Highest Synergistic Effect Research Articles

Synergistic effects during co-pyrolysis and co-gasification of polypropylene and polystyrene

The thermal conversion of waste plastic products can provide a promising solution to the issues of environmental pollution, waste management, and energy needs. However, our present understanding on the thermal reforming of different kinds of plastic wastes mixtures during their co-pyrolysis and co-gasification for syngas production and energy recovery is insufficient. Non-selective urban polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) waste plastics were chosen for the investigations reported here. Thermal degradation properties of PP and PS as well as their blends in different mass ratios were investigated via thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Co-pyrolysis and CO2-assisted co-gasification of PP-PS blends were then conducted using a fixed-bed reactor at a temperature of 1173 K. Experimental results from the blends were then compared with the weighted value calculated from their component feedstocks to quantify the degree of synergistic effect. TG results showed that the co-treatment of PP and PS enhanced the respective devolatilization process. The co-pyrolysis of PP and PS enhanced their thermal cracking, leading to synergistic increases in the yields of H2, light hydrocarbons (HC) and total syngas. In co-gasification, the reforming reaction involving CO2 was synergistically enhanced, resulting in the increased yields of H2 and HC. The gasification reactivity of carbon black improved during the co-processing of PP and PS due to the synergistic effect between the two different kinds of plastics. Higher synergistic effects were observed from the plastic mixtures having higher PS content that resulted in increased yield of syngas. Co-gasification of PP-PS blends having 40% PP content (2P3S) exhibited the maximum synergistic effect on H2, CO, and total syngas showing increased yields by 88.8%, 77.7%, and 74.2% respectively. The lowest synergistic effect was observed for HC that showed increased yield of only 25.1%. The optimal CO2 consumption was also observed from the co-gasification of 2P3S. Each gram of 2P3S feedstock consumed approximately 1.80 g of CO2 to result in highest recovered energy of 27.49 kJ/g and the maximum overall energy efficiency of 43.2%. The results revealed that enhanced thermal cracking and CO2 reforming reaction, along with the improved reactivity of carbon black were mainly responsible for increased yields of H2, HC, CO and total syngas during co-gasification. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of co-processing of non-separated waste plastics for enhanced syngas production and energy recovery, elucidating the synergistic effect between the various kinds of plastics during their co-pyrolysis and co-gasification.

Antiparasitic Activity of Hippeastrum Species and Synergistic Interaction between Montanine and Benznidazole against Trypanosoma cruzi.

Hippeastrum species have a wide range of biological properties. In Argentina, this genus comprises ten widely distributed species. To evaluate the antiparasitic and anticholinesterase activities and chemical profiles of seven Argentinean Hippeastrum species and determine the synergism between the major isolated alkaloid-montanine-and benznidazole in anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. The antiparasitic activity was evaluated through antiproliferative and viability assays against T. cruzi epimastigotes. Synergism assays were performed using the Chou-Talalay method. AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities were also assessed. The alkaloid composition was obtained using GC-MS analysis. All extracts showed strong growth inhibition of T. cruzi epimastigote proliferation. The extracts from H. aglaiae, H. aulicum, and H. hybrid stand out for their potent and total growth inhibition, which was comparable to benznidazole. The H. reticulatum extract showed strong Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities, while five species showed moderate Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibition. Fifteen alkaloids were identified by means of GC-MS. Regarding the synergism assessment, the highest synergistic effect was obtained from the combination of montanine and benznidazole. Hippeastrum species bulb extracts from Argentina were shown to be a good source of antiparasitic alkaloids and cholinesterase inhibitors. The synergism between montanine and benznidazole emerges as a potential combination for future studies to treat Chagas disease.

A dual-oxidant advanced oxidation process system containing CaO2 and peroxymonosulfate for organic pollutant degradation: High adaptability and synergistic effect

In this study, a dual-oxidant advanced oxidation process (AOP) system containing calcium peroxide (CaO2) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was developed for the first time to efficiently degrade refractory organic pollutants. It was found that the system with 0.1 g/L CaO2 and 0.3 g/L PMS could degrade more than 91% of 50 mg/L tetracycline (TC) within 4 min at room temperature, and the degradation process much followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The presented AOP system exhibited strong anti-interference capabilities towards coexisting inorganic anions (Cl−, SO42–, NO3–, HCO3– and HPO42–) and humic acid (HA), even at high concentrations. Moreover, the system could efficiently work in a wide pH (3−12) range, suitable for natural waterbodies and various organic pollutants. The results of quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests demonstrated that singlet oxygen (1O2) was the dominate reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for organics degradation. A synergistic mechanism of the dual-oxidant system was confirmed by a series of comparative experiments, where CaO2 continuously provided OH− and H2O2, and then combined with PMS to produce predominant 1O2 and inferior O2•–, respectively. Further, the possible pathways of TC degradation were deduced based on analyses of the intermediates.

