High Rates Of Economic Growth Research Articles

THE IMPORTANCE OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES IN ACCELERATING THE MOVEMENT OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS

It can be said that multinational companies have been able to achieve great importance in our current era. They have been able to impose themselves strongly and obtain a giant position in the global economy, due to their enormous material and human capabilities that have crossed over to various countries of the world, and have witnessed the expansion of their activities to include production sectors. And trade, financial services, and international banks for the purpose of distributing risks and diversifying profits, and its endeavor to transform the world into a single economic village without borders, as it is called (economic globalization), in addition to its endeavor to control business sectors in the world, benefiting from the achievements of scientific and technological progress that it possesses. As a result, it has become These companies have an important impact in stimulating the movement of foreign investments in their host countries, so that these countries achieve high economic growth rates that surpass other countries that have not witnessed the entry of companies there.

Market transformations in the development of land relations (experience of Canada and Scotland)

The development of land relations today remains one of the most important tasks of Ukraine. The priority directions for the development of such relations are the creation of conditions for the inclusion of land to the economic circulation and the regulation of land relations in combination with the increase of budget revenues of all levels from the use of land.
 In modern conditions, the land policy of developed countries creates mechanisms for regulating the land market with a multifaceted socio-economic content. This complex process is accompanied by the reform of land relations. Effective management of land resources ensures the development of the land market. Discussions regarding the creation of a full-fledged land market in Ukraine are still ongoing. Analysis of foreign experience will allow to transform land relations in Ukraine.
 Natural resources are diverse, but land is becoming an increasingly valuable resource for most countries. They are trying to achieve high rates of economic growth, which, in turn, are related to the development of land resources. It often turns out that such «development» is connected with the seizure of a million hectares of agricultural land by rich corporations or even foreign states. Deprivation of rights to land claims the status of the most famous and, at the same time, little-researched form of deprivation of rights not only in modern literature devoted to «land grabbing», but also in classical theory in general. The article discusses the factors contributing to «land grabbing». Global factors causing similar processes in Canada and Scotland, current consequences, future risks are identified. It was established that the factors of «grabbing of land» for agricultural purposes are of different nature. This is a significant price differentiation on the land market, and the increase in the investment attractiveness of agricultural land, the consequences of privatization and land consolidation. The leading role of the state in the investment process and the existence of a strategy for spreading the influence of the countries in question, which is implemented in parallel with the purchase of land, are shown.

Disparity in Economic Growth Between Regencies and Cities in the Province of Maluku

This research aims to analyze and know the structure of economic growth in each district and city in Maluku Province based on economic growth and Gross Regional Domestic Product per capita from 2018 to 2021 and to find out the inequality of economic growth in each regency/municipality area. The measurement tools used for analysis are the Klassen Typology approach and the Williamson Index. The Klassen Typology analysis study show that there are four regions in the developed and fast categories, namely those with a high rate of economic growth followed by a high rate of GDRP, then in the category of underdeveloped areas it is found that it exceeds half of the total area in Maluku Province in analysis that is equal to five areas. Williamson's index analysis shows that development income disparities between regions in Maluku Province are at a low level in most regions due to growth and income per capita is quite high, exceeding the average for Maluku Province.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ОТРАСЛИ КИТАЯ 2020–2060 ГГ.

China consumes increasing amounts of energy to maintain high rates of economic growth. According to the IEA forecast, in 2030 the peak of consumption and, accordingly, emissions will be reached, then by 2060 consumption will gradually decrease due to increased energy efficiency and the country’s policy of substitution with renewable energy sources. Integration of higher shares of variable renewable energy sources (wind, solar) into China’s generating structure requires greater use of new ways to ensure energy system flexibility, such as energy storage, hydrogen storage to ensure energy security. Greater electrification of end-users facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources by increasing the flexibility to respond to changing demand, such as electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. Demand management, as well as hydrogen production through coal gasification or steam reforming, will allow China to reduce emissions in the long term.

Государственная политика СССР в сфере внедрения достижений науки и техники в середине 1950-х гг.

