Higher Total Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Adaptive changes in the fatty acid composition of <i>Oxytropis scheludjakovae</i> and <i>Oxytropis strobilacea</i> under temperature fluctuations during the growth season in Central Yakutia

Although there is growing interest in understanding the mechanisms of plant adaptive resistance, there is still incomplete or missing information for many plant species. In this study, we conducted an analysis of the fatty acid composition in the vegetative and generative organs of two species belonging to the Oxytropis genus, namely O. scheludjakovae and O. strobilacea. Gas-liquid chromatography was used to analyze the qualitative and quantitative changes in fatty acids throughout the growing season. The plants were grown in the natural flora collection nursery at the Yakutsk Botanical Garden. The main fatty acids identified had carbon atoms ranging from 14 to 24. There were no significant differences in fatty acid composition between the endemic species O. scheludjakovae and the more widely distributed species O. strobilacea. The highest total fatty acid content (19.5 mg/g tissue) was observed in the leaves of O. scheludjakovae in June and in the leaves of O. strobilacea (17.0 mg/g tissue) in June and July. Palmitic acid was the primary saturated fatty acid in both species, while linolenic acid was the main unsaturated fatty acid. The adaptation of these plants to temperature changes was reflected in the variation of unsaturated fatty acid content. O. strobilacea showed higher values of fatty acid unsaturation coefficient throughout the growing season compared to O. scheludjakovae.

Variation in Fatty Acids Concentration in Grasses, Legumes, and Forbs in the Allegheny Plateau

This study was conducted to determine the fatty acid (FA) content in pasture grasses, legumes, and non-leguminous forbs in northeast West Virginia. Grass, legume, and forb plant material were collected from rotationally stocked pastures and analyzed for crude protein (CP), linoleic acid (C18:2), α-linolenic acid (C18:3), and total FA content. Species within botanical classes varied in FA content. Forbs had the highest linoleic acid (C18:2) content followed by legume and grass species. Grasses and forbs had the highest α-linolenic acid (C18:3) content. Forbs had the highest total FA content. These field data were combined with FA data from the research literature to evaluate the correlation of CP concentration with fatty acid concentration. Likewise, after accounting for CP, the summer months caused a decrease while forbs caused an increase in α-linolenic acid (C18:3) content. Vegetative growth and leafiness are the major determinants of FA content in pasture forage. Grazing management to benefit vegetative growth and the presence of desirable forbs in tune with seasonal changes are valuable tools to increase desirable FA profiles in milk and meat products that may be of benefit to human health.

Feed Parameters Influencing the Breeding of Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor)

With the growing public interest in edible insects, breeders are forced to increase the volume of production and shorten the life cycle of farmed insects. The exact composition of the feed is the know-how of each manufacturer. The aim of this work was to determine the general impact of individual conventional types of feed (bran, whey, raw ware potatoes) on the life cycle rate of Tenebrio molitor (TM), larval mortality and the content of fats, fatty acids and nitrogenous substances in larvae and their excrements. For the reasons of sustainability of the state of nature and waste disposal, polystyrene foam was added to the experiment as feed. The experiment was performed in two phases—rearing for 21 weeks and 5 weeks. The nitrogen content was determined using the Kjeldahl method (ISO 1871: 2009), the fat content by the Soxhlet method and the fatty acid profile using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (FID). The results of the work show that the basis of the TM feed is wheat bran, not only due to the observed low larval mortality (45% over 21 weeks) and their optimal nutritional value (nitrogenous substances 53.6% DM, fat 37.1% DM, the highest total fatty acid content) but also due to the higher speed of TM development. Lower larval mortality during rearing was found when feeding dried whey and raw ware potatoes, but the development cycle rate was low. This confirmed that the bran as a feed allowed a fast life cycle with good larval nutritional parameters. From a nutritional and reproductive point of view, TM appeared to be a suitable alternative to animal production. Polystyrene as a feed, tested for biodegradation by TM larvae, caused the highest larval mortality (75% in 21 weeks). However, the content of nitrogenous substances in the larvae increased to 69.77%, in the excrement, it even increased to 82.68%, and there was no cannibalism among the larvae. The work thus demonstrated the possibility of biodegradation of polystyrene using TM larvae with an increase in nitrogenous substances in both larvae and excrement.