Robust synergistic effect of TiS2/MoS2 hierarchal micro-flowers composite realizing enhanced electrochemical performance

Currently, development of efficient binary composite electrode materials is a dire need to overcome the energy crises globally. Determent to increase the capacitance of supercapacitor, TiS2, MoS2 and TiS2/MoS2 composites are synthesized by hydrothermal technique and their growth mechanism is also proposed. The structural and morphological properties of the grown materials were examined by employing SEM, EDS, XRD and TEM techniques. In synthesized hierarchal micro-flowers composite the nano-sheets are evenly distributed on the spherical surface improving the surface porosity and surface area resulting enhancement in the electrons and ions transfer on the TiS2/MoS2 surface. The TiS2/MoS2 composite based electrode exhibited significantly improved specific capacitance (709 F/g) in contrast to individual TiS2 (480 F/g) and MoS2 (402 F/g) owing to their fast ion transfer, numerous active sites on their high surface area and robust synergistic effect. Additionally, after 4000 cycles, more than 91 % capacitance was sustained for TiS2/MoS2 composite indicating their excellent stability. Consequently, TiS2/MoS2 binary metal sulfide composites with enhanced specific capacitance and significantly extended cycle life validating their potential applications in high-performance energy storage devices.

Electrodeposition of self-supported transition metal phosphides nanosheets as efficient hydrazine-assisted electrolytic hydrogen production catalyst

The synthesis of electrocatalysts which used simultaneously as electrodes for the hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) can significantly improve the efficiency of hydrogen production in the water splitting process. Here, Ni–Co–Fe–P binder-free nanosheets were fabricated using the electrochemical deposition method and used as an effective, stable, and cost-effective electrode for hydrazine-assisted electrochemical hydrogen production. Taking advantage of high surface area, being binder-free, and synergistic effect between the elements in the electrode composition, this electrode showed unique electrocatalytic activity and stability. When this electrode was used as a bifunctional electrode for HzOR-HER, a cell voltage of 94 mV was required to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2. The results of this study indicated that the Ni–Co–Fe–P electrode is an excellent candidate for the hydrogen production industry.

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Nasal Specimens: Overcoming MRSA with Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications.

Staphylococcus aureus is a cause of high mortality in humans and therefore it is necessary to prevent its transmission and reduce infections. Our goals in this research were to investigate the frequency of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Taif, Saudi Arabia, and assess the relationship between the phenotypic antimicrobial sensitivity patterns and the genes responsible for resistance. In addition, we examined the antimicrobial efficiency and application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against MRSA isolates. Seventy-two nasal swabs were taken from patients; MRSA was cultivated on Mannitol Salt Agar supplemented with methicillin, and 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted in addition to morphological and biochemical identification. Specific resistance genes such as ermAC, aacA-aphD, tetKM, vatABC and mecA were PCR-amplified and resistance plasmids were also investigated. The MRSA incidence was ~49 % among the 72 S. aureus isolates and all MRSA strains were resistant to oxacillin, penicillin, and cefoxitin. However, vancomycin, linezolid, teicoplanin, mupirocin, and rifampicin were effective against 100% of MRSA strains. About 61% of MRSA strains exhibited multidrug resistance and were resistant to 3-12 antimicrobial medications (MDR). Methicillin resistance gene mecA was presented in all MDR-MRSA strains. Most MDR-MRSA contained a plasmid of > 10 kb. To overcome bacterial resistance, AgNPs were applied and displayed high antimicrobial activity and synergistic effect with penicillin. Our findings may help establish programs to control bacterial spread in communities as AgNPs appeared to exert a synergistic effect with penicillin to control bacterial resistance.

