Highest Total Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Optimal encapsulation of maroon bush (Scaevola spinescens R. Br.) extract enriched with bioactive compounds

Scaevola spinescens is endemic to Australia and traditionally used as a medicinal plant. Current research has linked the plant with antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, however, its use is limited due to the instability of bioactive compounds and inconvenience of the extract. Therefore, encapsulation is required to improve its physicochemical properties and widen its scope in food and pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated the influence of major spray drying conditions and common carrier materials on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of S. spinescens extract to identify the most suitable encapsulation conditions. The results showed that different carrier material concentrations had significant impacts on total phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonoids, saponins, as well as antioxidant activities of the powder, but had less impact on saponins. Increasing carrier material concentration decreased recovery yield and increased moisture content. Inlet air temperature did not greatly affect bioactive compound concentrations and antioxidant activity, however, significantly affected recovery yield, moisture content, water activity, bulk density and colour attributes of the powder. The feed rate did not affect concentrations of flavonoids and saponins, but higher TPC was observed at lower feed rates. The type of carrier material significantly affected TPC, flavonoids, and saponins, as well as antioxidant activities. Samples using whey protein had highest concentrations of TPC, but also lowest levels of flavonoids and recovery yield. Samples using acacia gum displayed highest concentrations of saponins. Whey protein showed significantly higher moisture content and conversely, low hygroscopicity. Maltodextrin of dextrose equivalent 4, 10 and 18 also showed low hygroscopicity, as well as high recovery yields. Overall, the most suitable encapsulating conditions were recommended as a carrier concentration of 10 g/100 mL, inlet air temperature of 140 °C, feed rate of 12 mL/min, and with carrier material consisting of maltodextrin (dextrose equivalent 10 or 18) for overall encapsulation performance, or acacia gum for maximum retention of TPC and saponins. Encapsulated powder prepared using the recommended conditions produces an optimal product with strong physical, phytochemical and antioxidant properties allowing for further utilization in food or pharmaceutical applications.

Solvent Mixture Optimization in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activities from Garlic (Allium sativum L.).

Garlic is a health promoter that has important bioactive compounds. The bioactive extraction is an important step in the analysis of constituents present in plant preparations. The purpose of this study is to optimize the extraction with the best proportion of solvents to obtain total phenolic compounds (TPC) and thiosulfinates (TS) from dried garlic powder, and evaluate the antioxidant activities of the optimized extracts. A statistical mixture simplex axial design was used to evaluate the effect of solvents (water, ethanol, and acetone), as well as mixtures of these solvents, after two ultrasound extraction cycles of 15 min. Results showed that solvent mixtures with a high portion of water and pure water were efficient for TPC and TS recovery through this extraction procedure. According to the regression model computed, the most significant solvent mixtures to obtain high TPC and TS recovery from dried garlic powder are, respectively, the binary mixture with 75% water and 25% acetone and pure water. These optimized extracts presented oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Pure water was better for total antioxidant capacity, and the binary mixture of water–acetone (75:25) was better for DPPH scavenging activity. These optimized extracts can be used for industrial and research applications.

Quality characterization, phenolic and carotenoid content of new orange, cream and yellow-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes

ABSTRACT Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is a root crop grown in many countries. This tuberous root is a source of energy, nutrients, and phytochemicals. In this study, bioactive compounds and physical and physicochemical qualities of sweetpotato genotypes were evaluated. Eight new genotypes of sweetpotato produced by Embrapa Hortaliças (orange-fleshed: MD09026-OF and MD09024-OF; cream-fleshed: MD09011-CF, MD09004-CF, MD10039-CF, and MD10004-CF; yellow-fleshed: MD09017-YF and MD12002-YF) and two cultivars used as controls (Beauregard and Brazlândia Roxa) were evaluated for color, soluble solids, dry matter, phenolic compounds, total carotenoids and β-carotene. Hue angles differed even between those sweetpotatoes with the same flesh color. The orange-fleshed genotypes MD09024-OF, MD09026-OF, and Beauregard, had the lowest L*, showing to be darker than the others. These sweetpotatoes also had the brightest flesh colors with higher C*. The orange-fleshed genotypes MD09026-OF and MD09024-OF were sweeter (10.55oBrix and 9.23oBrix) than Beauregard (5.12oBrix). Brazlândia Roxa had the highest dry matter content (38.05%), followed by the genotypes MD10004-CF, MD09017-YF, MD09026-OF MD10039-CF, and MD09011-CF, which showed similarity, ranging from 32.33% to 29.12%. The highest contents of total carotenoids were found for the orange-fleshed genotypes MD09026-OF (80.06 mg g-1) and MD09024-OF (70.56 mg g-1) and Beauregard (73.12 mg g-1). These same genotypes showed the highest total phenolic compounds (0.815 mg g-1 and 0.686 mg g-1, respectively). MD09026-OF showed the highest content of β-carotene (46.47 mg g-1). MD09026-OF was the most prominent genotype among those evaluated, as it showed the highest total carotenoid, β-carotene, phenolic compounds, and soluble solids content, in addition to a high dry matter content.

Bioactive compounds in gladiolus flowers

Abstract Flowers have received special attention not only for their ornamental nature but also for their nutraceutical, cosmetic, aromatic, and culinary properties. This study aimed to characterize physicochemical attributes and the antioxidant capacity of flowers of four gladiolus cultivars. The cultivars used were White Friendship, Rose Supreme, Jester, and T704. We analyzed the content of total soluble solids (SS), total titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, pH, vitamin C, anthocyanin, flavonoids, total phenolic compounds (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), and the relationship of TPC with flavonoids and TAA for each cultivar. The results showed that the Jester flowers had the lowest TA and highest SS/TA ratio, indicating the best flavor. Jester also had the highest flavonoid content, similarly to the White Friendship and Rose Supreme. As a result, these cultivars have flowers with higher TPC and TAA content than T704. The anthocyanin content was the characteristic attribute of cultivar T704, due to its purple pigmentation. Gladiolus flowers, traditionally used in landscaping and as cut flowers, have the potential for use in human nutrition, particularly the White Friendship, Rose Supreme, and Jester cultivars.

Use of Cornelian cherry, hawthorn, red plum, roseship and pomegranate juices in the production of water kefir beverages

In this study, fruit juices of Cornelian cherry, hawthorn, red plum, roseship and pomegranate were fermented with water kefir grains for 48 h at 25 °C. The physicochemical, microbiological, sensorial properties, and total phenolic compound content and antioxidant (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method) activities of water kefir beverages were determined during 28 day of storage. It was determined that the pH value of all beverages ranged from 3.45 to 3.97 at the end of fermentation. Rosehip and pomegranate beverages had the highest total phenolic compound and DPPH radical scavenging activity during the storage period (p < 0.05). During the storage period, the highest Lactobacillus spp., and Lactococcus spp. counts were determined in rosehip beverage. Water kefir beverages from pomegranate and roseship more preferred by panelists. In this research, it has been concluded that fruit juices can be used in the production of water kefir and the functionality of the produced beverages can be increased.

Biochemical basis of resistance to pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) in Australian wild relatives of pigeonpea