Portuguese Kelps: Feedstock Assessment for the Food Industry

Seaweeds have been incorporated in the daily diet of several human cultures since ancient times, due to their nutritional characteristics and healthy properties. The brown seaweeds Undaria pinnatifida, Saccharina latissima, Sacchoriza polyschides, and Laminaria ochroleuca were collected in the Viana do Castelo (Portugal) bay to assess their proximate composition analysis. As a result, the algal biomass was dried, and its moisture and ash content were determined. The dried biomass was then analyzed for total nitrogen/total protein (using the Kjeldahl method), total fiber content (through fiber analyzer digestion), total lipids (in a Soxhlet apparatus), and fatty acid characterization (by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Apart from phosphorus, which was analyzed by spectrophotometry, the ashes were employed for mineral and trace element characterization via dry mineralization and quantified using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Moreover, the total phenolic content was assessed spectrophotometrically by the Folin-Ciocalteu method in the algal aqueous extracts. Analyses showed that their protein concentrations ranged from 12 to 24% dry weight (DW), while lipid concentrations varied between 0.51% and 1.52% DW. Regarding the carbohydrate concentration in these seaweeds, a concentration between 48% and 60% DW was observed. The S. polyschides had the highest overall total phenolic content (6.19 × 10−3 g GAE/100 g of dried algae), while L. ochroleuca had the lowest amount (3.72 × 10−3 g GAE/100 g of dried algae). U. pinnatifida had the highest total fatty acid content (35.13 mg/g DW), whereas S. latissima presented the lowest value (22.59 mg/g DW). Significant concentrations of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) were observed in both seaweeds, with U. pinnatifida having the highest value (10.20 mg/g DW) and S. latissima the lowest content (4.81 mg/g DW). It is also highlighted that these seaweeds have a nutritional relevance as a source of essential nutrients, including nitrogen, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and iron.

Spatial and ontogenetic variations in sardine feeding conditions in the Bay of Biscay through fatty acid composition

Food characteristics are amongst the most influential factors determining the fish life history traits as quantitative and qualitative changes in individuals' diet can lead to a decline in the energy allocated to their growth, and hence influence natural populations' characteristics. The size-at-age and weight of European sardines (Sardina pilchardus) in the Bay of Biscay (BoB) have decreased substantially over the last decade, especially for the youngest age classes, and the factors underlying such changes have not yet been identified. We therefore analysed the fatty acid (FA) composition in the neutral (NL) and polar (PL) lipids in samples collected across the BoB to determine whether the diet of sardines changes with their ages. We found that the total FA contents in both lipid fractions varied mainly with the sampling locations and age. Indeed, sardines aged 1 and 2 years living in South BoB had particularly high contents in FA specific to non-diatom phytoplankton, while older sardines living in the Northern part had higher total FA content and more FA specific to copepods. These differences probably resulted from differences in prey availability and to a lesser extend a change in feeding behaviour with age. The strong dependence of younger sardines’ diet to phytoplankton in spring suggests that changes in primary production may explain their decline in size-at-age. Finally, NL clearly reflect finest feeding variations in comparison to PL imprinted by diet variations at longer time scale. Future studies should consider separately NL and PL fractions.

Bioprospecting of native algal strains with unique lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates signatures: A time dependent study

AbstractAim of this study is uncovering potential strains of microalgae from Indore, Madhya Pradesh situated in central India with a diverse climate for sustainable production of different bio‐products. Assessing the entire biochemical profile is crucial to select species‐ specific metabolites for sustainability of algal bio‐refinery processes. In the current study, seven algal species (C. proboscideum, Desmodesmus psuedocommunis, Asterarcys quadricellulare, Ettlia texensis, Pediludiela daitoensis, Coelastrella sp., Pectinodesmus sp.) were isolated and identified using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and 18 s rRNA sequences, and these species found to be from the Chlorophyta phylum. The highest biomass productivity (51.25 ± 1.96 μg/ml/day) with chlorophyll content (33.07 ± 0.63 μg/ml) was observed in A. quadricellulare on 21st day (P < 0.0001). Biochemical profiling of isolated species showed each species is unique in its biochemical composition (total lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins). Coelastrella sp. and Pectinodesmus sp. was found to be accumulating considerable quantities of (P < 0.0001) carbohydrates (303.3 ± 1.11 μg/mg dry cell weight) and lipids (212.67 ± 2.53 μg/mg per dry cell weight), respectively. Whereas P. daitoensis was found best (P < 0.0001) for protein production (205.78 ± 2.56 μg/mg dry cell weight), on 21st day. Highest total fatty acid content was detected in Pectinodesmus sp. (115.74 μg/mg) on 21st day, which has shown good saturated fatty acid (SFA) and mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) percentage, inflicting high quality biodiesel production. Confocal microscopy further supported the data. Assessing the biochemical profile at different phases of growth for each species therefore reduce the production time of biofuels as well as make this process much more cost‐effective.