Synergistic effect of oxytetracycline as a combination treatment with Carboplatin on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line

In breast cancer treatment, chemotherapy resistance is a major problem where many receptive tumors rebound and develop resistance. When provided in combination, cancer drugs are most successful, thus reducing the risk of developing resistant cancer cells. However, the evaluation of combination therapies has increased rapidly in recent years. Consequently, by repurposing old treatments, the discovery of additional medicines that may interact synergistically with chemotherapy is considered a current medical aim through discovering a new cancer medication or therapeutic strategy. The purpose of this research is to increase the anti-cancer activity of carboplatin (CP) by increasing the apoptotic effect of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) during in vitro experiments in combination with oxytetracycline. Our results showed a high synergistic effect between oxytetracycline and carboplatin, MCF-7 representative cell treated with carboplatin with/without different concentrations of oxytetracycline (5% and 10% of IC50). Oxytetracycline, which potentiated the action of carboplatin and/or had notable activity was reported as a single agent. This research demonstrated the synergistic relationship between oxytetracycline and carboplatin in viability assays. Surprisingly, our findings suggest that inhibiting treatment strategies can extend carboplatin’s therapeutic window, potentially allowing for cancer therapy.

Biogenic synthesis of CuO-NPs as nanotherapeutics approaches to overcome multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA)

Due to the misuse of antibiotics, the multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) has caused serious infections and become more difficult to deal with. Here we propose to synthesise copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) using a cell-free filter of Streptomyces rochei to enhance antibiotics activity against (MDRSA) and kill them. Characterisation of CuO-NPs using ultraviolet, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopic (TEM), and X-ray diffraction, were investigated. The antibacterial action of the CuO-NPs was tested against standard strain and clinical isolates using the agar well diffusion method and the microdilution assay. The results showed the monodispersed spherical shape CuO-NPs with a mean diameter of 10.7 nm and were found to be active against (MDRSA). By a combination of CuO-NPs with different antibiotics, the highest synergistic effect was observed with cefoxitin, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was reduced to 6.5 for CuO-NPs, and 19.5 for cefoxitin. Time-kill assay showed the highest reduction in log10 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml of initial inoculum of MRSA after 24 h. The HFB-4 cells cultured in the presence of CuO-NPs showed normal morphology with 100% viability at 8 µg/ml. TEM showed that combination (1/4 MIC cefoxitin +1/16 MIC CuO-NPs) highly damages bacterial cells’ shape. The biosynthesis CuO-NPs showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus suggesting a promising alternative in clinical.

Boosting catalytic performance of hierarchical Co/Co0.85Se microspheres via Mott-Schottky effect toward triiodide reduction and alkaline hydrogen evolution

Interface engineered composites composing of metal and transition metal selenides have been deemed as promising substitutes as noble Pt in the fields of the energy conversion. Herein, the well-defined hierarchical Co/Co 0.85 Se microsphere with Mott-Schottky (M-S) effect was synthesized by the facile solvothermal method (Co/Co 0.85 Se-3). Interestingly, the as-obtained 3D Co 0.85 Se microsphere was assembled by 2D porous nanosheets. The characteristics including M-S heterojunction and hierarchical structure endows Co/Co 0.85 Se microsphere with high specific surface area, good conductivity, and synergistic effect between metal Co and Co 0.85 Se. More concretely, the optimized Co/Co 0.85 Se exhibits outstanding catalytic activity toward triiodide reduction reaction (IRR). When employed as the counter electrode (CE) catalyst for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.31 % is achieved, which is 3.36 % higher than that of Pt-control device (8.04 %). Moreover, Co/Co 0.85 Se-3 displays remarkable catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with a low overpotential of 107 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm −2 under alkaline condition (1.0 M KOH), accompanying with Tafel slope of 140 mV dec −1 . Our discovery provides an effective approach to develop the cost-effective advanced catalysts to promote the application of DSSC and HER. The hierarchical Co/Co 0.85 Se microspheres with unique Mott-Schottky structure exhibited excellent catalytic performance in the fields of DSSC and HER. • Hierarchical Co/Co 0.85 Se microsphere with M-S effect was synthesized. • Synergy between Co and Co 0.85 Se increases the catalytic activity of Co/Co 0.85 Se-3. • Performance of Co/Co 0.85 Se-3 for DSSC was higher than that of Pt. • Co/Co 0.85 Se-3 exhibited remarkable catalytic property for alkaline HERs.