AbstractThe domestication of pigeonpea has severely impacted the intrinsic host‐plant resistance (HPR) to pest and diseases, particularly pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera hubner). This study with 41 Australian wild Cajanus genotypes and interspecific hybrids demonstrated a high level of resistance to H. armigera in the accessions of Cajanus acutifolius, C. latisepalus, C. lanceolatus, C. pubescens, and C. reticulatus var. reticulatus. Significant variation in herbivory development and mortality (P &lt; 0.001) was observed in the wild accessions and their hybrids in response to feeding on leaves. A strong positive relationship (R2 = 0.69, P &lt; 0.001) between total phenolic compounds (TPC) and the HPR was observed. Australian wild genotypes demonstrated the role of TPC and the absence of certain flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin in resistant genotypes. The detached leaf bioassay technique separated the wild and domesticated accessions into wild resistant, with herbivory weight difference (HWD) (Day 7–Day 1) ranging between −27 ‐ 104 mg, wild susceptible, with HWD ranging between 124 ‐ 207 mg and domesticated susceptible, with HWD ranging from 208 ‐ 300 mg. Similarly, based on TPC, accessions were also categorised into wild high TPC, with TPC ranging between 32.3 ‐ 42.5 GAE mg/g DW, and wild low TPC had only 17.2–24.8 GAE mg/g DW. Low TPC concentrations were found in domesticated pigeonpea, with 10.7–17.6 GAE mg/g DW. The presence of very high concentrations of the flavone isoorientin, an important antioxidant implicated in the intracellular defence mechanism of cancer therapy, was identified for the first time in wild species of pigeonpea.

Sarımsak Dişinin Antioksidan Aktivitesinin Sarımsak Kabuğu ve Sapı ile Karşılaştırılması: Sarımsak Tarımsal Atıklarının Kullanım Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesi

During the harvest period, garlic heads are collected and processed, while stems and leaves are discarded. Processing of these sections, forming 10% (w/w) of the total weight of garlic, has great importance in terms of both gains for the country’s economy and to reduce the amount of solid waste. In our study, some physicochemical analysis were performed, along with total phenolic compound, total flavonoid matter, total antioxidant activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) tests to determine antioxidant capasity in garlic cloves, and the husk and stem of the dried form of this garlic obtained from 25 different fields in Taşköprü county, Kastamonu province in Turkey. When mean values are noted, the highest total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid matter, total antioxidant activity, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP values were found for garlic cloves; this was followed by garlic husk and garlic stem. The total bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity determined in garlic husks and garlic stems are promising.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities in grape berry skin, seed and stems of six winegrape varieties grown in Turkey

In this study, seeds, skins and stems of the red wine grape varieties Boğazkere, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Nero d’Avola, Sangiovese and Syrah grown in Turkey were analysed for their phenolic compounds. The highest total phenolic compound and DPPH were found in the stem of Boğazkere respectively as 62550 mg GAE/kg dw and 614 µmol/g dw; the highest ABTS•+, (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin were detected in the seed of Nero d’Avola respectively as 617 µmol trolox/g dw, 8650 mg/kg and 1902 mg/kg dw; the highest total anthocyanin and rutin were measured in the skin of Boğazkere respectively as 143.52 mg/kg dw and 9692 mg/kg dw; the highest quercetin was found in the seed of Boğazkere as 49.21 mg/kg dw and the highest trans-resveratrol was measured in the stem of Syrah as 61.56 mg/kg dw.

Effects of mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) fruit extract on oxidative stability of palm olein under accelerated storage

Palm olein is commonly used in cooking and food processing, however, it is susceptible to oxidation due to its high unsaturated fatty acids content. An antioxidant is added to the oil by oil manufacturer to inhibit lipid oxidation and increase the shelf life of the oil. However, most of the antioxidants are synthetic antioxidants that may not be safe for consumption and decomposed at high temperature during frying or processing. In this study, the antioxidant properties of mangrove apple fruit extract (MAFE), as well as the oxidative stability of palm olein with and without MAFE, were investigated. Palm olein added with MAFE (100 and 200 ppm) and without MAFE were kept at 65°C in an oven for 24 days under accelerated storage. The results showed that MAFE contained high total flavonoid compound (26.06±0.30 mg QCE/g extract) and total phenolic compound (12.21±1.31 mg GAE/g extract). The IC50 values of antioxidant activities of MAFE calculated by DPPH and ABTS•+ were 31.16±0.76 µg/mL and 97.32±3.27 µg/mL, respectively. The palm olein samples added with MAFE showed significantly lower peroxide value, p-anisidine value, TOTOX value, conjugated dienes and conjugated trienes after 24 days of storage compared to the palm olein without MAFE (control sample). The oxidative stability of palm olein added with 200 ppm MAFE was higher compared to the palm olein added with 100 ppm MAFE and control sample. Therefore, MAFE has the potential to be used as a source of natural antioxidant to reduce the lipid oxidation and prolong the shelf life of food products.