Comparative Study of Fatty Acid Composition and Sensory Acceptance of Indonesian Shortfin Eel (Anguilla bicolor) and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

The aim of this study was to examine the fatty acid composition and sensory acceptance of Indonesian shortfin eels meat (Anguilla bicolor) in two consumable sizes (small and large) as compared to farmed Atlantic salmon meat (Salmo salar) that are commonly consumed by Indonesian consumers as a source of nutrient and omega-3. Fatty acid analysis was carried out by fat extraction and gas chromatography. Data obtained was analyzed by ANOVA. Results revealed that the highest total fat content was found in small eels (23.75 / 100 gr), followed by large eels (18.52 / 100 gr) and salmon (15.98 / 100 gr). Meanwhile, the highest total fatty acid content was found in salmon (88.07% w/w), followed by large eel (81.88% w/w) and the small eels (75.68% w/w). Saturated fatty acid (SFA) was found more abundant in eels of both sizes whereas salmon contains a higher amount of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Both small eel and large eel contain 25 types of fatty acids, while salmon contains 24 types of fatty acids with heneicosanoic acid being the fatty acid absent in salmon. Sensory evaluation using hedonic scale demonstrated panelists’ preferences for texture (firmness, juiciness), aroma, taste, and overall of boiled salmon were not significantly different from boiled eel. The panelists’ preference for the aroma, taste, and overall of boiled eel with dipping sauce was also not significantly different from steamed salmon with dipping sauce. In conclusion, our study suggests that Indonesian shortfin eels present a commensurable if not greater fatty acid composition and palatability compared to Salmon.

Photosynthetic profiling of a Dunaliella salina mutant DS240G-1 with improved β-carotene productivity induced by heavy ions irradiation

Carbon-ion irradiation is a technique for trait improvement in the microalgae, but the underlying mechanisms that how it altered the biomass, and photosynthetic pigments accumulation were unclear. One mutant (DS240G-1) was obtained from Dunaliella salina by heavy ion irradiation mutagenesis. Compared to the wild type, the biomass accumulation and maximum growth rate of DS240G-1 were increased by 34% and 55% respectively, and its β-carotene content was 21% higher than the wild type. Subsequent analysis of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters indicated that higher β-carotene productivity was likely owing to the improved maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) and decreased thermal dissipation of photosynthesis in DS240G-1 than that of wild type during cultivation. In addition, the result of this study revealed that high content of ROS may induce β-carotene accumulation in mutant DS240G-1. Also, the total fatty acid (TFA) content in mutant DS240G-1 was 79% higher than that in wild type. Owing to its high β-carotene productivity and total fatty acid content, DS240G-1 could be considered as a promising candidate for microalgae β-carotene and biodiesel production. This work provided the first insight into the biological effects involved in carbon-ions irradiation on the photosynthetic activity of D. salina. Keywords: microalgae, D. salina, carbon-ions irradiation, chlorophyll fluorescence, β-carotene DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211402.5993 Citation: Xi Y M, Liu Y, Chi Z Y, Yin L, Wang L J, Luo G H. Photosynthetic profiling of a Dunaliella salina mutant DS240G-1 with improved β-carotene productivity induced by heavy ions irradiation. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(2): 211–217.

Metabolic activity of gut microbiota in children during their first year of life which had undergone partial bowel resection

