High TB Burden Research Articles

Determining the Need for Additional Testing With Quantiferon TB Gold in Patients With Positive Tuberculin Skin Tests and a History of BCG Vaccination.

To determine if the QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) testing can be obviated for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in patients with a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) and a history of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)vaccination by identifying high-risk features in patients with positive TST and a history of BCG vaccination who are associated with positive QFT. Retrospective chart review was done for 76 adult patients by dividing them into two groups. Group 1 consisted of true positive TST patients who had BCG vaccination and were positive for QFT. Group 2 consisted of false positive TST patients who had BCG vaccination but were negative for QFT. The two groups were compared to determine if the high-risk features of TST induration diameter of 15mm and more, TST induration of 20mm and more, recent immigration to the US, the advanced age of more than 65 years, country of origin with high TB burden, known exposure to active TB, and smoking history were more prevalent in Group 1 compared to Group 2. Group 1 had 23 patients and Group 2 had 53 patients. Group 1 had a higher prevalence of patients with PPD induration of more than 10mm than Group 2, which was statistically significant with a P value of 0.03. Other risk factors of advanced age, exposure to active TB and smoking did not show statistically significant differences between Groups 1 and 2. Conclusion:This study also confirms that if the TST induration is more than 10mm in patients with a history of BCG vaccination, the TST induration is likely because of LTBI and is less likely because of cross-reaction with BCG vaccination.

Factors affecting implementation of tuberculosis contact investigation and tuberculosis preventive therapy among children in Sabah, East Malaysia: A qualitative study.

Contact investigation and TB preventive treatment of children under five years of age who are close contacts of a TB case is a key component of TB prevention. However, the uptake of TB preventive treatment is low in many high-TB burden settings. This study explores factors affecting the implementation of TB contact investigation and preventive treatment among children in Malaysia's city of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah State. This study was conducted in three primary health clinics between 2019 and 2020. We purposively sampled 34 parents and guardians of child contacts eligible for TB preventive treatment, and 25 healthcare providers involved in the management of child contacts. We conducted thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to illicit factors affecting implementation and uptake of TB contact investigation and TB preventive therapy. Six main themes emerged from the analyses-four of these relating to contact investigation and two relating to TB preventive therapy. Factors affecting TB contact investigation were addressed under system related factors (external factors, stakeholder collaboration, healthcare workers' and clients' concerns), clinic related factors (perceived performance, clinic schedule, and space), healthcare worker related factors (cooperation, commitment, knowledge, misconception, counselling and communication) and patient and contact related factors (cooperation and commitment). Factors affecting TB preventive treatment delivery were addressed under guardian related factors (cooperation, commitment, knowledge and misconception) and treatment related factors (child-friendly form and adverse effects). To address gaps and barriers identified in our study, we recommend developing system capacity to maintain routine contact investigation and preventive treatment in the context of external program risks, providing training to healthcare workers to address misconceptions, safeguarding vulnerable clients against the risk of detention and deportation while accessing care, ensuring public and private services are provided regardless of migration status, and improving processes and resources for contact investigation and preventive treatment.

Prevalence and predictors of tuberculosis infection among people living with HIV in a high tuberculosis burden context

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) disease is the leading cause of mortality among people living with HIV (PLHIV). Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are approved for TB infection ascertainment. However, current IGRA data on...

Undiagnosed and missed active pulmonary tuberculosis during mass gatherings: a prospective cross-sectional study from the Hajj pilgrimage

