Higher Values Of Chlorophyll Research Articles

The Impact of pH and Growth Phases on Photosynthetic Pigments and Carotene of Coelastrella saipanensis N. Hanagata (Scenedsmacese, Shaerophleales)

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of level pH and the growth phases of Coelastrella saipanensis on Chlorophyll a,b, total, and Carotene. The algae were cultured in BG11 media and grown at different pH levels. We measured chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, growth phases, and carotene concentrations. The results showed that at pH 8.5, the measurements of photosynthetic pigments-chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and the total chlorophyll (0.183, 0.268, and 0.433 mg L-1, respectively). The highest values of chlorophyll a (0.185 mg L-1), and b (0.339 mg L-1), and the total chlorophyll (0.492 mg L-1) were recorded in the stationary phase. In addition, the study found that at pH 8.5 and the beginning of the stationary phase, the highest levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll were 0.216, 0.398, and 0.603 mg L-1, respectively, in correlation with pH-cell harvesting phase interaction. Similarly, carotene concentrations were increased as photosynthetic pigments and recorded the highest values (2.533 mg L-1) at pH 8.5, and 3.275 mg L-1 at the stationary phase. Therefore, the algal C. saipanensis is a vital source of carotene to support nutrition and health It is used as an antioxidant.

Plant Growth and Soil Water Content Changes under Different Inter-Row Soil Management Methods in a Sloping Vineyard.

The main objective of this study was to investigate soil-plant-water interactions based on field measurements of plant reflectance and soil water content (SWC) in different inter-row managed sloping vineyards. The following three different soil management applications were studied: tilled (T), cover crops (CC), and permanent grass (NT) inter-rows. We measured SWCs within the row and between rows of vines. Each investigated row utilized 7 to 10 measurement points along the slope. Topsoil SWC and temperature, leaf NDVI and chlorophyll concentrations and leaf area index (LAI) were measured every two weeks over the vegetation period (May to November) using handheld instruments. We found that management method and slope position can significantly affect the soil's physical and chemical properties, such as clay or soil organic carbon contents. Cover crops in the inter-row significantly reduced average SWC. The in-row average topsoil SWCs and temperatures were lower in all study sites compared to the values measured in between rows. Significantly higher SWCs were observed for the upper points compared to the lower ones for CC and T treatments (58.0 and 60.9%, respectively), while the opposite was noted for NT. Grassed inter-row grapevines had significantly lower leaf chlorophyll content than the other inter-row managed sites (p < 0.001). The highest average leaf chlorophyll contents were observed in the T vineyard (16.89 CCI). Based on slope positions, the most distinguishable difference was observed for the CC: 27.7% higher chlorophyll values were observed at the top of the slope compared to the grapevine leaves at the bottom of the slope (p < 0.01). The leaf NDVI values were not as profoundly influenced by slope position in the vineyard as the chlorophyll values were. For overall LAI values, the T treatment had significantly lower values compared to NT and CC (p < 0.001). Moderate correlations were observed between NDVI and LAI and soil nitrogen and carbon content. In general, we found that both inter-row management and slope position can significantly influence soil parameters and affect plant growth, and consequently can accelerate plant stress under sub-optimal environmental conditions such as prolonged drought.

Mesoscale Circulation Controls Chlorophyll Concentrations in the East Australian Current Separation Zone

AbstractUnderstanding the distribution of chlorophyll on the continental shelves adjacent to western boundary currents is important, both from an ecosystem perspective, as well as for their role as a net sink of atmospheric CO2. However, in‐situ observations of chlorophyll in these dynamic regions are rare. Here, using more than a decade of underwater glider observations from 29 deployments in the East Australian Current (EAC) system, we examine the effect of the mesoscale western boundary current (WBC) circulation on chlorophyll distribution across the shelf. The extensive hydrographic dataset reveals that the mode of boundary current separation has a strong persistent spatial influence on both the stratification and chlorophyll distribution on the shelf between 31.5° and 34°S, a productive area adjacent to the EAC separation zone. We identify that subsurface chlorophyll maxima are common, and their depth and strength is dictated by the offshore mesoscale circulation associated with the WBC separation. The vertical chlorophyll distribution is modulated by the combination of the seasonal cycle and the sporadic influence of mesoscale eddies associated with WBC jet separation. Of the three dominant WBC separation scenarios, eddy dipoles result in shelf waters that are on average more stratified, have higher chlorophyll values, and a deeper chlorophyll maximum compared to other circulation modes. These results suggest that it is necessary to consider the influence of WBC dynamics on chlorophyll concentrations for accurate estimates of atmospheric CO2 uptake.