Chemical characteristics of cascara tea from several varieties of coffee in Aceh Province

In coffee processing, coffee husks are usually thrown out, creating a large amount of waste which can potentially pollute the environment. In several countries, coffee husks have been used as a drink and have a high selling value known as cascara tea. The aim of this study is to determine the differences in the chemical characteristics of cascara tea made from three coffee varieties in Aceh Province. This study used a randomized block design with coffee variety as the single factor, either Arabica, Liberica, or Robusta and analyzed by ANOVA. The parameters analyzed were pH value, total dissolved solids, total phenol, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that coffee varieties affected the pH value, total dissolved solids, and total phenol in the brewed cascara. However, coffee varieties do not affect the antioxidant activity of cascara tea. The average pH value of cascara tea obtained was 5.17, total dissolved solids was 0.54 Brix, total phenol was 0.58 mg GAE/ml and antioxidant activity was 70.02%. The highest total phenolic compounds were obtained from Robusta coffee varieties with 0.64 mg GAE/ml. It is necessary to carry out further analysis of the volatile compounds and their correlation with the resulting cascara tea flavor.

Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Properties of Banana Inflorescence in a Beverage for Maternal Breastfeeding

Banana inflorescence is consumed as a traditional Thai cuisine for milk lactation in maternal breastfeeding. In this study, the inflorescence of banana (Musa x paradisiaca) was extracted in various solvents to determine the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging. A suitable extract was developed into a beverage. We compared the results for the amount of total phenolic compounds and the capability of antioxidants obtained in polar and non-polar solvents. The extract in a high-polarity solvent demonstrated high total phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The bioactive compounds of banana inflorescence contained β- sitosterol, flavonoids, saponin, and other phenolic compounds such as catechin and isoquercetin. The aqueous extract of banana inflorescence was developed to act as a primary beverage ingredient. The beverage containing the aqueous extract of banana inflorescence (BAB) exhibited a brownish-yellow color and displayed high acidity and high total phenolic compounds, which are responsible for the antioxidant activity. The food processing of BAB showed no contamination of microbial pathogens. From our results, we concluded that banana inflorescence is a beneficial health food supplement for general consumers. Additionally, the beverage provides convenience and an alternative drink for postpartum mothers who breastfeed for their infants.

Evaluation of Extracts Obtained from FruitWastes Using Different Methods

Context: Currently, the increase in agroindustrial waste generation has encouraged the search for viable use alternatives. In this paper, four methods to obtain extracts from mango, soursop, and grape peels, as well as and grape seeds, are studied. Their efficiency is analyzed through extraction yields and antioxidant capacity characterization of the extracts. Method: The extraction was performed using solvent, Soxhlet, microwave-assisted, and ultrasound assisted extraction. The characterization of the extracts was made by total phenolic compounds and flavonoids quantification, as well as antioxidant capacity determination, using the DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC tests. Results: It was found that grape seed extracts obtained by different extraction methods, highlighting those obtained by microwave assisted extraction, present a high total content phenolic compounds (&gt;321.381,41 ± 3.476,85 μg Gallic Acid/g) and flavonoids (&gt;103.232,01 ± 4.638,19 μg Quercetin/g), in addition to high antioxidant activity, according to the results of the DPPH (&lt;1,06 ± 0,01), FRAP (&gt;152.280,08 ± 5.197,53 µg TROLOX/g), and ORAC (&gt;124.566,81 ± 581,96 μg TROLOX/g) tests. Conclusions: The results presented in this study suggest that the extracts obtained from grape seeds, especially those obtained by means of microwave-assisted extraction, have a potential use in food and pharmaceutical industries, due to their high antioxidant capacity and their total phenolic compounds and flavonoids content.