Mass gatherings increase the risk of infectious diseases transmission including tuberculosis (TB). The Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is attended by over 2 million pilgrims many of whom are from high TB-burden countries, and has been linked to increased risk of TB acquisition among travellers. We investigated the burden of undiagnosed and missed active pulmonary TB (PTB) among Hajj pilgrims symptomatic for cough. The study was conducted among hospitalised and non-hospitalised travellers attending the Hajj pilgrimage in 2016 and 2017. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data and sputum samples were collected from participants and processed using the Xpert MTB-RIF assay. Non-hospitalised pilgrims (n = 1510) originating from 16 high and medium TB-burden countries were enrolled. Undiagnosed, rifampicin-sensitive, active PTB was identified in 0.7%. Comorbidities (adjOR = 5.9 [95% CI = 1.2-27.8]), close contact with a TB case (adjOR = 5.9 [95% CI = 1.2-27.8]), cough in household (adjOR = 4.46 [95% CI = 1.1-19.5]), and previous TB treatment (adjOR = 10.1 [95% CI = 4.1-98.1]) were independent risk factors for TB. Of the hospitalised pilgrims (n = 304), 2.9% were positive for PTB, and 2.3% were missed, including a rifampicin-resistant case. History of TB treatment was associated with increased risk of TB (adjOR = 8.1 [95% CI = 1.3-48.7]). International mass gatherings may play an important role in the global epidemiology of TB. Preventive measures should be directed to reducing the risk of TB importation and transmission during Hajj and other similar events.

Comparison of gastric lavage/sputum and stool specimens in the diagnosis of pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis- A pilot study

Background and ObjectiveGlobal TB report 2021 mentions 11 % prevalence of pediatric TB, whereas 5.65% of the cases were reported from India in 2020. India features in the list of TB high burden countries, HIV-TB high burden and MDR-TB high burden countries. The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children is difficult as they tend to swallow the sputum, invasive techniques of gastric aspirates needs to be followed and the disease itself is paucibacillary. The disease progresses rapidly in young children and hence rapid diagnosis is needed. Obtaining appropriate respiratory samples for diagnosis is difficult especially in primary care settings. Stool sample is easy to obtain and since children swallow sputum, it can be used to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis. With this background, a pilot study was planned to evaluate the accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the detection of MTB in stool specimens obtained from pediatric pulmonary TB patients confirmed either by gastric lavage(GL) or sputum(SP) Xpert MTB/RIF assay. In addition, the results of microscopy of stool specimen were compared with that of gastric lavage/ sputum (GL/SP) specimen by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and fluorescent light-emitting diode (LED) staining. Material and methodsA prospective study was carried out on 50 GL/SP Xpert MTB/RIF assay positive children (0-14 years). Stool specimens from these children were processed for Xpert MTB/RIF assay. The GL/SP and stool specimens were processed for ZN and Auramine O fluorescent microscopy as well. ResultsFluorescent staining detected acid fast bacilli (AFB) in 24 GL/SP and 16 stool specimens as compared to 20 GL/SP and 10 stool specimens by ZN staining. Stool Xpert MTB/ RIF assay was positive in 29 out of 50 children. Rifampicin resistance was detected in 13 of the 50 (26%) GL/SP specimens. Of these 13 children, rifampicin resistance was detected in 7 stool specimens, rifampicin indeterminate resistance was detected in one specimen and in the remaining 5 children, M.tuberculosis was not detected in stool. ConclusionStool is a good non-invasive specimen for the detection of pulmonary TB in children, especially in remote areas, where invasive techniques cannot be performed for sample collection.

Scaling Up TB Screening and TB Preventive Treatment Globally: Key Actions and Healthcare Service Costs.

The 2018 United Nations High-Level Meeting on Tuberculosis (UNHLM) set targets for case detection and TB preventive treatment (TPT) by 2022. However, by the start of 2022, about 13.7 million TB patients still needed to be detected and treated, and 21.8 million household contacts needed to be given TPT globally. To inform future target setting, we examined how the 2018 UNHLM targets could have been achieved using WHO-recommended interventions for TB detection and TPT in 33 high-TB burden countries in the final year of the period covered by the UNHLM targets. We used OneHealth-TIME model outputs combined with the unit cost of interventions to derive the total costs of health services. Our model estimated that, in order to achieve UNHLM targets, >45 million people attending health facilities with symptoms would have needed to be evaluated for TB. An additional 23.1 million people with HIV, 19.4 million household TB contacts, and 303 million individuals from high-risk groups would have required systematic screening for TB. The estimated total costs amounted to ~USD 6.7 billion, of which ~15% was required for passive case finding, ~10% for screening people with HIV, ~4% for screening household contacts, ~65% for screening other risk groups, and ~6% for providing TPT to household contacts. Significant mobilization of additional domestic and international investments in TB healthcare services will be needed to reach such targets in the future.

