eleusine) is widely distributed in Africa and India as a cereal. The crop is cultivated in diverse eco-geographical areas. Over this range of distribution, eleusine displays high variability in vegetative, floral and seed morphology. The intent of this study is to establish correlations between morphology and distribution, and to determine the intraspecific taxonomy of the crop. Three eco-geographical races were determined: (1) an African highland race which is cultivated in the East African highlands, (2) a lowland race which is grown in the lowlands of Africa and South India, and (3) an Indian race with its center of distribution in Northeast India. In addition to these basic races, an Indian highland type was identified. The African highland race is the most primitive from which the lowland race evolved. The latter race was subsequently introduced to southern India where a secondary center of diversity became established. The Indian race originated from the lowland race, while the North Indian highland type can be derived from either or both of the two basic races in India. This study indicated that natural selection played a major role in the evolution of the crop. Artificial selection, although significant, was restricted within the limits imposed on it by the ultimate adaptation of the races to their environments.

RACIAL EVOLUTION IN ELEUSINE CORACANA SSP. CORACANA (FINGER MILLET)

Eleusine coracana ssp. coracana (finger millet, eleusine) is widely distributed in Africa and India as a cereal. The crop is cultivated in diverse eco‐geographical areas. Over this range of distribution, eleusine displays high variability in vegetative, floral and seed morphology. The intent of this study is to establish correlations between morphology and distribution, and to determine the intraspecific taxonomy of the crop. Three eco‐geographical races were determined: (1) an African highland race which is cultivated in the East African highlands, (2) a lowland race which is grown in the lowlands of Africa and South India, and (3) an Indian race with its center of distribution in Northeast India. In addition to these basic races, an Indian highland type was identified. The African highland race is the most primitive from which the lowland race evolved. The latter race was subsequently introduced to southern India where a secondary center of diversity became established. The Indian race originated from the lowland race, while the North Indian highland type can be derived from either or both of the two basic races in India. This study indicated that natural selection played a major role in the evolution of the crop. Artificial selection, although significant, was restricted within the limits imposed on it by the ultimate adaptation of the races to their environments.

The regolith at the Apollo 15 site and its stratigraphic implications

Regolith samples from the Apollo 15 landing site are described in terms of two major fractions, a homogeneous glass fraction and a non-homogeneous glass fraction. The proportions of different components in the homogeneous glass fraction were determined directly by chemical analyses of individual particles. They are mainly green glass, a mare-like glass, and different types of Fra Mauro and Highland type glasses. The proportions of various components in the remainder of each of the soils were determined indirectly by finding the mix of components that best fits their bulk compositions. The mixing model suggests that the Apennine Front consists mainly of rocks of low-K Fra Mauro basalt composition. These may overlie rocks with the composition of anorthositic gabbro. Green glass, which occurs widely throughout the site is believed to be derived from a green glass layer which darkens upland surfaces and lies beneath the local mare surface.

A Proposed New Classification System for Musical Instruments

While there have been many attempts to produce a satisfactory scheme for the classification of musical instruments, all in some respects, and some in many respects, fall short of the ideal. Properly speaking, and as scientists understand the term, a classification is a system into which facts can be integrated in order to show their relationships and their affinities. The Hornbostel and Sachs Systematik (1914) comes nearest to being such a classification, but it is little used; a few books make use of the larger criteria, down to the first two or three figures. Because it is a numerical system, it has the advantage that two musicologists without a common language can cite instruments to each other, knowing that the figures mean the same thing in both languages, but this very advantage means that the system is, in detail, unworkable. Because it is a decimal system, when one wishes to describe an instrument which was unknown to Sachs and Hornbostel, or which had not been invented in 1914, and any classification system must allow for such things, there may be no logical-logical because the Systematik is on the whole a progressive system-place for its insertion. This is because in a decimal system there is no satisfactory solution to the problem that there is no figure between one and two, except for a subdivision of one. This means that each set of figures can be extended infinitely longitudinally; one may add finer and finer criteria simply by adding figures. There is, however, no way in which to expand laterally. Take, for example, Concussion Sticks, 111.11. Let us suppose that one has the latest Ludwig type of claves, made for musicians in our culture to play Latin American dance music. These are hollow and are thus Concussion Tubes. Being hollow sticks, and derivatives of sticks, they should follow sticks in the Systematik, but this they cannot do, for 111.12 is already allocated to Concussion Plaques. There is, throughout the Systematik, no provision for combination instruments, for the medieval triangle, for example, which has rattling rings suspended on a percussion stick. The Scottish bagpipe is a further example. It is a combination of 422.112 (double reed, conical bore pipe, with finger holes) and 422.221.1 (single reed, cylindrical bore pipes, in sets, no finger holes) allied to a suffix of -62 for a flexible reservoir, presumably with a further figure to show whether it is mouth blown (Highland type) or bellows blown (Lowland type). Other varieties of bagpipe would need a double suffix