Background. Studying the metabolic activity of gut microbiota has diagnostic value as it allows determination of the extent of microbiota perturbation, which is an important indicator of the post-operative gastrointestinal tract function.Objective. The study aimed at investigating the metabolic activity of gut microbiota in children during their first year of life which had undergone partial bowel resection.Methods. The spectrum of fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) was assessed using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Also, a comparative analysis of clinical and anamnestic data in children of the first year of life which had undergone partial bowel resection versus apparently healthy children was carried out.Results. Dynamic follow-up of children which had undergone bowel surgery revealed a reduction in acetic acid (С2) fecal level and increased propionic acid (С3) and oleic acid (С4) levels by the end of the first year of life. An age-adjusted comparative estimate has shown that the markers of anaerobic microflora, specifically, the level of propionic acid, are also high at the age of 7–12 months. A comparative analysis of metabolic activity of gut microbiota in children which had undergone bowel resection revealed lower fecal levels of oleic acid and higher total fatty acid content as compared to healthy children.Conclusion. Children which had undergone bowel resection, by the end of first year of life, have higher anaerobic and lower aerobic activity of gut microflora. A comparative analysis of metabolic activity of gut microflora in children which had undergone surgical treatment versus children of health groups I and II demonstrated the absence of significant differences between obligate (С2) and anaerobic (С3, anaerobic index [AI]) bacteria. However, lower fecal С4 values have been found in post-operative children during their second half-year of life, which may attest to persistent inflammation of the gut. Total fecal acid content throughout the entire follow-up period was higher in children which had undergone bowel resection, which reflects the activation of gut microbiota characterized by its species diversity.

Effect of additives on fatty acid profile of high moisture alfalfa silage during ensiling and after exposure to air

The objective of present study was to investigate the changes of total fatty acid (FA) content and fatty acid composition in high moisture alfalfa (DM=229g/kg fresh weight) silage treated without (Control) or with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), L. plantarum (LP), propionic acid additive (PA) and tea polyphenols (TP) during ensiling and after exposure to air. A 750g of alfalfa material was filled into the experimental silo (polyvinyl chloride bottle, 1000mL capacity). After ensiling for 65days at room temperature, a part of silages (200g) was sampled and the others (450g) were exposed to air for 6days. Butyric acid (>30g/kg DM) was more than lactic acid (<1g/kg DM) in the control and TP silages due to the low contents of DM and water-soluble carbohydrates, and high buffer capacity, indicating poor fermentation quality. LB, LP, and PA promoted lactic fermentation, restrained butyric fermentation and thus improved fermentation quality of silages. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) lipolysis and saturated fatty acids (SFA) synthesis occurred in the control silage during ensiling, mainly the lipolysis of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 and synthesis of C6:0. Compared with the control, LB, LP, and PA restrained butyric fermentation and synthesis of C6:0, meanwhile LB and LP did not relieve the lipolysis of UFA while PA relieved it; TP relieved synthesis of C6:0 and had a slight lipolysis of UFA. After exposure to air for 6days, the control, LB, PA, and TP silages had better aerobic stability than LP silage, supported by higher temperature in LP silage than in the control, LB, PA, and TP silages. Like volatile FA, most of the FA composition had a positive correlation with aerobic stability. PA silage had the highest total FA content (33.8g/kg DM), the proportions of UFA, C18:2n6 and C18:3n3 due to its lower pH (<4.60) and amounts of aerobic bacteria (<5.0lgcfu/g FM) and yeasts (<2.6lgcfu/g FM) than the control, LB and LP silages, and its lower pH and aerobic bacteria number than TP silage. Therefore, PA kept silage aerobic stability and was a good additive to conserve FA of silage after exposure to air for 6days.

Heterologous expression of DGAT genes in the marine microalga Tetraselmis chui leads to an increase in TAG content

Over recent years, there has been continued interest in investigating microalgae as a sustainable and renewable source of biodiesel, and a handful of studies have been devoted to the metabolic engineering of microalgae focusing on microalgal oil. In this study, we have applied a transformation method previously developed in our laboratory for the green microalga Tetraselmis chui to introduce and overexpress independently two diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) genes, EpDGAT1 from a plant species of the Boraginaceae family, and ScDGAT2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hundreds of transformed clones were obtained, but the screening was restricted to 50 clones for each DGAT1 and DGAT2 type. Twelve transformed clones were finally selected for their high total fatty acid content, which were re-cultured and re-analyzed to specifically determine their triacylglycerol (TAG) content. Five clones showed TAG contents notably higher than the wild-type (WT) strain, achieving TAG increases from 40% up to 115% of dry weight (mg g−1). These increases are, to the best of our knowledge, the highest reported in microalgae to date and serve as a proof of concept regarding the possibility of using this technology to markedly improve oil content in microalgae or any other product suitable for genetically engineered enhancement.