Investigation of Antioxidant Synergisms and Antagonisms among Phenolic Acids in the Model Matrices Using FRAP and ORAC Methods.

The total antioxidant potential of a sample cannot be predicted from the antioxidant activity of its compounds; thus, scientists usually explain the overall activity through their combined effects (synergistic, antagonistic, or additive). Phenolic compounds are one of the most powerful and widely investigated antioxidants, but there is a lack of information about their molecular interactions. This study aimed to investigate the individual and combined antioxidant activity of equimolar mixtures (binary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary) of 10 phenolic acids (protocatechuic, gentisic, gallic, vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, sinapic, and rosmarinic acid) at different concentrations using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. Gallic acid showed the highest antioxidant activity, determined using the FRAP assay (494–5033 µM Fe2+) and rosmarinic acid with the ORAC assay (50–92 µM Trolox Equivalents (TE)), while the lowest antioxidant potential was observed for p-coumaric acid (FRAP 24–113 µM Fe2+ and ORAC 20–33 µM TE). The synergistic effect (by FRAP) in the equimolar mixtures of hydroxybenzoic acids was confirmed for a large number of tested mixtures, especially at low concentrations. All mixtures containing gentisic acid showed a synergistic effect (28–89% difference). Using the ORAC method, only two mixtures of hydroxybenzoic acids showed an antagonistic effect, namely a mixture of gentisic + syringic acids (−24% difference) and gallic + vanillic acids (−30% difference), while all other mixtures showed a synergistic effect in a range of 26–236% difference. Among mixtures of hydroxycinnamic acids, the highest synergistic effect was observed for the mixtures of p-coumaric + ferulic acids and caffeic + sinapic acids with differences of 311% and 211%, respectively. The overall antioxidant activity of phenolic acids could be explained by the number or position of hydroxyl and/or methoxy functional groups as well as the compound concentration, but the influence of other parameters such as dissociation, intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and electron donating or withdrawing effect should not be neglected.

Biochar from palm fiber wastes as an activator of different oxidants for the elimination of pharmaceuticals from diverse classes in aqueous samples

Biochar (BP) obtained from palm fiber wastes was combined with H2O2, peroxymonosulfate (PMS), or persulfate (PDS) to treat valsartan, acetaminophen, and cephalexin in water. BP activated PMS and PDS but no H2O2. Computational calculations indicated that interactions of PMS and PDS with BP are more favored than those with HP. The highest synergistic effect was obtained for the removal of valsartan by BP + PMS. This carbocatalytic process was optimized, evaluating the effects of pH, BP dose, and peroxymonosulfate concentration, and minimizing the oxidant quantity to decrease costs and environmental impacts of the process. SO4•−, HO•, 1O2, and O2•- were the agents involved in the degradation of the pharmaceuticals. The reusability of BP was tested, showing that the carbocatalytic process removed ∼80% of target pollutants after 120 min of treatment even at the fourth reuse cycle. Also, the process decreased the phytotoxicity of the treated sample. Simulated hospital wastewater was treated and its components induced competing effects, but the system achieved the target pharmaceuticals removal in this matrix. Additionally, the analysis of environmental impact using a life cycle assessment unraveled that the carbocatalytic process had a carbon footprint of 2.87 Kg CO2-Eq, with the biochar preparation (which involves the use of ZnCl2 and electric energy consumption) as the main hotspot in the process.

Synergistic effect of secondary metabolites of locale isolates of lactic acid bacteria with some plant extract against Aspergillus Niger


 Food is important for survival organisms. Food preservation is an important method preserving food. There are many issues on it, to avoid these problems and reduce side effects when using traditional methods of food preservation. The use of probiotics has been resorted to. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) is among the distinct groups of bacteria as probiotics. It produces many antimicrobial contents, including antifungal. Therefore, secondary metabolites were extracted for some locale LAB isolates (Pediococcus sp., Enterococcus sp. and Lactobacillus sp.) in synergy with aqueous extracts of Syzygium and Cinnamon and Aspergillus niger was treated with these extracts. The results of statistical analysis showed a synergistic antifungal activity of these extracts against A.niger The highest synergistic effect was of Lactobacillus sp (L2) extract that synergy with Syzygium extract with a significant difference at probability 0.05 and it was % 96 with growth area 50.24 mm2 as compared with area growth of control 1674.66 mm2, while the synergistic activity of bacterial extracts with Cinnamon extract were less than with Syzygium extract. As the highest inhibition against A. niger was reached for Lactobacillus sp (L2) that synergistic with Cinnamon extract, the percentage was %57 with growth area as 706.5 mm2 compared with control.