Determinants of QuantiFERON Plus-diagnosed tuberculosis infection in adult Ugandan TB contacts: A cross-sectional study.

The tuberculin skin test is commonly used to diagnose latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in resource-limited settings, but its specificity is limited by factors including cross-reactivity with BCG vaccine and environmental mycobacteria. Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) overcome this problem by detecting M. tuberculosis complex-specific responses, but studies to determine risk factors for IGRA-positivity in high TB burden settings are lacking. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine factors associated with a positive IGRA by employing the QuantiFERON-TB® Gold-plus (QFT Plus) assay in a cohort of asymptomatic adult TB contacts in Kampala, Uganda. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with forward stepwise logit function was employed to identify independent correlates of QFT Plus-positivity. Of the 202 participants enrolled, 129/202 (64%) were female, 173/202 (86%) had a BCG scar, and 67/202 (33%) were HIV-infected. Overall, 105/192 (54%, 95% CI 0.48-0.62) participants had a positive QFT Plus result. Increased risk of QFT-Plus positivity was independently associated with casual employment/unemployment vs. non-casual employment (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.18, 95% CI 1.01-4.72), a family vs. non-family relation to the index patient (aOR 2.87, 95% CI 1.33-6.18), living in the same vs. a different house as the index (aOR 3.05, 95% CI 1.28-7.29), a higher body mass index (BMI) (aOR per additional kg/m2 1.09, 95% CI 1.00-1.18) and tobacco smoking vs. not (aOR 2.94, 95% CI 1.00-8.60). HIV infection was not associated with QFT-Plus positivity (aOR 0.91, 95% CI 0.42-1.96). Interferon Gamma Release Assay positivity in this study population was lower than previously estimated. Tobacco smoking and BMI were determinants of IGRA positivity that were previously unappreciated.

Factors associated with prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease among adolescents and adults exposed to rifampin-resistant tuberculosis in the household.

Understanding factors associated with prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and prevalent TB disease in household contacts of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) may be useful for TB program staff conducting contact investigations. Using data from a cross-sectional study that enrolled index participants with rifampin-resistant pulmonary TB and their household contacts (HHCs), we evaluated HHCs age ≥15 years for factors associated with two outcomes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and TB disease. Among HHCs who were not already diagnosed with current active TB disease by the TB program, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was determined by interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). TB disease was adjudicated centrally. We fitted logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations. Seven hundred twelve HHCs age ≥15 years enrolled from 279 households in eight high-TB burden countries were a median age of 34 years, 63% female, 22% current smokers and 8% previous smokers, 8% HIV-positive, and 11% previously treated for TB. Of 686 with determinate IGRA results, 471 tested IGRA positive (prevalence 68.8% (95% Confidence Interval: 64.6%, 72.8%)). Multivariable modeling showed IGRA positivity was more common in HHCs aged 25-49 years; reporting prior TB treatment; reporting incarceration, substance use, and/or a period of daily alcohol use in the past 12 months; sharing a sleeping room or more evenings spent with the index participant; living with smokers; or living in a home of materials typical of low socioeconomic status. Forty-six (6.5% (95% Confidence Interval: 4.6%, 9.0%)) HHCs age ≥15 years had prevalent TB disease. Multivariable modeling showed higher prevalence of TB disease among HHCs aged ≥50 years; reporting current or previous smoking; reporting a period of daily alcohol use in the past 12 months; and reporting prior TB treatment. We identified overlapping and distinct characteristics associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and TB disease that may be useful for those conducting household TB investigations.