Microencapsulation of Thunbergia laurifolia Crude Extract and Its Antioxidant Properties

In this study, the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. or Rang Chuet (RC) extracts from leaf, stem and rhizome were evaluated by using ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and the folin ciocalteu method for total phenolic compounds (TPC).The extracts were prepared by infusion using different amount of plant powder (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g) at different concentrations of ethanol as 0, 25, 50, and 75% and extraction time of 24, 48, and 72 h. The crude extract of 7.5 g leaf powder extracted for 72 h using water as the extraction solvent showed the highest antioxidant properties and total phenolic content. This extraction condition produced a FRAP content of 2.62 ± 0.01 mmol Fe2+/g that was significantly differed from those of the stem and rhizome and the highest TPC content of 877.36±18.75 (mg GAE/g). The crude extract from the leaf was subsequently encapsulated by using β-cylcodextrin (BCD) and maltodextrin 20DE (MD) as coating materials using freeze drying method. The encapsulated powder was investigated for its antioxidant activity. The highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) was obtained when only maltodextrin 20DE was used. The storage stability of encapsulated T. luarifolia leaf crude extract was then studied by storing the encapsulated powder at 35, 45, and 55°C for 5 weeks. The storage temperature had no effect on the stability of the encapsulated powder when TPC was used as the criteria unlike that of FRAP which was inconsistent during storage.

Pressurized extraction of high-quality blackberry (Rubus spp. Xavante cultivar) seed oils

This study reports the extraction of oil from organic blackberry (Rubus spp. Xavante cultivar) performed using supercritical CO2 (scCO2), compressed propane, n-hexane and petroleum ether. The extractions with compressed propane showed higher extraction yield and extraction rate, when compared to those performed with scCO2. All the oils obtained represent a rich source of unsaturated fatty acid (around 93 %) composed mainly by linoleic acid. Furthermore, the extraction using scCO2 resulted an oil with high total phenolic compounds (113.49 mg GAE 100 g−1) and antioxidant activity as given by the ABTS method (2701.74 μmol TE 100 g−1). On the other hand, compressed propane showed a higher efficiency in extracting β-carotene and the oil obtained with such solvent presented a higher thermal stability (224.70 °C), rather than the oil obtained with scCO2 (198.83 °C). These results indicate a high potential of this oil for applications in food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic industries.

Deficit Irrigation and Its Implications for HydroSOStainable Almond Production

Deficit irrigation (DI) strategies are considered essential in many arid and semi-arid areas of Mediterranean countries for proper water management under drought conditions. This fact is even more necessary in crops such as almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.), which in the last recent years has been progressively introduced in irrigated areas. An essential aspect to be considered would be the ability to improve fruit-quality parameters when DI strategies are imposed, which can boost the final almond price and ensure the sustainability and competitiveness of this crop. This work examines the effects of sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) on three almond cultivars (Marta, Guara, and Lauranne) on parameters related to almond functionality, aroma and sensory profile, which consequently influence its marketability and consumers acceptance. SDI strategies allowed the improvement of physical parameters such as unit weight, kernel length, kernel thickness or color. Moreover, higher total phenolic compounds, organic acids and sugars were found in SDI almonds. Finally, the highest concentrations of volatile compounds were obtained under SDI, this being a clear advantage in relation to almond flavor. Thus, moderate SDI strategy offered relevant improvements in parameters regarding the marketability, by enhancing the final added value of hydroSOStainable almonds with respect to those cultivated under full irrigation conditions.

Antioxidants and Antibacterial Activities of Bioactive Compounds of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and Thyme (Tymus vulgaris) Extracts.