USING SALICYLIC ACID, FOLIC ACID AND/OR MANCOZEB IN CONTROLLING TOMATO EARLY BLIGHT BIOTIC STRESS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GROWTH, YIELD, FRUIT QUALITY, AND STRESS-RELATED ENZYMES

Two field experiments were conducted to study the effect of foliar applications of salicylic acid (200 ppm), folic acid (100 ppm) and/or Mancozeb (50% and 100% of recommended dose) on the growth, yield, quality, enzymes activities related to stress, and disease severity% of tomato plants cv. “Fayrouz” grown under biotic stress conditions of early blight (A. solani) disease. The results showed significant effects of the applied treatments on all the studied characters with a noticeable superiority of the treatments of SA+FolA+50%Rec followed by 100%Rec­ without significant difference between them, which reflects on high mean values of growth, chlorophyll, yield, fruit quality, total phenol, and enzymes activities, in both seasons. Also, the best-applied treatments were related with the highest significant increases in leaves’ total phenol content in addition to enhancing the activity levels of POD, PPO, and CAT enzymes, which were found to significantly decrease the disease severity%, in both seasons. It could be suggested to reduce the recommended dose of mancozeb fungicide up to 50% by using 200 ppm of salicylic acid with 100 ppm of folic acid for ameliorating the deleterious effects of early blight and producing tomato safer for human consumption and eco-friendly.

Sustainable Management of Arsenic Translocation in the Paddy Plants (Oryza sativa L) Cultivated in the Alluvial Soil of Gangetic West Bengal, India.

Rice plants are known to be more susceptible to arsenic (As) contamination during the cultivation process. Arsenic is genotoxic and can be a big threat to the rice eating people at large. Studies on an effective mitigation mechanism are the need of the hour. This work was an approach using iron (Fe3+) to form Fe-plaque in the plant root that could trap As. The present research was designed with several experimental set ups for rice cultivation in pot culture using different Fe doses with fertilizer in the soil, and finally, the optimum dose was selected considering the translocation ability, plant health, and molecular and stress biomarkers. The study revealed that on an increase in Fe dose, translocation factor (TF) and stress marker (malondialdehyde content) of the plant decreased gradually and encountered minimum (0.12 and 0.03mg/kg, respectively) at the dose of 4.5gm/kg. In contrast, higher values of chlorophyll (2.5mg/kg) and carbohydrate (2.2mg/kg) and intact DNA content were recorded highlighting the rich health condition of the plant. Thus, the experiment supported well the fact that the dose of Fe as fortified fertilizer can be considered the most effective in reducing soil arsenic accumulation in the rice plants. This approach might save the rice eating people from harmful effects of As contamination in this region of India.