THE POPULATION CHANGES IN PROMINENT SERICULTURE AREAS IN JAPAN

I. Before the World War II, the increase or decrease of the population in the prominent sericulture villages shows very particular features in its tendency, varying according to each district. (1). The degree of increase or decrease of population is quite remarkable in the following periods, that is, it increases great deal in the prosperous period of the silk raising industry from 1920 to 30, while it decreases not a little during its depression. This shows a vivid contrast to that of the villages prominent in rice culture in which the increase or decrease is comparatively stable. (2). From 1920 to the outbreak of the War, in the prominent sericulture villages, the increase of population hardly happens. Compared with whole population of the prefecture or that of the villages prominent in rice culture, its total number is stationary or decreases. (3). The type of increase or decrease of population varies according to each district. There are five major types, i. the North-eastern district type, pretty increased, ii. the Kanto district type, a little increased, iii. the Central Highland type, stagnant, iv. the Kinki district type, decreased, and v. the Chugoku and Shikoku district type, stagant. II. After the War broke out, areas of mulberry fields in the prominent sericulture villages were reduced great deal. However, those of the whole country also were reduced too, and so the relative prominence of the former to the latter was unchangeable except a few districts. By this reason, (4). There appeares, as happened before the War, the same difference on the increase of population between those sericulture villages and the rice culture villages or the rest parts of a prefecture. (5). According to the variation of mulberry farm areas, various types of population tendency are coming out. (6). The investigation on the Nagano prefecture as a center of raw silk raising industy shows clearly that the above mentiond features are caused indirectly by the change of the price of cocoons and directly by the economic and labor conditions resulted in the expansion or reduction of the scale of management of sericulture.

Structure of the Metamorphic Belt of the Central Appalachians

Research Article| June 30, 1929 Structure of the Metamorphic Belt of the Central Appalachians ANNA I. JONAS ANNA I. JONAS Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GSA Bulletin (1929) 40 (2): 503–514. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-40-503 Article history received: 13 Mar 1929 first online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation ANNA I. JONAS; Structure of the Metamorphic Belt of the Central Appalachians. GSA Bulletin 1929;; 40 (2): 503–514. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-40-503 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract General Features of the StructureThe folded belt of the Appalachians southwest of New York may be divided into two parts, a belt of unmetamorphosed rocks of the Appalachian Valley and a belt of more or less metamorphosed rocks lying between the southeast side of that valley and the border of the Coastal Plain. The metamorphosed belt consists of two parts, the Highland-Blue Ridge anticlinorium, which is a part of the Appalachian Mountains, and an area of overthrust rocks, the Martic thrust-block, which lies southeast of the anticlinorium and was brought to its present position by thrust-faulting.The rocks of the metamorphosed belt are closely folded, and are broken by thrust-faults that show all gradations from broken, recumbent anticlines to clean-cut thrusts developed from them. The Martic overthrust is a low-angled thrust of the Scottish Highland type, which has carried the southeastern part of the Appalachians over the Paleozoic limestones . . . This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

On the Progressive Metamorphism of some Dalradian Sediments in the Region of Loch Awe

I. I ntroductory R emarks . I n the course of the geological survey of the Loeh Fyne and Loch Awe districts of Argyllshire, a comparatively unaltered series of rocks was discovered by the author, located in a zone of which Loch Awe forms a central axis. So markedly different in condition were they from the ordinary mica-schists of Argyllshire that for some years they were looked upon as considerably later in age than the more crystalline rocks lying to the north and east of them. As the survey of the district progressed, especially in a north-easterly direction, a change of character was detected in them. They assumed a more crystalline condition ; in some areas a gradual, in others a more marked and rapid change of character was observed. In the years 1892 and 1893 it was found that these rocks, as they approached the more mountainous districts of Argyllshire, between Beinn Buidhe and Ben Cruachan, became more highly crystalline, until at last they were traced passing into highly crystalline schists of the normal Central Highland type. The results of these observations were briefly set out in the Annual Report of the Director-General of the Geological Survey for the year 1893. on p. 265 of which the present author's work is referred to as follows :— ‘Not less important in its bearing upon the origin and sequence of the Highland rocks is the recent work of Mr. J. B. Hill in the district of Loeh Awe, to which reference was made last year.