FeSe2-CoSe2/CoSe2 yolk-shell nanoboxes as superior electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction

Exploring high-efficiency electrocatalysts and hollow nanostructures have attracted research interest for the water-splitting process. FeSe2-CoSe2/CoSe2 yolk-shell nanobox (YBs) was synthesized via a MOF-based self-templating approach for OER in alkaline solutions. First, ZIF-67 nanocubes were converted to ZIF-67/CoFe-PBA YBs by ion exchange. After subsequent selenization, the derived FeSe2-CoSe2/CoSe2 YBs exhibited high OER activity (260 mV at 10 mA cm−2), excellent stability (over 20 h), and remarkably outperformed the commercial RuO2. The large surface area, abundant active sites, high electric conductivity and synergistic effect of heterostructure interfaces are responsible for significantly improving efficiency and stability.

Dual-Frequency Ultrasonic Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis Using Persulfate: A Synergistic Effect

Dual-frequency ultrasound (DFUS) has received considerable attention for enhanced inactivation of microbial pathogens for medical treatment, but remains little investigated for water disinfection. This study is focused on inactivation of E. coli and E. faecalis in aqueous solution under dual-frequency ultrasonication at 120 + 1700 kHz using persulfate. Single-frequency ultrasonic inactivation showed the higher efficiency of 1700 kHz, compared to 120 kHz. Under the experimental conditions used, no measurable synergy between two frequencies was observed in the absence of persulfate. A high time-based synergistic effect in terms of total inactivation (5-log) of both bacterial species was achieved by DFUS-activated persulfate with synergistic indices of 1.8–5.0. We assume that this is attributed to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (primarily, sulfate anion (SO4•−) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals) as a result of enhanced acoustic cavitation. Radical probing and scavenging tests confirmed the generation of radicals and showed a nearly equal contribution of •OH and SO4•−. This method could be an attractive alternative to ultraviolet technology for fast and effective water disinfection.

Toughness, Reinforcing Mechanism, and Durability of Hybrid Steel Fiber Reinforced Sulfoaluminate Cement Composites

As a low-carbon ecological cement-based material, SAC (sulfoaluminate cement) has become a research hotspot. This study developed a SAC-based high-performance concrete material with good durability and high toughness. The mechanical properties of different scales of MSF (macro steel fiber) and mSF (micro steel fiber) reinforced sulfoaluminate cement-based composites were mainly studied, including their compressive strength, flexural strength, toughness index, and toughness ratio, and their resistance to sulfate erosion was characterized. The results show that adding MSF and HSF (hybrid steel fibers) can significantly improve concrete’s compressive and flexural strength compared with the Plain group. The compressive strength of SSF1 (1% MSF) and SSF2 (1.5% MSF) increased by 10.9%, 19.6%, and the compressive strength of HSF1 (0.1% mSF, 1.4% MSF), HSF2 (0.2% mSF, 1.3%MSF), HSF3 (0.3% mSF, 1.2% MSF), and HSF4 (0.5% mSF, 1.0% MSF) increased by 23.9%, 33.7%, 37.0%, 29.3%, respectively, while the flexural strength of HSF1, HSF2, HSF3, and HSF4 groups increased by 51.4%, 84.9%, 88.1%, and 64.2%. Compared with the single steel fiber (SSF) group, the HSF group has higher initial crack strength, equivalent flexural strength, toughness index, and toughness ratio. Hybrid fibers have a higher synergistic effect when mSF content is 0.2–0.3% and MSF content is 1.2–1.3%. The mechanism of multi-scale reinforcement of hybrid-steel-fiber-enhanced sulfoaluminate cement-based composites was researched. MSF bridges macro-cracks, mSF bridges micro-cracks, and these two different scales of steel fibers, through filling, bridging, anchoring, pulling off, and pulling out, improve the toughness of composite materials. The mechanism of sulfate corrosion resistance of sulfoaluminate cement-based composites was obtained. SO42− entered the matrix and reacted and formed AFt, filling the matrix’s pores. The whole process is similar to the self-healing process of concrete.