The human factor: Weather bias in manual lake water quality monitoring

AbstractSampling bias due to weather conditions has been anecdotally reported; however, in this analysis we demonstrate that manual lake sampling is significantly more likely to take place in “fair weather” conditions. We show and quantify how a manual lake monitoring program in Maine, USA, is biased due to wind speed, rainfall intensity, and air temperature. Emulating a manually sampled water quality (WQ) data set, we show that, on average, manual sampling recorded, depending upon depth, higher water temperature (between 0.4°C and 1.2°C), lower dissolved oxygen (DO) (between −0.8 and −0.4 mgL−1), and higher chlorophyll values (2.0 μgL−1) than average automated monitoring. By analyzing the actual manual monitoring data, we show that manually collected lake water temperatures are on average 1.0°C higher in the epilimnion and 0.5°C (corrected for sensor lag) higher in the hypolimnion compared to those collected using automated methods. We attribute these differences in WQ measurement values to the weather‐induced manual sampling bias. We believe that the nature of weather bias on manual monitoring will always record higher water temperatures, higher chlorophyll, and lower DO than automatic monitoring. The methodologies presented in this study will apply to similar manually sampled lake monitoring programs and the manual sampling bias will likely affect other WQ parameters. The weather‐induced water temperature bias reported is of the same order of magnitude as the root mean square errors reported in many lake models and is therefore considered substantial. If generally applicable and not corrected for, these results will have important implications for climate models, and similar applications, where manually collected WQ data are employed.

Selection of Tolerant of Some Citrus Hybrids F1 to Calcareous Stress and Identification Sexuall Individuals by SSR Marker

The research was conducted during two seasons 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, at the Scientific Research Center in Lattakia-Syria, where the cross between Sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin and Trifoliate orange. The first season was (Sour orange ♂ × Cleopatra mandarin ♀) and (Cleopatra mandarin ♂ × sour orange ♀) and (sour orange ♂ × trifoliate orange ♀), and the crossing in the second season was (Trifoliate orange ♂ × Sour orange ♀), and (Trifoliate orange ♂ × Cleopatra mandarin ♀). The plants of the first generation F1 were exposed to calcareous stress according to two methods. The first one for a long term (two years) method was grown in plots containing 15% and 35% Calcium Carbonate and the control free of Calcium Carbonate for the first cross, and the second one short term (two months) by watering method was with a solution of 1 mol and 2 mol of Calcium Carbonate for the second cross. The indicators of proline and chlorophyll A, B and T were measured in the first-generation individuals, once at the beginning of the experiment and a second time at the end of study. Seven SSR primers were used to identify sexual individuals, five primers were able to identify sexual F1 individuals are CSM13, CSM17, CSM147, CSM18 and TAA27, F1 individuals in the first season (mixture experiment) gave high values of chlorophyll and were tolerant to calcareous stress from crossing Cleopatra mandarin and Sour orange, where they did not show a deterioration in chlorophyll, but rather increased chlorophyll values, and the Trifoliate orange hybrids were sensitive to this stress, and in the watering experiment the F1 showed significant deterioration in Chlorophyll in all seedlings, and symptoms of Lime-induced chlorosis appeared on the more sensitive seedlings.

Reproductive cycle of the mangrove oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) cultured in a macrotidal high-salinity zone on the Amazon mangrove coast of Brazil

ABSTRACT This study aimed to establish the reproductive cycle of the mangrove oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae cultured in the macrotidal estuary of the Paciência River, Maranhão state, on the northeastern coast of Brazil, and its relationship with environmental factors. Oysters were collected monthly throughout 2013 for histological analysis of sex ratio, gonadal development and condition index. The sex ratio was 1:1.39 (M:F) and only 5 specimens presented hermaphroditism. The breeding process was continuous throughout the year and mature (IIIA stage) and spawning oysters (IIIB stage) were present in practically all months. Low variation in temperature seemed to be the main factor for the continuity of the reproductive cycle. Besides temperature, the relationship between rainfall, salinity and primary productivity affected the stimulus and timing of reproductive events. The rainy season, with low values of salinity and high values of chlorophyll a and particulate organic matter, appeared to be the main reproductive period, with release of gametes and production and maturation of new gamete cohorts in the short term. In the tropics, where gamete maturation and release seem to be continuous and concomitant, the condition index does not appear to be the best method to assess reserve accumulation peaks and gonadal repletion.