Based on the study of currently available archival documents from the RGANI funds, the problem of the evolution of state policy in the field of the introduction of science and technology in the USSR in the mid-1950s is investigated. The documents published at that time focused on speeding up the pace of the introduction of new technology, the best use of foreign samples, support for the movement of innovators and inventors, its scaling. A comparative analysis of the indicators of the USSR and the USA demonstrated the continuing technological lag of our country in a number of significant areas. Labor productivity remained relatively low. Arrogance, complacency, fear of taking risks and unwillingness to use the best of world and domestic experience were mentioned as factors determining the failure to achieve the targets. The documents that were not intended for publication contained specific negative examples, there was quite sharp and harsh criticism of the heads of ministries, enterprises and scientists. The conclusion is formulated that the data contained in previously unpublished documents give a more accurate idea of the results of the implementation of the state scientific and technical policy in the period under study and do not allow assessing the measures taken by the authorities in the field of technical re-equipment of production as optimal. Against the background of high rates of economic growth, significant achievements in the field of science and technology, there was a slowdown in modernization processes. Inventors were insufficiently stimulated, the results of research developments were slowly introduced. The approved documents indicate that the authorities tried to cope with the emerging problems with the help of command methods, reorganizations of the management system. But the share of manual labor remained high. This led to the fact that the advantages achieved in any industry by high mechanization of individual processes were largely lost, and the labor intensity of products continued to remain high. As the most important factor of inhibition, the current mobilization model of the economy was determined, focusing primarily on achieving quantitative targets. In addition, the rejection of the development of a unified all-Union plan for the introduction of new technology had a negative impact, there was no single body ensuring the coordination of research and implementation of their results. The country's leadership did not sufficiently assess the importance of the release of computer technology, automation and mechanization of production.

Досвід необанкінгу в країнах Азійсько-Тихоокеанського регіону

The trend towards the development of neobanking has swept almost the entire world, changing traditional banking and shaping the offer of digital financial services. The Asia-Pacific region is characterized by the dynamic spread of neobanking, which is significantly facilitated by the demographic situation and the increase in the number of technology companies with a corresponding increase in the number of IT devices. The use of fintech services in the Asia-Pacific region is growing dynamically. The leaders in terms of growth rates are China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea. According to current forecasts, another 663 million people in the Asia-Pacific region will start using mobile Internet by 2025, which will contribute to the further development of neobanking. The number of neobanks in the Asia-Pacific region lags behind the countries of Europe and the United States, but their number is growing at a much faster pace. Despite the constant growth in the number of consumers of neobank services in the region, there are also constraints that hinder growth. These include: lack of trust in services of the new format, reluctance to change the provider of financial services, and lack of information about the capabilities of neobanks. Also, in some areas, there is virtually no stable access to the Internet, this becomes another obstacle to the activities of neobanks. The number of neobank users in the Asia-Pacific region is constantly growing – from 2.9 million people in 2017 to 22.8 million people in 2021. In each market of Southeast Asia, regulatory authorities have their own specifics of regulating the activities of neobanks, regulations vary significantly depending on the country. As a result, the range of services provided by neobanks in the countries of the region is different: from a full range of banking services to a narrow specialization in servicing small business owners. Further prospects for the development of neobanking in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region depend on the following main factors: State regulation of the banking sector; technical capabilities of neobanks to personalize financial services, process large amounts of data and conduct online transactions; competition or cooperation with traditional banks. There is already a tendency in the world for traditional banks and neobanks to search for mutually beneficial options for cooperation. For example, P2P lending and P2B lending, in which traditional banks are trying to participate, teaming up with neobanks. Neobanking is also supported by the issue that modern bank customers are less and less inclined to visit physical bank branches to conduct financial transactions. It is concluded that although there is a significant number of the population not covered by banking services, the development of neobanking in the Asia-Pacific region is proceeding at a rapid pace, which is facilitated by demographic indicators, high rates of economic growth, and cooperation with traditional banking institutions. Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, India, and Thailand have the greatest potential for the development of neobanking.

Manage Advertising Activities in the AreaThanh Hoa City, Vietnam Presently

Currently, Thanh Hoa has become one of the provinces with high rates of economic development and growth in the country, along with the development and advancement of professions, economic and political fields, then outdoor propaganda and advertising activities have contributed a significant part in the economic and social development of Thanh Hoa province in general and Thanh Hoa city in particular. The content of this article aims to evaluate the status of advertising management in Thanh Hoa City, Vietnam. On that basis, propose solutions to improve the effectiveness of managing outdoor advertising activities in the study area.