Recently, there is an increasing attention in finding antioxidant phytochemicals natural to avoid the effects of synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobialcompounds. In this study, two herbs namely clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) and thyme leaves (Tymus vulgaris), were used to extract the bioactive compounds. The chemical composition of clove buds and thyme leaves was determined. Ethanolic and aqueous extractions were carried out to obtain biological active compounds. Ethanolic clove-powdered buds extracts had the highest total phenolic compounds (TPC) (372.21 mg GAE/g extract) while, essential oil extract of thyme-powdered leaves was (158.83 mg GAE/g extract). Total flavonoids compounds (TFC) of ethanolic clove-powdered buds extract was (177.15 mg QE/g extract) but aqueous extract of thyme-whole leaves was (126.50 mg QE/g extract). The reducing power of thyme-powdered leaves was (1.022) comparable with vitamin C (8.911) meanwhile, clove- powdered buds extract was (1.031). Free radical scavenging capacity of clove-whole buds was (IC 50 ; 2.75 µg/mL) and thyme-whole leaves extracts had (IC 50 ; 2.86 µg/mL) comparable with ascorbic acid (IC 50 ; 6.75 µg/mL). The antibacterial of all used herbs extracts against Escherichia coli, bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. Were studied. On Escherichia coli, thyme-powdered leaves essential oil had (19.75mm inhibition zone) while, clove-whole buds ethanolic extract was (14.5 mm inhibition zone). Thyme-whole leaves essential oil was (24.5 mm inhibition zone) against Staphylococcus aureus, but clove-whole buds essential oil extract was (12.25 mm inhibition zone). Aqueous extract obtained from thyme-powdered leaves was (14.5mm inhibition zone) While, clove-powdered buds ethanolic extract was (13.5 mm inhibition zone) against bacillus cereus.

Assessment of flavonoids and phenolic compound accumulation in invasive Solidago canadensis L. in Slovakia

Solidago canadensis L. was introduced to Europe as an ornamental plant from North America in 1645 and began to spread during the XIX-XX centuries. Nowadays the species is considered the most aggressive invasive species. On the other hand, S. canadensis is considered to be a medicinal plant. The raw material known as Herba Solidaginis includes herbs of S. canadensis, S. gigantea, and S. virgaurea. These species are known for their diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antispasmodic properties. The purpose of our study was to analyze the chemical compounds and some biological properties of S. canadensis, growing in Slovakia, to evaluate its therapeutic potential. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts from aerial parts of S. canadensis was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The evaluation of total flavonoid content (TFC) was performed by using a spectrophotometric method. The flavonoids content was expressed as rutin equivalents (mg REs) per g DW vegetal product. The phytochemical profile of S. canadensis extracts was assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The radical scavenging activity of samples was measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Reducing power of extracts was determined by the phosphomolybdenum method. Total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of the extracts varied from 204.19 to 293.43 mg GAE.g-1 DW, and 64.99 – 175.25 g QE.g-1 DW, respectively; the best results were obtained for ethanol extract. Some phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC with significant amounts of rutin (211.20 µg.mL-1), quercetin (122.08 µg.mL-1), quercitrin (102.50 µg.mL-1) and chlorogenic acid (147.00 µg.mL-1). The DPPH values in the inflorescences were higher than in the leaves: the antioxidant activity of leaf extracts was in the range from 5.34 to 17.16 mg TE.g-1, for inflorescences, this parameter ranged from 6.09 to 19.87 mg TE.g-1. The high total phenolic compounds and flavonoids can be used as a valuable source of phytochemicals in herbal remedies. Our study of S. canadensis, growing in Slovakia, shows the promising potential that can be evaluated as an effective antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in herbal medicines.