They do not have symptoms – why do they need to take medicines? Challenges in tuberculosis preventive treatment among children in Cambodia: a qualitative study

BackgroundLatent tuberculosis (TB) infection has been known as a seedbed for TB disease later in life. The interruption from latent TB infection to TB disease can be done through TB preventive treatment (TPT). In Cambodia, only 40.0% of children under five years old who were the household contacts to bacteriologically confirmed TB cases were initiated with TPT in 2021. Scientific studies of context-specific operational challenges in TPT provision and uptake among children are scarce, particularly in high TB-burden countries. This study identified challenges in TPT provision and uptake among children in Cambodia from the perspective of healthcare providers and caregivers.MethodsBetween October and December 2020, we conducted in-depth interviews with four operational district TB supervisors, four clinicians and four nurses in charge of TB in referral hospitals, four nurses in charge of TB in health centers, and 28 caregivers with children currently or previously on TB treatment or TPT, and those who refused TPT for their eligible children. Data were audio recorded along with field notetaking. After verbatim transcription, data analyses were performed using a thematic approach.ResultsThe mean age of healthcare providers and caregivers were 40.19 years (SD 12.0) and 47.9 years (SD 14.6), respectively. Most healthcare providers (93.8%) were male, and 75.0% of caregivers were female. More than one-fourth of caregivers were grandparents, and 25.0% had no formal education. Identified key barriers to TPT implementation among children included TPT side effects, poor adherence to TPT, poor understanding of TPT among caregivers, TPT risk perception among caregivers, TPT’s child-unfriendly formula, TPT supply-chain issues, caregivers’ concern about the effectiveness of TPT, being non-parental caregivers, and poor community engagement.ConclusionFindings from this study suggest that the national TB program should provide more TPT training to healthcare providers and strengthen supply chain mechanisms to ensure adequate TPT drug supplies. Improving community awareness of TPT among caregivers should also be intensified. These context-specific interventions will play a crucial role in expanding the TPT program to interrupt the development from latent TB infection to active and ultimately lead to ending TB in the country.

Clinical Features, Long-Term Outcomes, and Prognostic Factors of Eales’ Disease in Korean Patients

ABSTRACT Purpose We studied Korean patients with Eales' disease to document clinical features, long-term outcomes, and explore its association with TB, given South Korea's high TB burden. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of Eales' disease patients for clinical characteristics, long-term outcomes, and its association with TB. Results Among 106 eyes, the average age of diagnosis was 39.28 years, with 82.7% male and 58.7% having unilateral involvement. Patients who underwent vitrectomy showed greater long-term improvement in visual acuity (P = .047), while those with glaucoma filtration surgery showed less improvement (P = .008). Having glaucoma through disease progression was associated with poor visual outcomes (odds ratio=15.556, P < .02). 27 out of 39 patients (69.23%) who underwent IGRA screening tested positive for TB. Conclusions In Korean patients with Eales’ disease, we observed male predominance, unilateral presentation, older age of onset, and a link with TB. Timely diagnosis and management should be considered to maintain good vision in patients with Eales’ disease.

Evaluation of the specificity of an intradermal test with recombinant tuberculosis allergen in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated healthy volunteers.

The tuberculin skin test has significant limitations for use in individuals vaccinated with BCG. The presence in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the RDI region, which is absent in the genome of Mycobacterium bovis BCG and most non-tuberculous mycobacteria, made it possible to develop new skin tests, which include a skin test with a recombinant tuberculosis allergen [RTA (Diaskintest®, JSC Generium, Russia)]. Diaskintest has shown high diagnostic performance in clinical trials and in conditions of high prevalence of tuberculosis infection. In 2021, the Russia was excluded from the WHO list of high TB burden countries, which makes relevant an assessment of the specificity of the RTA test under conditions of low epidemiologic risk for tuberculosis to confirm the high specificity of the test. To assess the specificity of Diaskintest in the regions of the Russian Federation with low epidemiologic risk for tuberculosis. A multicenter, open-label, prospective study was conducted, which included 150 healthy volunteers aged 18-30 years old, vaccinated with BCG, who were not at risk of tuberculosis, from regions with low epidemiologic risk (Oryol region, Ryazan region, and Arkhangelsk region). During the study, 4 visits were scheduled for each participant: [Visit 0 (screening), Visit 1, Visit 2 (in 72 h) and Visit 3 (in 28 days)]. All participants, who excluded active and latent tuberculosis infection, underwent a test with RTA. To assess the safety of RTA tests, all systemic and local adverse events that occurred during 28 days were recorded. The trial was filed in the NIH clinical trials database ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05203068). In individuals with a negative T-SPOT.TB test, the specificity of the RTA test was 97% (95% CI: 92-99%) with a cut-off of >0 mm. The study findings confirm data 2009: 100.00 (95% CI: 94-100). When evaluating the safety of the RTA test during 28 days of follow-up, the participants did not report local and systemic adverse reactions that had a causal relationship with the RTA test. Diaskintest is highly specific and safe, therefore it is a valuable tool as a screening test for early detection of tuberculosis.