Fatty acid patterns of the kelps Saccharina latissima, Saccorhiza polyschides and Laminaria ochroleuca: Influence of changing environmental conditions

Kelps play a key role in coastal ecosystems and exhibit great potential as feedstock of valuable compounds with potential biotechnological applications. This study established the fatty acid patterns of Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) C.E. Lane, C. Mayes, Druehl & G.W. Saunders, Saccorhiza polyschides (Lightfoot) Batters, and Laminaria ochroleuca Bachelot de la Pylaie, subjected to seasonal variations, from different sources (wild and aquaculture), and cultivated at different depths at sea. Stipes, blades and whole specimens were studied. S. latissima and S. polyschides specimens exhibited a higher total fatty acid content during the colder winter months and a general tendency of decreasing unsaturation towards the warmer ones. An inverse trend was found for L. ochroleuca samples. Total fatty acid content of S. latissima stipes and blades increased by over 21.5% and 31.4% with increasing depth, respectively. There were also distinct within-thallus variations, S. latissima blades exhibiting generally higher total fatty acid amounts and slightly more n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than stipes. The whole specimens of S. polyschides and L. ochroleuca grown in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system revealed no significant differences of fatty acid content compared to the ones collected at sea. Conversely, in S. latissima from IMTA the content of fatty acids per dry weight was nearly 60% higher than in the ones from natural wild stocks, registering a large increase in the amount of the most appreciated health beneficial PUFA, cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3c), and a significant decline in the n-6/n-3 ratio, making these edible algal specimens potentially adequate for nutritional purposes. Altogether, our results reinforce the major contribution of surrounding environmental conditions, as well as of species-specific factors, in the chemical composition of algal material. Furthermore, it encourages the optimization of culture conditions and the careful selection of algal thallus sections to improve the recovery of natural valuable compounds.

Enhanced lipid extraction from microalgae in biodiesel production

In order to secure more effective lipid extraction method, this research investigated new lipid extraction method using laser with absorbent and sought its optimum operation control. In addition, this study compared lipid extraction efficiency and FAME conversion rate between laser extraction method at optimum condition and existing extraction method. Results from experiments for optimizing lipid extraction method using laser showed that the maximum extraction efficiency (81.8%) was attained when using laser with an output capacity of 75Wh/L. Extraction efficiency increased up to 90.8% when microwave treatment as pretreatment process was conducted. Addition of absorbents during lipid extraction process with laser showed higher extraction efficiency than laser and chemical method. It was also found that laser extraction method with absorbent had higher total fatty acid content (853.7 mg/g oil) in extracted lipid than chemical extraction method (825.4 mg/g oil). Furthermore, it had the highest FAME conversion rate (94.2%).

INDUCTION OF GONADAL MATURATION OF POND CULTURED MALE TIGER SHRIMP, Penaeus monodon WITH DIFFERENT DOSAGES OF GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE ANALOGUE AGAINST EYE STALK ABLATION

Very low naturally mating rate of pond-reared tiger shrimp broodstock is probably due to the slow maturation of the male stock. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salmon gonadotrophin releasing hormone analoque (sGnRHa) in stimulating the gonadal maturation of male stock of pond-reared tiger shrimp. The treatments were three dosages of sGnRHa at 0.1 (OV-1), 0.2 (OV-2), and 0.3 (OV-3) mL/kg of shrimp weight and control was eye stalk ablation (AB). The sGnRHa was administered via injection three times with one week interval. Male stocks with average initial body weight of 82.1 g were randomly distributed into four of 10 m3 concrete tanks, 26 males for each tank. Variables observed were performances of spermatophores and profiles of amino acid and fatty acid of muscle of the male stocks. After induction, number of male maturing indicated by spermatophores releasing from terminal ampullas was higher in shrimp induced with OV-1 (80.8%) compared to control which was only 46.1%. Furthermore, shrimp treated OV-2 had the highest spermatophore weight of 0.16 g compared to control (0.11 g) and other two groups. Amino acid profiles improved as the dose of sGnRHa increased up to 0.2 mL/kg from 61.23% for ablated male becoming 71.27% for OV-2. Total fatty acid also tended to improve by increasing the dose of hormone injection, however, the ablated male had higher total fatty acid content than that of OV-1. The present finding demonstrated that the dose of sGnRHa to stimulate the gonadal maturation of pond-reared male tiger shrimp could be applied at range between 0.1-0.2 mL/kg of shrimp weight.