Application of methyl jasmonate and chitosan on behavior of “Anna” ‎apple seedlings grown under water and heat stress conditions ‎

The role of methyl jasmonate and chitosan application as anti- stress materials on responses of “Anna” apple seedlings grown under water and heat stresses was evaluated during 2018 and 2019 seasons. Anna apple seedling were exposed to three levels of water regiem reated to avaialable (100, 80 and 60%), kept in the plastic greenhouse conditions at 45 ± 2°C., and treated with MeJA at 1.0 and 2.0 mM as well as chitosan at 0.5 and 1.0 %. Vegetative growth parameters, leaf mineral contents, chemical constituents and physiological attributes were detcrmined through out the development of apple seedling abiotic stress. Vegetative growth parameters including plant height (cm), average stem diameters (cm), total number of leaves/ plant, leaf area (cm2 ), number of branches/plant and shoot lengths (cm), fresh and dry weights (g/plant) greatly affected with both studied factors. Application of methyl jasmonate at 2.0 mM and chitosan at 1.0 % combined with irrigation with the three levels of recommended water regien (100, 80 and 60%), were superior than other treatments or untreated one in recording the highest values of all vegetative growth parameters in both seasons. All anti -stress materials were effective in increasing apple seedlings levels of macro (N, P and K) and micro (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) elements compared to untreated apple seedlings. However, chitosan treatment at 1.0 % in combination with all water regiems were more effective in improving the nutrition status of treated seedlings. Additionally, high values of total chlorophyll and carbohydrates were achieved by apple seedlings irrigated with 100% of water regiem and sprayed with higher concentration from chitosan or methyl jasmonate materials. On the other hand, the untreated seedlings under all irrigation water regiems recorded the least values in this respect. On the contrary, the treatments of 2.0 mM methyl jasmonate and 1.0 % chitosan under heat and water stress conditions were effective in reducing proline amino acid, glycine betaine and phenolic compounds contents values which is similar to the apple seedling did not expose to stresses. Generally, it could be concluded that spraying apple seedlings with methyl jasmonate at 2.0 mM and chitosan at 1.0 % in combination with all water regiem considered a good horticulture application to alleviation of a biotic stress (water and heat).

Dynamics of Bioluminescence Potential and Physical, Bio‐Optical Properties on the Shelf and Shelf‐Slope of Delaware Bay

AbstractThe dynamics of physical and bio‐optical properties on the shelf and the shelf‐slope break areas offshore of the Delaware Bay were investigated. Compared to monthly means, there were elevated daily freshwater outflows. Glider observations demonstrated significant changes in bio‐optical properties before and after sampling fresher water masses. Prior to sampling fresher water masses, the glider observations exhibited a coincidence of high values in bioluminescence (BL) potential, chlorophyll, and optical backscattering. However, as the glider started to sample fresher water masses, there was a gradual decoupling of high values in BL potential with the high values in chlorophyll and optical backscattering. This indicates a shift from an autotrophic and mixotrophic toward a more heterotrophic bioluminescent community between water masses. During the glider survey, a high chlorophyll filament was observed by satellite ocean color imagery along the shelf‐slope break of the Delaware Bay. The high chlorophyll filament had weakened and disappeared in satellite imagery over the next 2 days when upwelling was progressing, and the glider started to sample fresher water masses. The filament was on the dense side of the shelf‐slope front, and the glider observations indicated a subduction of high chlorophyll values into subsurface (below the fresher surface water masses) with high values of BL potential deeper than high values of chlorophyll. The studies presented here are the first BL potential studies on the shelf and the shelf slope areas of the Delaware Bay, as well as the first studies of BL potential resulted from deployments of the glider with BL potential sensor on board.

AGRONOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SOME EXOTIC AND LOCAL BREAD WHEAT GENOTYPES UNDER SALINE SOIL CONDITIONS IN NORTH DELTA REGION