Endogenous relapse and exogenous reinfection in recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis: A retrospective study revealed by whole genome sequencing.

Tuberculosis may reoccur due to reinfection or relapse after initially successful treatment. Distinguishing the cause of TB recurrence is crucial to guide TB control and treatment. This study aimed to investigate the source of TB recurrence and risk factors related to relapse in Hunan province, a high TB burden region in southern China. A population-based retrospective study was conducted on all culture-positive TB cases in Hunan province, China from 2013 to 2020. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing were used to detect drug resistance and distinguish between relapse and reinfection. Pearson chi-square test and Fisher exact test were applied to compare differences in categorical variables between relapse and reinfection. The Kaplan-Meier curve was generated in R studio (4.0.4) to describe and compare the time to recurrence between different groups. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of 36 recurrent events, 27 (75.0%, 27/36) paired isolates were caused by relapse, and reinfection accounted for 25.0% (9/36) of recurrent cases. No significant difference in characteristics was observed between relapse and reinfection (all p > 0.05). In addition, TB relapse occurs earlier in patients of Tu ethnicity compared to patients of Han ethnicity (p < 0.0001), whereas no significant differences in the time interval to relapse were noted in other groups. Moreover, 83.3% (30/36) of TB recurrence occurred within 3 years. Overall, these recurrent TB isolates were predominantly pan-susceptible strains (71.0%, 49/69), followed by DR-TB (17.4%, 12/69) and MDR-TB (11.6%, 8/69), with mutations mainly in codon 450 of the rpoB gene and codon 315 of the katG gene. 11.1% (3/27) of relapse cases had acquired new resistance during treatment, with fluoroquinolone resistance occurring most frequently (7.4%, 2/27), both with mutations in codon 94 of gyrA. Endogenous relapse is the main mechanism leading to TB recurrences in Hunan province. Given that TB recurrences can occur more than 4 years after treatment completion, it is necessary to extend the post-treatment follow-up period to achieve better management of TB patients. Moreover, the relatively high frequency of fluoroquinolone resistance in the second episode of relapse suggests that fluoroquinolones should be used with caution when treating TB cases with relapse, preferably guided by DST results.

Identifying Hot Spots of Tuberculosis in Nigeria Using an Early Warning Outbreak Recognition System: Retrospective Analysis of Implications for Active Case Finding Interventions