Crambe tataria sebeók seeds and plants grown in vitro and in vivo fatty acid composition comparison

Methods of in vitro conservation offer a number of advantages for endangered species preservation. Crambe tataria Sebeók biochemistry study (fatty acid (FA) composition, antioxidant activity (AOA), polyfructan and total soluble protein content) is fairly importaint and could show the potential value of this species in agriculture, Food and Chemical Industry or pharmacology including its use as a source of valuble genetic material and could lead to new promising sources of biofuel discovery. Also, comparison of in vitro and in vivo cultured plants could point out to the effect of in vitro culture methods on plants biochemical composition Fatty acid (FA) content was determined using Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC/MS) of fatty acid ethers. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method. Total soluble protein content was measured using Bradford method and polyfructan content determination was based upon ketosugars ability to color in the acidic environment with resorcinol. Plants that were grown under in vitro and in vivo conditions and seeds were used in this research. Obtained data showed that C. tataria plants had high AOA and total soluble protein content along with high total FA content along with high content of α-Linolenic acid and absence of erucic acid. Difference in biochemical composition between plants grown in aseptic and not aseptic conditions was shown.

Characterization of an evolved carotenoids hyper-producer of Saccharomyces cerevisiae through bioreactor parameter optimization and Raman spectroscopy.

An evolutionary engineering approach for enhancing heterologous carotenoids production in an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was used previously to isolate several carotenoids hyper-producers from the evolved populations. β-Carotene production was characterized in the parental and one of the evolved carotenoids hyper-producers (SM14) using bench-top bioreactors to assess the impact of pH, aeration, and media composition on β-carotene production levels. The results show that with maintaining a low pH and increasing the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) from 8.8 to 50 in standard YNB medium, a higher β-carotene production level at 25.52±2.15mg β-carotene g(-1) (dry cell weight) in the carotenoids hyper-producer was obtained. The increase in C:N ratio also significantly increased carotenoids production in the parental strain by 298% [from 5.68±1.24 to 22.58±0.11mg β-carotene g(-1) (dcw)]. In this study, it was shown that Raman spectroscopy is capable of monitoring β-carotene production in these cultures. Raman spectroscopy is adaptable to large-scale fermentations and can give results in near real-time. Furthermore, we found that Raman spectroscopy was also able to measure the relative lipid compositions and protein content of the parental and SM14 strains at two different C:N ratios in the bioreactor. The Raman analysis showed a higher total fatty acid content in the SM14 compared with the parental strain and that an increased C:N ratio resulted in significant increase in total fatty acid content of both strains. The data suggest a positive correlation between the yield of β-carotene per biomass and total fatty acid content of the cell.

Selection of oleaginous yeasts for fatty acid production.

BackgroundOleaginous yeast species are an alternative for the production of lipids or triacylglycerides (TAGs). These yeasts are usually non-pathogenic and able to store TAGs ranging from 20 % to 70 % of their cell mass depending on culture conditions. TAGs originating from oleaginous yeasts can be used as the so-called second generation biofuels, which are based on non-food competing “waste carbon sources”.ResultsIn this study the selection of potentially new interesting oleaginous yeast strains is described. Important selection criteria were: a broad maximum temperature and pH range for growth (robustness of the strain), a broad spectrum of carbon sources that can be metabolized (preferably including C-5 sugars), a high total fatty acid content in combination with a low glycogen content and genetic accessibility.ConclusionsBased on these selection criteria, among 24 screened species, Schwanniomyces occidentalis (Debaromyces occidentalis) CBS2864 was selected as a promising strain for the production of high amounts of lipids.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0276-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effect of symbiotic state on the fatty acid composition of Anthopleura elegantissima