Magnetite Nanoparticles In-Situ Grown and Clustered on Reduced Graphene Oxide for Supercapacitor Electrodes.

Fe3O4 nanoparticles with average sizes of 3–8 nm were in-situ grown and self-assembled as homogeneous clusters on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) via coprecipitation with some additives, where RGO sheets were expanded from restacking and an increased surface area was obtained. The crystallization, purity and growth evolution of as-prepared Fe3O4/RGO nanocomposites were examined and discussed. Supercapacitor performance was investigated in a series of electrochemical tests and compared with pure Fe3O4. In 1 M KOH electrolyte, a high specific capacitance of 317.4 F g−1 at current density of 0.5 A g−1 was achieved, with the cycling stability remaining at 86.9% after 5500 cycles. The improved electrochemical properties of Fe3O4/RGO nanocomposites can be attributed to high electron transport, increased interfaces and positive synergistic effects between Fe3O4 and RGO.

Regulation of the Russian labor market in the new conditions of sanctions impact

The article examines measures to regulate the labor market of the Russian Federation under the conditions of sanctions. The labor market in the new conditions was influenced by a unique combination of diverse economic, political, and social factors. An important feature of the current labor market configuration is the uneven impact of the negative effects of sanctions pressure on various sectors of economy and, as a result, the strengthening of structural imbalances, labor shortages in some sectors and excess in others. Sanctions challenges for the Russian economy have necessitated the need for rapid and adequate support for labor market participants.The article considers legal, administrative and financial measures to support the labor market in new conditions. Measures aimed at stabilizing the labor market and employment are operational and comprehensive, constantly being supplemented as the situation develops. The measures introduced include both administrative and regulatory and financial instruments to support labor market participants, both employees and employers. Special attention is paid to the preservation of human resources in general, and in the field of information technology in particular, as well as the development of entrepreneurial potential of citizens of the Russian Federation. The author suggests maintaining the course of maintaining economic activity of labor market participants, primarily by easing regulatory restrictions and facilitating access to financial resources (subsidies, credit availability, government orders). When making decisions on measures to support the labor market, give preference to complex solutions with high multiplicative and synergistic effects in various areas of the economy and social sphere. In the short term, take measures to ensure supply in order to avoid shortages of goods, ensure price stability and maintain employment in the production and distribution sectors. In the medium term, the main focus should be on maintaining demand from the state, business and individuals (for example, expanding infrastructure projects, supporting housing construction, introducing food certificates for the poor, etc. comprehensive solutions). In the long term, to provide a foundation for the growth of high-tech jobs through the development of machine-tool and mechanical engineering, electronics manufacturing, and other high-tech industries. This growth can be achieved both through the import of technologies and through the support of their own developments. Broad and timely informing of employees and employers about the support measures taken is necessary.

Facile Synthesis of ZnS/1T-2H MoS2nanocomposite for Boosted adsorption/photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visiblelight.

Facile solvothermal techniques were used to manufacture ZnS/1T-2H MoS2 nanocomposite (ZMS) with outstanding adsorption-photocatalytic activity. The formed catalyst was characterized by different tools; XRD, HR-TEM, EDX, FTIR, Raman, N2adsorprion/desorption, Zeta potential, PL,and XPS. The analysis provided the formation on mixed phase of metallic 1Tand 2H phases. ZMS has a high porosity and large specific surface area, and it has a high synergistic adsorption-photocatalytic degradation effect for MB, with a removal efficiency of ≈100% in 45 minutes under visible light irradiation. The extraordinary MB removal efficiency of ZMS was attributed not only to the high specific surface area (49.15 m2/g) and precious reactive sites generated by ZMS, but also to the formation of 1T and 2H phases if compared to pristine MoS2 (MS). The best adsorption affinity was induced by the existance of 1T phase. The remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZMS nanocomposite can be ascribed to the 2D heterostructure which enhances the adsorption for pollutants, provides abundant reaction active sites, extends the photoresponse to visible light region.