Undiagnosed tuberculosis (TB) cases are the major challenge to TB control in Nigeria. An early warning outbreak recognition system (EWORS) is a system that is primarily used to detect infectious disease outbreaks; this system can be used as a case-based geospatial tool for the real-time identification of hot spot areas with clusters of TB patients. TB screening targeted at such hot spots should yield more TB cases than screening targeted at non-hot spots. We aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of an EWORS for TB hot spot mapping as a tool for detecting areas with increased TB case yields in high TB-burden states of Nigeria. KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation Nigeria deployed an EWORS to 14 high-burden states in Nigeria. The system used an advanced surveillance mechanism to identify TB patients' residences in clusters, enabling it to predict areas with elevated disease spread (ie, hot spots) at the ward level. TB screening outreach using the World Health Organization 4-symptom screening method was conducted in 121 hot spot wards and 213 non-hot spot wards selected from the same communities. Presumptive cases identified were evaluated for TB using the GeneXpert instrument or chest X-ray. Confirmed TB cases from both areas were linked to treatment. Data from the hot spot and non-hot spot wards were analyzed retrospectively for this study. During the 16-month intervention, a total of 1,962,042 persons (n=734,384, 37.4% male, n=1,227,658, 62.6% female) and 2,025,286 persons (n=701,103, 34.6% male, n=1,324,183, 65.4% female) participated in the community TB screening outreaches in the hot spot and non-hot spot areas, respectively. Presumptive cases among all patients screened were 268,264 (N=3,987,328, 6.7%) and confirmed TB cases were 22,618 (N=222,270, 10.1%). The number needed to screen to diagnose a TB case in the hot spot and non-hot spot areas was 146 and 193 per 10,000 people, respectively. Active TB case finding in EWORS-mapped hot spot areas yielded higher TB cases than the non-hot spot areas in the 14 high-burden states of Nigeria. With the application of EWORS, the precision of diagnosing TB among presumptive cases increased from 0.077 to 0.103, and the number of presumptive cases needed to diagnose a TB case decreased from 14.047 to 10.255 per 10,000 people.

Pre-sensitization with tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis mycobacteria and its impact on TB incidence in different age groups: Chengalpattu BCG trial revisited

Individuals pre-sensitized with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, and its impact on TB incidence are relatively unexplored in a high TB burden setting. We conducted secondary data analysis of a double-blind, randomized Chengalpattu BCG trial, India. Induration to Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)-S and PPD-B were proxies for exposures to MTB and M. intracellulare respectively. Optimum cut-off for PPD-S and B were determined using Receiver-Operating Characteristic curves and induration ≥12 mm for PPD-S and ≥10 mm for PPD-B were considered strong reaction. Incidence rates of culture positive pulmonary TB per 100,000 person-years (PY) were calculated. Of 270,043 individuals with skin test results, children <14 years (n = 109,383, 64% showed strong-reaction to PPD-B and 17% to PPD-S) and adults between 25 and 34 years (n = 40,292, 98% were strong reactors to PPD-B and 73% to PPD-S). Overall incidence rate was lower in individuals with PPD-S < PPD-B (136, 95% CI: 130–141/100,000 PY) compared to individuals with PPD-S > PPD-B (447, 95% CI: 427–468/100,000 PY). Incidence rates of culture positive pulmonary TB was affected by early age of exposure to cross-reactive mycobacterial antigens represented by PPD-B and exposure to MTB represented by PPD-S during adolescence and early adulthood.

Novel Mutations in MPT64 Secretory Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health problem caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). These bacteria secrete various proteins involved in the pathogenesis and persistence of MTBC. Among the secretory proteins, MPT64 (Rv1980C) is highly conserved and is also known as a major culture filtrate that is used in rapid diagnosis of MTBC. In the current study, we aimed to find the mutation in this highly conserved protein in isolates from the Pashtun-dominant province of Pakistan. We analyzed 470 M. tuberculosis whole-genome sequences of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Mutations in the MPT64 gene were screened through TB-Profiler and BioEdit software tools. The DynaMut web server was used to analyze the impact of the mutation on protein dynamics and stability. Among 470 MTB genomes, three non-synonymous mutations were detected in nine isolates, and one synonymous mutation (G208A) was found in four isolates. Mutation G211T (F159L), which was detected at the C-terminal domain of the protein in six isolates, was the most prominent. The second novel mutation, T480C (I70V), was detected in two isolates at the C-terminal side of the protein structure. The third novel mutation, A491C (L66R), was detected in a single isolate at the N-terminal side of the MPT64 protein. The effect of these three mutations was destabilizing on the protein structure. The molecular flexibility of the first two mutations increased, and the last one decreased. MPT64 is a highly conserved secretory protein, harboring only a few mutations. This study provides useful information for better managing the diagnosis of MTB isolates in high TB-burden countries.