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 545:175-187 (2016) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11606 Effect of symbiotic state on the fatty acid composition of Anthopleura elegantissima Andrés J. Quesada1,*, Katherina L. Schoo2, Brian L. Bingham1 1Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA 2Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, 1900 Shannon Point Road, Anacortes, WA 98221, USA *Corresponding author: andresjquesada@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Anthopleura elegantissima, the most abundant intertidal sea anemone on the Pacific coast of North America, naturally occurs in 3 distinct symbiotic states: zooxanthellate (hosting the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium muscatinei), zoochlorellate (hosting the chlorophyte Elliptochloris marina), and asymbiotic (lacking symbionts). To document the effect of symbiotic state on host lipids, 10 A. elegantissima in each symbiotic state were collected from the same location and habitat. The symbiont and host tissues were separated, and the fatty acid profiles were compared (1) between the 2 symbionts themselves, (2) among anemones in the 3 symbiotic states, and (3) between the symbionts and their host anemones. Significant differences were present in the fatty acid profiles of S. muscatinei and E. marina, with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) abundant in S. muscatinei, and oleic and α-linolenic acids abundant in E. marina. Zooxanthellate anemone tissues had significantly higher total fatty acid content than did tissues of zoochlorellate hosts, supporting suggestions that S. muscatinei is more productive and thus a better symbiont. Asymbiotic sea anemones had significantly lower concentrations of total fatty acids than hosts in either symbiotic state and overall lower levels of most fatty acids. Previous research suggests that symbionts translocate specific fatty acids to their coral hosts, but there was no evidence for fatty acid translocation in A. elegantissima. Our results support the suggestions that hosting photosymbionts increases the fitness of A. elegantissima and that S. muscatinei is a better symbiotic partner. KEY WORDS: Anthopleura elegantissima · Elliptochloris marina · Fatty acid content · Sea anemone · Symbiodinium muscatinei · Symbiosis · Zoochlorellae · Zooxanthellae Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Quesada AJ, Schoo KL, Bingham BL (2016) Effect of symbiotic state on the fatty acid composition of Anthopleura elegantissima. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 545:175-187. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11606 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 545. Online publication date: March 08, 2016 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2016 Inter-Research.

Spatial, seasonal, and within-plant variation in total fatty acid content and composition in the brown seaweeds Dictyota bartayresii and Dictyopteris australis (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae)

We investigated the spatial, seasonal, and within-plant variation in total fatty acids (TFA) and fatty acid (FA) composition in the brown seaweeds Dictyota bartayresii sampled from Nelly Bay, Orpheus Island, and Kissing Point (Northern Queensland, Australia) and Dictyopteris australis sampled from Nelly Bay. Both species were present year round, but with no consistent seasonal pattern in plant size, and had an annualized mean content of TFA of 5 % dry weight (dw) that is among the highest recorded for seaweeds. For Dictyota, larger plants had a higher content of TFA and a higher proportion of polyunsaturated omega-3 FA (PUFA(n-3)) than smaller plants, while for Dictyopteris, the TFA content and the proportion of PUFA(n-3) were unrelated to plant size. TFA in Dictyota varied considerably between locations (~40 %) (3.5–5.5 % dw) and to a lesser degree between seasons (~10 %) with a lower content of TFA and higher proportion of PUFA(n-3) in winter. Dictyopteris had an ~10 % higher content of TFA in winter but with no seasonal pattern in the composition of FA. There was also within-plant variation in FA, as TFA decreased from the tips toward the base in both species, and in Dictyopteris, the tips had a higher proportion of saturated FA (SFA) and PUFA(n-3) than the base. The presence of site- and species-specific variation in the content and composition of fatty acids reinforces the need for detailed analyses of the biochemical profile of seaweed biomass, including their extracts or purified compounds, if the focus is nutritional applications based on lipids.

Fatty acid profile of gamma-irradiated and cooked African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth).

The safety and shelf-life of food products can be, respectively, ensured and extended with important food-processing technologies such as irradiation. The joint effect of cooking and 10 kGy gamma irradiation on the fatty acid composition of the oil of Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth was evaluated. Oils from the raw seed, cooked seeds, irradiated seeds (10 kGy), cooked, and irradiated seeds (10 kGy) were extracted and analyzed for their fatty acid content. An omega-6-fatty acid (linoleic acid) was the principal unsaturated fatty acid in the bean seed oil (24.6%). Cooking significantly (P < 0.05) increased Erucic acid by 3.3% and Linolenic acid by 23.0%. Combined treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased C18:2, C6:0, C20:2, C18:3, C20:3, C24:0, and C22:6 being linoleic, caproic, eicosadienoic, linolenic, eicosatrienoic, ligoceric, and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively, and this increase made the oil sample to have the highest total fatty acid content (154.9%), unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (109.6), and unsaturated fatty acid content (153.9%). 10 kGy irradiation induces the formation of C20:5 (eicosapentaenoic), while cooking induced the formation of C20:4 (arachidic acid), C22:6 (Heneicosanoic acid), and C22:2 (docosadienoic acid). Combined 10 kGy cooking and irradiation increased the susceptibility of the oil of the African oil bean to rancidity.