Improved qualitative properties of pear pekmez by natural zeolite treatment during production process

AbstractThe effect of zeolite treatment on color change, 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), total phenolic compounds (TPCs), ionic composition and texture of sweet pear pekmez was investigated for two different zeolite concentrations during pekmez production. HMF was not detected in clarified pear juice and pekmez samples subjected to 5 g/L (5ZP) and 10 g/L (10ZP) zeolite adsorption. HMF content of pekmez sample without zeolite treatment (PP) was measured as 2.76 ± 0.07 mg/kg. The addition of zeolite just after the clarification results in the reduction of the HMF content of pekmez samples. The highest TPC was determined as 4,958.1 ± 167 mg GAE/kg dry weight in PP sample. Application of zeolite together with conventional clarification resulted in 31.4% and 33.2% reduction in TPC of 5ZP and 10ZP, respectively, compared to PP samples. Zeolite application improved the color quality of pekmez samples. While the amount of fluoride, chloride, bromide, and potassium decreased with the zeolite treatment, the amount of calcium, sodium and magnesium in pekmez samples increased significantly. Zeolite treatment did not significantly affect the texture of the samples.Practical applicationsPekmez is concentrated fruit juice with long shelf life and high nutritional value. HMF formation is a very important problem that must be prevented or eliminated in the pekmez production process. This study provides the pear pekmez production process and determination of some important quality features such as color change and amount of HMF and metal ions. Besides, zeolite treatment is applied for the first time during pekmez processing. The results reveal that zeolite treatment is useful means to reduce undesirable metal ions and HMF formation during pekmez production while improving the color quality. Consequently, the use of zeolite in pekmez production has great potential to produce the high quality and safe pear pekmez.

Evaluation of phenolic constituent, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of sugarcane molasses towards foodborne pathogens

The employment of chemical synthetic as an antimicrobial agent in inhibiting microbial growth has become a major concern due to adverse health impact, food safety crisis and the pressure on food manufacturers. Essential bioactive compound in sugarcane molasses, a by-product from a sugar refinery process could be effective as an alternative antimicrobial substance. However, their antimicrobial properties are not understandable. This study aimed 1) to detect the total phenolic compounds present in sugarcane molasses extract and 2) to determine the antioxidants and antibacterial activities of sugarcane molasses extract towards foodborne pathogens. The phenolic compounds of sugarcane molasses extract were determined by UHPLC-MSMS. Antioxidant activities were estimated by a total phenolic compound assay and a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Meanwhile, antibacterial activities were carried out via disc diffusion, minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) assays. In this study, several extracted compounds were identified in sugarcane molasses extract and included gallic acid, phenylvaleric acids, quinic acid, tannic acid and 6-C-glucosyl-8-C-arabinosyl apigenin or arabinoysl-glucosylapigenin. The sugarcane molasses extract showed high total phenolic compounds with values of 7.6 mg GAE/g extract. Meanwhile, antioxidant activities of sugarcane molasses extract were also found high and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50 value) was about 0.79 mg QE/g. The inhibition zone against four foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ranged from 8.82±0.3 mm to 25.05±1.6 mm. Meanwhile, the MICs of sugarcane molasses extract ranged from 3.125% to 6.25% v/v and MBCs were 6.25% to &gt;12.5% v/v. In conclusion, sugarcane molasses extract is rich in phenolic compounds and has the potential to be applied as the natural antioxidant and antibacterial compounds.

Taraxacum farinosum Hausskn. &amp; Bornm. bitkisinin antioksidan aktivite yönünden incelenmesi

<p class="ql-align-justify">The genus Taraxacum Wigg. is a member of the family Asteraceae. This genus is represented by about 49 species in Turkey. Taraxacum species are commonly used as a diuretic and for the treatment of various diseases such as dyspepsia, reflux, spleen and liver disorders, and anorexia. Compounds from the group of sesquiterpene lactones, triterpenes, phytosterols, flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, phenolic acids, beta-carboline alkaloids, indole alkaloids, and carotenoids have been reported from Taraxacum species. In this study, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions of methanol extract obtained from root and aerial parts of Taraxacum farinosum Hausskn. &amp; Bornm., an endemic species to Turkey, were investigated in terms of total phenol compound amounts and antioxidant potentials. The highest total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were determined in ethyl acetate fractions..&nbsp;