EFEKTIFITAS POSISI ORTHOPNEA TERHADAP PENURUNAN SESAK NAFAS PADA PASIEN TB PARU

The incidence of tuberculosis according to the WHO Global Tuberculosis report 2016, tuberculosis occupies the second position with the highest TB burden in the world. Pulmonary TB is an inflammatory disease of the lung parenchyma caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pulmonary TB can cause respiratory system disorders. Breathing is a condition in which air containing O2 enters the body and removes CO2 from the body as a residue of oxidation. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the orthopnea position on the reduction of shortness of breath in pulmonary TB patients in RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan. Research design. Quasi-experimental with a two-group pretest-posttest design approach. To determine the effectiveness before and after the orthopnea position to decrease shortness of breath in pulmonary TB patients. The sample was 50 respondents, 25 for the intervention group, and 25 for the control group, using the purposive sampling technique. The study found that the mean value in the intervention group was 26,64 decreased to 21,36 and the control group was 24,80 to 24,88. Dependent test results in the intervention group obtained a value of p = 0.000 or p &lt; 0.05 and the control group obtained a value of p = 0.161 or p&gt; 0.05 so the intervention group had an effect and the control group had no effect. Suggestions are the effectiveness of respiratory frequency in pulmonary TB patients while the control group only measures the respiratory frequency, there is no effectiveness in pulmonary TB patients.

Introduction of short course treatment for latent tuberculosis infection at a primary care facility for refugees in Winnipeg, Canada: A mixed methods evaluation.

The World Health Organization (WHO) End TB strategy document 'Toward tuberculosis elimination: an action framework for low incidence countries'-like Canada- identifies screening and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) for groups at increased risk for TB disease as a priority, including newcomers from endemic countries. In 2015, the clients-centered model offered at a primary care facility for refugees, BridgeCare Clinic, Winnipeg, Canada was evaluated. The model included LTBI screening, assessment, and treatment, and originally offered 9-months of isoniazid as treatment. This mixed methods evaluation investigates LTBI program outcomes since the introduction of two short-course treatment regimens: 4-months of rifampin, and 3-months of isoniazid and rifapentine. This study combined a retrospective analysis of program administrative data with structured interviews of clinic staff. We included LTBI treatment eligibility, the treatment regimen offered, treatment initiation, and completed treatment from January 1, 2015 to August 6, 2020. Seven hundred and one people were screened, and infection rates varied from 34.1% in 2015 to 53.3% in 2020. Most people living with LTBI came from high TB burden countries in Africa and South-East Asia WHO regions and were younger than 45 years old. Treatment eligibility increased 9% (75% in 2015 to 86% in 2016-2020) and most people diagnosed with LTBI took the short course treatments offered. There was an increase of 14.5% in treatment initiation (75.6 vs. 90.1%), and an increase of 8% in treatment completion (82.4 vs. 90.4%) after short-course regimens were introduced. The final model showed that the treatment regimen tends to affect the frequency of treatment completion, but there are other factors that influence this outcome, in this population. With the new treatments, BridgeCare Clinic achieved the 90% of treatment coverage, and the 90% treatment completion rate targets recommended in the End TB Strategy. Qualitative interviews with clinic staff further affirm the higher acceptability of the new treatments. While these results are limited to government-sponsored refugees in Winnipeg, they highlight the acceptability and value of short-course LTBI treatment as a possibility for reaching End TB targets in primary care settings.

The Pattern of Tuberculosis in Iran: A National Cross-Sectional Study.