Soil salinity is the major global limitation to wheat production. Thus, ten bread wheat exotic lines and local cultivars were studied under normal and moderate saline soil conditions during 2017/18 and 2018/19 growing seasons. the objective was to understand the effects of salinity stress on some agronomic and physiological characters and to estimate some selection indices for salt tolerance in wheat. The studied characters were plant height and grain yield and its components in addition to relative water content, contents of chlorophyll a and b, proline and malondialdehyde and catalase activity in the flag leaves. The two seasons and saline conditions behaved differently. Besides, sufficient genetic variability among the studied genotypes was detected. Moreover, the variance due to saline conditions was the most important comparing to the other sources. Most of studied characters were higher in their mean values in the second season than the first one. All mean values of the studied characters decreased under the saline conditions, except for proline and malondialdehyde contents and catalase activity. Genotypic main effect plus genotype by environment interaction (GGE) Biplot analysis revealed that Line 2, Sakha 95, Misr 3 and Sids 14 had high yielding ability and relative tolerance under salinity conditions. Based on correlation coefficients, the high values of relative water content, chlorophyll, proline contents and catalase activity in addition to the low value of malondialdehyde content may be used as physiological selection criteria for salt tolerance screening of wheat genotypes

Influence of Storm Events on Chlorophyll Distribution Along the Oligotrophic Continental Shelf Off South-Western Australia

The role of storm events in controlling chlorophyll distribution along the oligotrophic Rottnest continental shelf is examined data collected by autonomous ocean gliders combined with meteorological data. Spatial and temporal distribution of chlorophyll concentrations were obtained from a repeated transect across the shallow continental shelf that revealed complex relationships among wind events (e.g. differences in wind speed and direction) and chlorophyll concentrations. Data indicated that the water column responded rapidly to changes in wind speeds alternating between stratification, de-stratification and vice-versa over 1-3 days. Under low wind conditions (wind speeds 15 ms-1) higher chlorophyll values were present throughout the vertically mixed water column. Maximum chlorophyll concentrations, more than double that due to climatology, were observed 1-3 days after the passage of storms subsequent to sediment re-suspension. Storm events, with an onshore component, promoted downwelling, the water column retained vertical stratification, and DSWC was present across the shelf. Here, DSWC intensified with higher chlorophyll in the cascaded water extending further offshore. It is concluded that wind speed and direction are the dominant parameters controlling the distribution of chlorophyll particularly during storm events.

Yield, Growth, Quality, Biochemical Characteristics and Elemental Composition of Plant Parts of Celery Leafy, Stalk and Root Types Grown in the Northern Hemisphere.

Celery is one of the major nutraceutical vegetable species due to the high dietary and medicinal properties of all of its plant parts. Yield, growth and produce quality of six celery genotypes belonging to leafy (Elixir and Samurai), stalk (Atlant and Primus) or root (Egor and Dobrynya) types, as well as the distribution of biomass, sugars, mineral elements and antioxidants among the different plant parts, were assessed. Within the celery root type, cultivar Dobrynya resulted in higher yield than Egor, whereas the genotype did not significantly affect the marketable plant part production of leafy and stalk types. Leaf/petiole ratios relevant to biomass, total dissolved solids, sugars, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and ash, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and Se content were significantly affected by the celery type examined. Ash content was highest in the leaves and lowest in the roots. Celery antioxidant system was characterized by highly significant relationships between ascorbic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and Zn. Among the celery types analyzed, the highest values of chlorophyll, Fe and Mn content as well as antioxidant activity were recorded in leaves from root genotypes, which suggests interesting nutraceutical prospects of the aforementioned plant parts for human utilization.

River signature over coastal area (Eastern Mediterranean): Grain size and geochemical analyses of sediments

Rivers and coastal areas are two ecosystems in permanent interaction. Thus, to understand the process occurring at the land–sea continuum, the determination of the origin and fate of sediment and its associated organic matter is critical.Moreover, tracing the source of particulate matter from terrestrial origin has not been adequately carried out in the eastern Mediterranean basin, especially in Lebanon. In order to differentiate between the terrestrial and marine sources of particulate matter and characterize the depositional environments, grain size composition, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), Isotopic Ratio (δ13C), the terrestrial and labile fractions of organic matter, as well as, photosynthetic pigments were analyzed for surface sediment samples collected from the coastal marine area facing the mouth of Ibrahim river and from the river watershed.This study shows that the combined use of the grain size composition of sediments and carbon isotopic signatures (δ13C) of its associated organic matter is an efficient tool to track the source and fate of organic matter in highly dynamic estuarine and coastal ecosystems.The obtained results illustrate the occurrence of two grain size compositional types associated with two different depositional environments. Shallow stations (≤30 m) are characterized by a hydrological sorting and strong hydrodynamic conditions leading to the winnowing of the finer fraction to deep stations (≥60 m) found to be impacted by river inputs.Organic carbon and total nitrogen values are strongly correlated with the mud fraction controlling their distribution, and therefore leading to their accumulation in the sediment of deep stations (≥60 m). On the other hand, δ13C values and terrestrial fraction percentage suggest the occurrence of riverine materials at the stations (≥60 m), while at the shallow stations, addition of local autochthonous production materials occurs associated with high values of chlorophyll and labile organic matter fraction.