Revenue Relation with VAT in Nepal Government Budget Structure

Taxes are major fiscal policy instruments and important government policy tools have an important role in increasing the rate of capital formation and thereby a high rate of economic growth can be achieved. Globalization, privatization and liberalization have brought the huge change in the country budget and economic environment. The budget management of government is one of the important tasks which play very important role in the nation and international environment which influence the technology and changing business environment has posed many challenges before management. This study aims to find out the Nepal government budget status in economic sectors. Descriptive research has been conducted using annual report of economic survey of ministry of finance. Descriptive analysis suggested that is strong relationship between revenue and expenditure management of Nepal government budget. The main objective of this study is to determine the relationship between revenue and expenditure in the study made over the period 2073/74 to 2077/78 taken as a sample year in this research study among the various fiscal years of Nepal government budget. The statistical methods of trend analysis and descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and hypothesis test were used to analyze the study outcomes.
 The results of the study indicated the revenue, expenditure and deficits conditions of Nepal government budget. This research articles report sources of revenue and structure of budget heads of Nepalese economic sector. It also reflects the whole revenue and expenditure positions of Nepal government and effective implementation of revenue estimation to manage deficits conditions. The revenue, expenditure and deficits conditions policy and strategies would also helps to manage deficits conditions by research studying.

Explaining the rise of economic and rural-urban inequality in clean cooking fuel use in Tanzania

Despite the high rate of economic growth and electrification in the last two decades in Tanzania, only 6.9 % of the nation's households have access to clean cooking fuel technology which is concentrated among the rich urban households. Analysing data from two waves of the Tanzania National Panel Survey (2014/15 and 2020/21), we estimate the economic and rural-urban inequalities in the use of clean cooking fuel. Using the concentration curve, Erreygers concentration index and non-linear Fairlie decomposition, we find an increase in economic inequality and rural-urban inequality in the use of clean cooking fuel. Based on our analysis, factors such as the household head's education, household economic status and household connection to electricity contribute to the rural-urban inequality in the use of clean cooking fuel. Policy changes are vital for ensuring both rural and urban households have equitable access to education, electricity connection and household economic status to address inequality in the use of clean cooking fuel.

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FOR HIGH-QUALITY MARKETING: RESEARCH IN VIETNAM TO MEET THE DEMANDS OF DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

In recent years, with a high economic growth rate, Vietnam has surpassed the threshold of a poor and underdeveloped country, which is a very encouraging achievement. The important contribution to this success cannot be denied the role of human resources. According to many studies, the issue of "human resource quality" is one of the decisive factors for the success of enterprises and the economy. Growth theories have also confirmed that "improving human resource quality" is one of the three basic pillars contributing to strong economic growth. The strong development of international economic integration has placed many new demands on high-tech human resources in general and marketing human resources (MARKETING) in particular. However, the marketing industry's workforce is currently lacking in quantity and weak in quality.
 Keywords: Training, Human Resources, High Quality, Marketing, International Economics.

School education reform in India 2020: Economic prerequisites and purposes

In 2023, India surpassed China in terms of population, becoming the most populous country in the world. Many experts emphasize that India has a demographic dividend, which allows for high rates of economic growth. However, millions of young people enter India’s labor market each year, a significant portion of whom lack basic education and can only be engaged in low-skilled jobs. This situation affects the quality of life, working conditions, and overall socioeconomic situation in the country. The Government of N. Modi, along with other reforms relevant and timely for India, has developed a comprehensive transformation of basic and higher education in the country. The objective of the research is to identify the economic prerequisites, tasks, and methods for implementing the reform of the basic education system. It has been identified that despite the 2002 amendment to the Constitution and the Right to Education Act passed in 2006, many families do not send their children to school, and in other cases, some children do not complete their education. This is due to several reasons, including the remoteness of schools, difficulty in entrance and transfer exams, the need to help parents, among others. The new National Education Policy of 2020 aims to provide holistic early childhood and school education. The traditional structure of the education system has been changed: preschool education is now incorporated into the education system, allowing kindergarten graduates to transition smoothly into school. The traditional 10+2 model has been replaced with a 5+3+3+4 model. Regional languages are given special importance - education will be conducted in the mother tongue up to the fifth grade, and then students will also learn Hindi and English. Age-appropriate teaching methods are applied at each stage of education. In the final stage of schooling, students are given the freedom to choose disciplines based on their interests. Each stage of education aims to develop critical thinking, the ability to engage in discussions, and case analysis. Thus, the education system reform, if successfully implemented, aims to provide India’s economy with a higher quality workforce, regardless of whether the school graduate continues their education in college or enters the labor market after completing school.