Despite of the remarkable achievement in control of tuberculosis, it is still a challenging health problem in Iran. Success in any health program depends on monitor the diseases epidemiology and finding the gaps. We aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of TB patients in Iran to find the gaps in the TB program and using the finding to set the program activities. This cross-sectional study was performed based on the data of tuberculosis patients registered in Iran in 2016-2017. The information of all TB patients is registered in the TB registry software. The patients were followed during the treatment phase. The data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software using Chi-Square test. Overall 12% of cases were Afghans and 72.3% of patients had pulmonary tuberculosis. There was a significant difference in the success rate of treatment in smear-positive pulmonary patients by gender, HIV status, marital status, history of hospitalization and incarceration (P <0.01). The highest prevalence of antibiotic resistance was related to isoniazid (9.9%). In close contact persons who requiring prophylaxis, 65.3% of adults and 73.6% of children received full period of prophylaxis. Despite of the TB treatment success and low prevalence of MDR cases, TB incidence has not been decreased significantly in Iran. Delay in diagnosis, high TB burden in refugees and close contact investigation and prophylaxis are important issues in the TB control program in Iran to be considered in the control planning.

Epidemiology of TB in prisoners: a metanalysis of the prevalence of active and latent TB

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) in prisons usually occurs at higher rates than in the general population, especially in developing countries. TB has been reported as the most common cause of death among prisoners. Studies have shown limitations for early detection of TB in prisons that seem to result from mistaken concepts about TB, delayed diagnosis mainly due to the naturalization of lack of healthcare for this populationMethodsA scoping review was performed using the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute to assess “What are the scientific evidences on the epidemiology of TB in the prison system?”. Then, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the prevalence of TB (active and latent) TB in prisoners. The results are presented as prevalence, in percentage, through random effects models, with a confidence interval of 95%.ResultsRegarding active TB, the results of the metanalysis showed that countries with a high burden of TB had a prevalence of 3.54% [2.71; 4.63], countries not considered to be high burden TB countries had a prevalence of 1.43% [0.86; 2.37]. Latent TB had a prevalence of 51.61% [39.46; 63.58] in high TB burden countries and a prevalence of 40.24% [23.51; 59.61] in countries with low TB burden. In terms of development, in low- and lower-middle-income countries, the prevalence of active TB was 3.13% [1.84; 5.29] and in high- and upper-middle income countries the prevalence was 2.25% [1.70; 2.99]. The prevalence of latent TB in high- and middle-income countries was 43.77% [28.61; 60.18] and of 49.42% [45.91; 52.94] in low and lower middle-income countries.ConclusionOur analysis suggests that TB, and probably other infectious diseases, find fertile ground in prisons where previous acquire social disadvantages seem to thrive—therefore, TB in prisons is a global public health problem and effective strategies are needed to control the disease are needed targeting the prison environment, including rapid health assessments to understand each context and to implement tailored and precision interventions.

The prevalence of tuberculosis infection in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The National Prevalence Survey of India (2019-2021) estimated 31 per cent tuberculosis infection (TBI) burden among individuals above 15 years of age. However, so far little is known about the TBI burden among the different risk groups in India. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis, aimed to estimate the prevalence of TBI in India based on geographies, sociodemographic profile, and risk groups. To identify the prevalence of TBI in India, data sources such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched for articles reporting data between 2013-2022, irrespective of the language and study setting. TBI data were extracted from 77 publications and pooled prevalence was estimated from the 15 community-based cohort studies. Articles were reviewed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines and were sourced using a predefined search strategy from different databases. Out of 10,521 records, 77 studies (46 cross-sectional and 31 cohort studies) were included. The pooled TBI prevalence for India based on the community-based cohort studies was estimated as 41 per cent [95% confidence interval (CI) 29.5-52.6%] irrespective of the risk of acquiring it, while the estimation was 36 per cent (95% CI 28-45%) prevalence observed among the general population excluding high-risk groups. Regions with high active TB burden were found to have a high TBI prevalence such as Delhi and Tamil Nadu. An increasing trend of TBI was observed with increasing age in India. This review demonstrated a high prevalence of TBI in India. The burden of TBI was commensurate with active TB prevalence suggesting possible conversion of TBI to active TB. A high burden was recorded among people residing in the northern and southern regions of the country. Such local epidemiologic variation need to be considered to reprioritize and implement-tailored strategies for managing TBI in India.