Dynamic characterization of the main Cantabrian river plumes by means of MODIS

River plumes formed in the Cantabrian coast of the Bay of Biscay constitute the main source of nutrients for this coastal area. They are able to sustain high levels of phytoplankton and primary productivity which, in turn, affect the associated ecosystems. Moreover, these plumes also influence other processes as stratification, flow circulation, transport of pollutants or erosion-sedimentation patterns, affecting the morphodynamical and biogeochemical characteristics of the area, which makes their study of high importance. The general small extension of these plumes makes necessary the use of high spatial and temporal resolution data to characterize their fine-spatial structure and to identify their evolution that happens at a short time scale. For that, the response of the Cantabrian plumes to the main forcing was analyzed by means of data provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensor onboard Aqua and Terra satellites, which provides daily high resolution of up to 250 m. Composite images of Nalon, Pas-Besaya, Nervion and Adour plumes were created to analyze the effect of each forcing, including river discharge, wind and tides.Adour is the only Cantabrian plume formed even under low discharges due to the greater basin and river discharge. The rest of Cantabrian plumes are only well developed under high river discharges, which shows this forcing as the most important. Nalon, Pas-Besaya and Nervion plumes mainly influence eastward locations whereas Adour plume mainly affects areas located north of river mouth, due to the predominant currents in each area. Wind has a remarkable impact when plumes are well developed, being especially important in Nalon, Pas-Besaya and Nervion plumes. Plume material is dispersed to the ocean (under upwelling and seaward winds) or retained near coast (under downwelling and landward winds) attending to the main wind direction, conditioning the characteristics of the plume area. The semidiurnal tidal cycle is also important when plumes are developed, being all of them greater under low tidal conditions, although the impact is less important in the Adour plume. The higher stability of Adour plume to the forcing could be related to the much greater extension, which makes necessary stronger forcing to cause similar effects. On the other hand, this greater extension favors its impact on thermohaline properties of seawater. The Adour River is able to provoke winter stratification in the plume area, as well as thermal inversions, which condition the thermohaline properties respect to oceanic area not affected by the plume.By last, the influence of Cantabrian plumes on the annual cycle of chlorophyll was evaluated for each plume area and the adjacent ocean also by means of MODIS data. A chlorophyll peak was detected in both areas for early spring and high values of chlorophyll were also detected during autumn and winter but only in plume areas, associated to the input of nutrients and the haline stratification promoted by the high rivers discharges during these months.

The diversity of finfish population in Poonthura estuary, south-west coast of India, Kerala.

Quantitative measures of diversity are the ideal tools to reveal the community differences that are due to changes in the relative taxon abundance. The present study is an attempt to investigate the measures of finfish diversity of the Poonthura estuary, located in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala, India. Samples were collected using gill nets from three stations. Biodiversity indices such as Margalef's richness (d), Pielou's evenness (J'), Shannon diversity (H') loge(2), Simpson diversity (1-λ), Simpson dominance (λ), average taxonomic distinctness (△+), and variation in taxonomic distinctness (λ+) were worked out for monthly and seasonal data (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon). The ranges of species richness, evenness, Shannon diversity, and Simpson diversity and dominance were 2.30 to 4.51, 0.79 to 0.92, 2.52 to 3.42, 0.76 to 0.91, and 0.11 to 0.23 respectively. Considering the lacuna in information on this estuary, the results of the present study provide reference points for the measures of fish diversity for future studies. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plotted to understand the seasonal and monthly variation of diversity. The clusters showed 40% similarity in the monthly samples, with the post-monsoon season showing the highest number of species. Various physicochemical parameters influenced the temporal fluctuations in diversity including seasons, river runoff, sewage discharge, and intrusion of saline water. Moreover, higher values of chlorophyll a is an indicator of eutrophication. Proper management inputs are necessary to sustain the resources along with pollution abatement measures for improving the livelihood support from this estuary.

EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCK AND INTERSTOCK ON GROWTH, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF SOME ORANGE VARIRTIES A. VEGETATIVE GROWTH, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND YIELD

This experiment was designed as a long term study, started in 2008 till 2014 with the idea of using sour orange as interstock on volkamer lemon rootstock (SO/VL) for budding four orange varieties, namely, Olinda valencia ,spring navel, Parent navel, and Fukumoto navel oranges. The purpose was to avoid some disadvantages of volkamer lemon on physical and chemical fruit quality with the hope of maintaining tree growth and its productivity with good properties acceptable for local and foreign market. The obtained results showed that, Olinda valencia, Spring navel, Parent navel and Fukumoto navel oranges on volkamer lemon rootstock showed the best tree size with higher growth parameters, while the interstock gave intermediate values with most vegetative growth parameters. On the other hand the lowest values of tested growth parameters were obtained on the scions budded on sour orange. In this respect, Olinda valencia orange gave largest tree size and strong vegetative growth parameters compared to other varieties. The highest values of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll were recorded on Spring navel orange budded on volkamer lemon rootstock. Leaf NPK analysis showed that maximum leaf nitrogen content was recorded on Olinda valencia and Parent navel oranges. Phosphor was maximum for Spring navel orange. As for potassium, it reaches maximum values in leaves of Parent and Fukumoto navel oranges. In addition, yield in terms of weight (kg) of fruits/tree - kg/cm3of canopy volume and kg/cm2 of trunk cross section area (TCSA). were high on volkamer lemon followed by sour orange rootstock, and intermediate on interstock. The interstock tended produce yield near to that on sour orange rootstock with better fruit properties as found in part (B) of this study .

Leaf age, seasonal and annual variations in Salvia officinalis L. var. purpurascens biochemical characteristics

Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP’s) have gain new attention in the past years due to their content in bioactive compounds and recognized health-promoting effects. One of the most important species of MAP’s is Salvia officinalis L., rich in several phytochemicals (essential oil, phenolic compounds) and vitamins. Besides, it has various uses and pharmacological effects (including antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antitumour activities). Salvia officinalis L. has many cultivars, including Salvia officinalis L. var. purpurascens , which is currently understudied. As few is known about this specific cultivar, characterization of this plant, as well as the study of biochemical variations occurring during its development, is of great significance. Hence, in this work, young and adult leaves of Salvia officinalis L. var. purpurascens , were collected in two different seasons (June and September) and in two different years (2011 and 2013). Several biochemical traits were analyzed, namely carbohydrate content, photosynthetic pigments concentration, total phenolics, soluble proteins, as well as oxidation parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, thiols and electrolyte leakage). The Year factor significantly influenced carbohydrate content (higher in 2013 for non-structural carbohydrates and soluble sugars, but lower for starch), but also chlorophyll and carotenoid content (higher in 2011), with a similar influence recorded for the Season of harvest (higher values for starch, chlorophyll and carotenoids in September, but lower for soluble sugars). The developmental stage of leaves showed significant influence mainly in the content of photosynthetic pigments, with higher values of chlorophyll and carotenoids recorded in young leaves. The results show the biochemical variations occurring in plants of Salvia officinalis L. var. purpurascens , during developmental stages, and others associated to season of harvest and year, and their relation to climatic factors. The gathered data, besides useful for the characterization of this plant, is also valuable when aiming for the optimization of sage cultivation.