THE WORLD IS ON THE THRESHOLD OF A NEW FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC CRISIS

The paper provides an analysis of the current state of the world economy and a short-term forecast of its development. It is shown that the USA and the EU have become the epicenter of a new financial and economic crisis and today their economies are already in a state of stagflation, characterized by high inflation and low growth rates. The tightening of monetary policy, through aggressive increases in key interest rates by the Federal Reserve and the ECB, to curb inflation and reduce it to the target level of 2% per annum, led to a sharp reduction in investment in the economy, which, in turn, will cause recessions in 2024 with a recession depth of 1.2–1.4% in the US economy and 1.9–2.1% in the EU economy. Vanguard developing countries will only slow down slightly, and their leaders, China and India, will maintain high rates of economic growth at 4.5 and 6% per year, respectively, in the medium term. The crisis will lead to a cascade of defaults among heavily indebted, low-income developing countries. As a result, the crisis will also engulf the global economy, significantly reducing its growth rate from 5.2% in 2022 to 1.7% in 2024, with a sharp decline in global trade volumes. Recommendations are given that can contribute to a quick and successful exit from the current crisis.

Северный Кавказ: экономическая динамика первой четверти XXI в. (общероссийские тренды и региональная специфика)

The article examines the main trends in the economic dynamics of the North Caucasus macroregion of the Russian Federation in the first quarter of the 21st century. It is concluded that all the strategies for its socio-economic development implemented at this time had low effectiveness (most of the goals and key parameters recorded in them were not achieved), which, however, did not prevent the North Caucasus from demonstrating gg. fairly high rates of economic growth, mainly focusing on the development of a number of agricultural production sectors and associated light and food industry clusters. Since the mid-2010s. The recreational and tourism complex is becoming a noticeable driver of growth in all North Caucasian regions. Developing in line with all-Russian socio-economic trends (the process of metropolisation; the accelerated growth of the service economy and the service sector, the construction sector), the republics of the North Caucasus refracted them to their own demographic, settlement, economic, cultural, ethnosocial specifics, which was expressed in the sustainable preservation of a vast shadow sector , widespread small-scale commodity production in republican societies, high employment of the population in personal plots and in informal segments of the economy, and orientation of producers towards public investment. In 2022–2023 (the period of a special military operation), industry, agriculture, and the construction sector of most regions of the North Caucasus demonstrate growth rates that exceed all-Russian indicators - evidence of a fairly successful adaptation of the economy of the macroregion to new operating conditions.

The Effect of Education, Workforce, Economic Growth and Labor Force Participation Rate on City Labor Absorption in Aceh Province, Indonesia

The Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) provides an overview of the population aged 15 years and over who are active at working age, whether they are currently working, not yet working, or looking for work. By knowing the LFPR, the percentage of the working-age population that is economically active in a region can be known. The higher the LFPR, the higher the supply of available labor to produce goods and services. This study aims to analyze the effect of education, junior and senior high school workforce, economic growth, and labor force participation rates on employment absorption in the districts/cities of Aceh Province. The data used is secondary data with a time series from 2014 to 2021 and cross-sections from 23 districts/cities in Aceh Province. Data analysis used the Panel Regression Model with the Generalized Least Squares Method. The results showed that the workforce has a junior high school education, the average length of schooling, and the labor force participation rate positively affect employment. In contrast, the workforce has a high school education, and economic growth does not affect employment. Considering that the number of junior high school education staff is the largest, educational improvement must be carried out with government policies in remote areas in Aceh Province so that more highly educated workers can be absorbed.

MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF LABOR MARKET REGULATION IN GEORGIA

Nazira Kakulia 
 E-mail: nazira.kakulia@tsu.ge 
 Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 
 Tbilisi, Georgia
 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8879-1339
 
 Irma Tkemaladze 
 E-mail: irma.tkemaladze@tsu.ge 
 Doctor of Economics Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 
 Tbilisi, Georgia
 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7880-2562
 
 Abstract: The article discusses the impact of the changes on labor market resulting from the formation of the post-industrial economy and caused by the pandemic crisis, in particular the process of employment forms’ transformation, response measures to the transf ormation of employment forms are analyzed, the stages of the employment policy for the study period are separated, the need to implement the employment policy necessary for the symbiotic development of standard and non-standard forms of employment is substantiated. We conclude that labor market policies are more "sensitive" in nature than other policies. Therefore, choosing the distortionist model emphasized by the World Bank or the interventionist model prioritized by the International Labor Organization will not lead us to the results that may have been achieved in other countries. In our opinion, it is recommended to use a more intermediate approach, which considers the labor market policy in the framework of the general economic policy, and the final goal of economic reforms is not only a high rate of economic growth, but also an increase in the well-being of the population. By studying the employment policy, it became clear that the course of the last period is actually aimed at providing effective employment, at the same time, complex measures are being taken to improve the current situation in the labor market.
 However, as determined by the conducted expert research, only the perfection of the legal framework is not enough for the effectiveness of the policy. It is necessary to strengthen the enforcement mechanism and control the results.

Some aspects of direct participation of the people in the exercise of state power

The scientific article examines some aspects of the people's direct participation in the exercise of state power.
 Defined, direct democracy, a system of government in which citizens, rather than elected officials, vote directly on major national issues, is supported by about two-thirds of the population worldwide, with little difference in opinion between regions.
 It has been established that the direct exercise of power by the people should be distinguished from other legitimate types of public-authority powers. Along with this, the specified term-concept can be considered as: a separate full-fledged institution of constitutional law, the normative consolidation of which involves a set of relevant material and procedural legal norms; a complex system of social relations in the sphere of implementation of people's power with observance of the basic fundamental legal principles, in particular, the principle of people's sovereignty.
 Emphasized, views on the economy are closely related to satisfaction with democracy. A public that has experienced high rates of economic growth and is satisfied with their country's economy has more confidence in the national government. Similarly, people who support the ruling party or parties in general in their country tend to rate their democracy more positively than those who support either the opposition or no political party at all.
 It is noted that the level of satisfaction with democracy varies significantly in different regions and countries and even within the country. People's assessments of the functioning of democracy differ significantly depending on their economic attitudes and party orientations.
 It has been determined that public authorities that initiate referendum votes tend to seek legitimacy for policies on the government agenda, regularly advocate for a positive vote, and will have many ways to influence the process and outcome, including official communication resources.
 It is emphasized that the natural (organic) right of the people to directly participate in the formation of state policy for the benefit of socially significant interests is an integral indicator of the development of democratic processes in every state.

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INDICATORS ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRIES

Research in the field of financial development is an integral part of macroeconomic analysis and strategic planning at the national level. They allow the state and business to make informed decisions aimed at developing the financial system, maintaining high rates of economic growth or increasing them, etc. The aim of the study is to improve the quality and efficiency of the assessment of the financial system based on the analysis of the impact of economic and technological indicators on the pace of financial development. To achieve this goal , the following tasks were set and solved in the work: 1) the analysis of the main concepts, tools and algorithms for assessing the pace of financial development was carried out; 2) variables characterizing one of the sectors of the financial system, variables of interest were determined; 3) statistical interpretation of the processed data was carried out, 4) panel data models were constructed. Materials and Methods. The modeling used system and statistical analysis, econometric modeling of panel data. Conclusions: a conceptual approach has been developed to typologize the financial development of countries, which will allow government agencies to carry out more accurate macroeconomic forecasting and apply a strategic approach to planning economic development. The modeling of the influence of macroeconomic indicators, dummy variables of economic crises, variable technological components on indicators of financial development and variables characterizing the structure of the financial system is carried out.

The dynamic impact assessment of clean energy and green innovation in realizing environmental sustainability of G‐20