P407: SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF A NOVEL COMBINATION OF HDACI CHIDAMIDE WITH CLADRIBINE ON CELL PROLIFERATION ARREST AND APOPTOSIS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA BY TARGETING MYC/HDAC2 SIGNALING

Background: Chidamide (CHI), a novel Histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), which is now involved in the salvage treatment of relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia in a clinical trial. Cladribine (2-chloro-2’-deoxyadenosine (2-CdA)), is a purine nucleoside antimetabolite analog, which resists degradation by adenosine deaminase and therefore accumulates to cytotoxic levels. The anti-leukemia effects of either single drug have been reported by inducing cell apoptosis through suppressing multi-oncogenic pathways in human tumor cells. However, whether and how the combination of the two drugs exerts the synergistic anti-tumor effects are still undetermined in AML. Aims: This study is to investigate the synergistic therapeutic effects of 2-CdA in combination with CHI in AML. Methods: Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) cell proliferation assay, Annexin V apoptosis assay, Propidium Iodide cell cycle assay, and Western Blot (WB) were performed in U937 AML cells in presence of CHI only, 2-CdA only, CHI+ 2-CdA, and vehicle control for 48h. RNA-seq was performed in U937 cells treated with CHI and 2-CdA; the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by R studio, and pathway enrichment of the DEGs was analyzed with Metascape online tool. Co-Immunoprecipitation (co-IP) was used to examine the interaction of cMYC with HDAC1/2. Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. T-tests statistical analysis was employed for determining the significant difference between groups. A synergistic effect was determined by the combination indices (CIs) with CompuSyn software. Results: The 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) of CHI and 2-CdA on U937 cell proliferation is 9.358±1.448μmol/L and 0.024±3.071μmol/L, respectively. The combination of various doses of CHI with either IC50 or 1/2 IC50 of 2-CdA significantly decreases the survival rate of U937 cells compared to single drug control (Fig.1a). The CI analysis showed the high synergistic therapeutic effects of CHI with ether dose of 2-CdA (Fig. 1b). The combination of (8mM) CHI with (0.02mM) 2-CdA ignificantly elevated the apoptosis rate and induced the G0/G1 cell phase arrest of AML cells compared with either single drug alone (p<0.0001, Fig. 1c, d). Moreover, the expression of apoptotic markers, caspase-3, PARP-1, and caspase-9 is elevated, and the cell cycle marker p21 proteins were significantly upregulated, but Cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2 and Cyclin E2 down-regulated in the combination group compared to either single drug control (p<0.05, Fig. 1e). To further understand the underlying mechanism of the synergy, RNA-seq analysis was performed in U937 cells treated with either CHI or 2-CdA, respectively. The overlapped altered DEGs were identified, and cMYC is dramatically down-regulated. The pathway analysis of the altered DEGs showed the enrichment of MYC pathways further indicated the critical role of MYC (Fig. 1f). It is reported that cMYC is associated with the histone deacetylase complex. Indeed, the co-IP assay showed an interaction of MYC with HDAC2, not HDAC1 in U937 (Fig. 1g). These data suggested the role of cMYC/HDAC2 signaling in the synergistic effect of the combination of CHI with 2-CdA in the disease. Image:Summary/Conclusion: The combination of Chidamide and Cladribine has a synergistic effect on cell proliferation arrest, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in AML cells through MYC/HDAC2 pathway. Our data provide experimental evidence for the novel potential combination of AML therapy. More in vivo pre-clinical studies will be explored for future clinical trials.

Structures and properties of biocompatible Ti-Zr-Nb-Fe-Mo medium entropy alloys

Biomedical implants require high yield strength, low Young's modulus and high ductility synergistic effect. The “stress shielding” caused by the high Young's modulus of most existing high-entropy alloys limited their applications. In this work, a body-centered cubic solid solution Ti45Zr37Nb16Fe1Mo1 (at.%) medium entropy alloy with low Young's modulus (~63 GPa), high tensile elongation (~25 %), and good corrosion resistance (Ecorr = −264 mV, Icorr = 0.15 μA·cm−2) was designed and fabricated. The admissible elastic strain of cold rolled alloy has increased 50% compared with as-cast alloy (~1.12 %). Furthermore, the coefficient of friction of the cold rolled alloy was higher than the as-cast alloy due to the stress-induced orthorhombic α'' martensite formation. Their mechanical properties can be achieved by tuning the fraction of β-stabilizing elements to obtain a metastable single body-centered cubic phase.