EFFECT OF SOME TREATMENTS ON PURPLE BLOTCH, GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF GARLIC (Allium sativum L .).

Two field experiments were carried out at private farm at Basandela village, Belqas district, Dakahlyia Governorate, during the two growing seasons of 2012 / 2013 and 2013 /2014 to study the effect of foliar spray garlic plants by CuSo4 (at levels of 0.5 % and 0.1 %), Zn So4 ( at levels of 0.1% and 0.2 %),Urea( at levels of 0.5 and 1 % ) Borax( at levels of 0.1 %) and some of their combination as well as fungicide ( Radomil plus ) ( at levels of 2.5 g /Liter), on garlic growth, yield and its components and some chemical compositions of garlic as well as pruple blotch infection of garlic Cv. Sids 40. The obtained results indicated that : Spraying garlic plants with treatment urea 1% or CuSo4 0.5 % + Zn So4 0.2% + Urea 0.5 % + Borax 0.1% or treatment CuSo4 0.1 % + Zn So4 0.1% + Urea 1% + Borax 0.1 % or radomil plus 2.5 gm / Liter , produced the highest plant height and lowest bulbing ratio, while these treatments with exception Radomil plus treatment produced the highest value of plant fresh weight. The highest cured yield and bulb weight were obtained from spraying garlic plants with treatments Radomil plus or CuSo4 0.1% +ZnSo4 0.1% + Urea 1 % + Borax 0.1 % or spraying by CuSo4 0.5 % + Zn So4 0.2% + Urea 0.5% + Borax 0.1%. The heaviest clove weight was obtained from spraying garlic plants with CuSo4 0.1 % + Zn So4 0.1% + Urea 1% + Borax 0.1 % in the first season, while the treatments CuSo4 0.5 % + Zn So4 0.2% + Urea 0.5% + Borax 0.1 % gave the highest weight in the second season. Spraying garlic plants with CuSo4 0.5 % + Zn So4 0.2% + Urea 0.5% + Borax 0.1% or CuSo4 0.1 % + Zn So4 0.1% + Urea 1 % + Borax 0.1 % produced cloves with contents of the highest percent of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These two treatments, also produced cloves contains the highest ppm values of Cu, Zn, B. The highest values of chlorophyll A,B were obtained by spraying with Zn So4 0.1 % or CuSo4 0.5 % + Zn So4 0.2% + Urea 0.5 % + Borax 0.1 % or CuSo4 0.1 % + Zn So4 0.1 % + Urea 1 % + Borax 0.1 % , while the highest values of carotenoids were obtained when garlic plants were sprayed ( CuSo4 0.1 % or Urea 0.5 % ). The aforementioned last two treatments CuSo4 0.5 % + Zn So4 0.2% + Urea 0.5 % + Borax 0.1 % or CuSo4 0.1 % + Zn So4 0.1 % + Urea 1 % + Borax 0.1 % in addition to Radomil plus treatment resulted in the lowest disease severity and incidence of purple blotch.

Impact of submesoscale processes on dynamics of phytoplankton filaments

AbstractIn Monterey Bay, CA, during northwesterly, upwelling favorable winds, the development of a southward flowing cold jet along the entrance to the Bay is often observed. This dense cold jet separates warm waters of the anticyclonic circulation offshore from the water masses inside the Bay. Interactions between the cold jet and the offshore anticyclonic circulation generate ageostrophic secondary circulation (ASC) cells due to submesoscale processes as, for example, flow interaction with the development of surface frontogenesis and nonlinear Ekman pumping. Based on observations and modeling studies, we evaluate the impact of these submesoscale processes on the formation of chlorophyll a filaments during late spring‐earlier summer, and late summer time frames. We show that during the late summer time frame, ASC leads to the development of filaments with high values of chlorophyll a concentration along the edge of the cold jet–in contrast to the earlier summer time, when the ASC mixes phytoplankton much deeper to the area below of the euphotic depth, and chlorophyll a filaments are 3–4 times weaker.