AbstractIn the context of the growth and development process, stability in environmental quality has remained a challenging issue to sustainable development, as several environmental problems, such as climate conditions, anthropogenic global warming, deforestation, and escalating degradation of water and air quality, depict a rising trend. In the contemporary materialistic paradigm, attaining a high economic growth rate while ensuring sustainable consumption of natural resources is impossible. The world needs to attain an economic growth rate that confirms sustainability in natural resource consumption and exploitation of resources introduced severe alert about the sustainability of such trajectory progress as an increase in economic growth upsurges natural reserve usage and energy demand, which leads to environmental deprivation. Both theoretical and empirical literature support that green or clean energy sources could significantly sustain environmental quality and foster economic growth. The recent literature assessed the role of green technology in promoting environmental sustainability. It emphasizes that green innovations are the most competent method to carry the competent use of resources, thereby reducing environmental degradation. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to analyze the impact of economic growth, clean energy, technological innovations, natural resources depletion, and green and sustainable technology on the environmental degradation of G‐20 nations in the frame spanning from 1992 to 2018. The results of cross‐sectional‐autoregressive‐distributed lag (CS‐ARDL) model estimation indicate the presence of a long‐run association between economic growth, number of filled applications for patents, development of environment‐related technologies as a percentage of all technologies, natural resources rents (NRR) as a percentage of GDP, renewable energy consumption, trade openness and environment degradation of G‐20 nations. This study re‐confirmed the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for selected nations. Further, the study's findings revealed that cleaner energy and technological innovations, mainly green technology, play a significant role in sustaining the environmental conditions of these selected countries. Moreover, the degree of natural resource depletion directly impacts environmental degradation (CO₂ emission, total greenhouse gases emission and ecological footprints) in selected nations. The study underscores the importance of promoting clean energy, green technology, and sustainable practices to balance economic growth and environmental preservation and provides policymakers in G‐20 nations with valuable policy recommendations.

Comparing the Harrod-Domar, Solow and Ramsey growth models and their implications for economic policies

PurposeThe principal aim of this paper is to review three basic theoretical growth models, namely the Harrod-Domar model, the Solow model and the Ramsey model, and examine their implications for economic policies.Design/methodology/approachThe paper utilizes a positivist research framework that emphasizes the causal relationships between the variables in each of the three models. Mathematical methods are employed to formulate and examine the three models under study. Since the paper is theoretical, it does not use any empirical data although numerical illustrations are provided whenever they are appropriate.FindingsThe Harrod-Domar model explains why countries with high rates of saving may also enjoy high rate of economic growth. Both the Solow and Ramsey models can be used to explain the medium-income trap. The paper examines the impact of Covid shocks on the macroeconomy. While the growth rate can be recovered, it may not always possible to recover the output level.Research limitations/implicationsFor the Harrod-Domar model, the public spending decreases the private consumption at the period 1, but there is no change in the capital stock and hence the production in subsequent periods. For the Ramsey model with AK production function, both the private consumption and the outputs will be lowered. In both the Harrod-Domar and Ramsey models with Cobb-Douglas production function, if the debt is not high and the interest rate is sufficiently low, it is better to use public debt for production rather than for consumption. If the country borrows to recover the Total Factor Productivity after the Covid pandemic, both the Harrod-Domar and Ramsey models with Cobb-Douglas production function show that the rate of growth is higher for the year just after the pandemic but is the same as before the pandemic.Practical implicationsThe economy can recover the growth rate after a Covid shock, but the recovery process will generally take many periods.Social implicationsThis paper focuses on economic implications and does not aim to examine social implications of policy changes or Covid-type shock.Originality/valueThe paper provides a comparison of three basic growth models with respect to public spending, public debts and repayments and Covid-type shocks.

Renewable energy, agriculture, and carbon dioxide emissions nexus: implications for sustainable development in sub-Saharan African countries

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has experienced a high economic growth rate over the last two decades, which has been accompanied by concerns about increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study aims to find out whether renewable energy and agriculture can help reduce CO2 emissions for selected SSA countries. A balanced dataset incorporating CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, agricultural land per capita, GDP per capita, urbanization level and energy intensity of 38 SSA countries covering the period 2000–2019 is utilized. The differentiated-generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed as a benchmark estimation method to estimate the effects of renewable energy and agriculture on CO2. The regional heterogeneity analysis of countries at different income levels is then carried out. The moderating role of government governance in the energy-agriculture-environment nexus is also investigated. The following conclusions are highlighted: (1) the consumption of renewable energy can reduce CO2 emissions, while agriculture increases them; (2) the mitigating effect of renewable energy on CO2 emissions is relatively larger in countries at a low income level countries than in high-income countries, while agriculture aggravates CO2 emissions in lower middle-income and low-income regions, but mitigates emissions in upper middle-income regions; and (3) governance quality turns the mitigating role of renewable energy use on CO2 emissions into an increasing one, and exaggerates the polluting effect of agriculture. Finally, the study proposes policy implications for improving renewable energy use and green agricultural growth to achieve sustainable development in SSA.