Higher Quality Index Research Articles

Quality of the information system and of the effectiveness of public health interventions in the areas in Benin experiencing performance-based financing approach in 2014

IntroductionLe financement basé sur les résultats (FBR) est une intervention à l’échelle du système de santé dont les effets sur les piliers de ce système ne sont pas souvent mesurés, surtout au niveau du système d’information et de suivi des interventions de santé.MéthodesL’étude transversale faite au Bénin dans 67 formations sanitaires tirées au hasard dans deux zones sanitaires FBR_PRPSS, deux zones FBR_PASS, toutes exposées au FBR et deux zones non exposées au FBR, a permis d’évaluer la qualité du système d’information et de suivi. L’indice de qualité et les scores de performance des composantes du système ont été utilisés pour comparer les strates exposées au FBR à la strate non exposée.RésultatsLa qualité du système d’information et de suivi est moyenne dans les trois strates, avec des indices de qualité plus élevés dans les strates FBR_PRPSS (77%) et FBR_PASS (74%) que dans la strate Non_FBR (67%). La distribution de la qualité du système au sein des strates est plus favorable aux strates exposées aux FBR. Les composantes ayant une bonne performance sont “Information démographique”, “Résultats et analyses essentiels” et “Archivage des supports statistiques”. Toutefois, des composantes importantes pour le FBR et le système d’information telles “Supervision” et “Rapportage” continuaient d’avoir un IQ moyen, deux ans après le début de l’intervention.ConclusionLa performance moyenne du système d’information et de suivi pourrait davantage s’améliorer avec le respect des directives du FBR, surtout si la qualité de ce système devient une priorité du FBR.

Lack of dynamic leadership skills and human failure contribution analysis to manage risk in deep water horizon oil platform

This paper analyses the case study of Macondo Well Blowout and the failures of dynamic leadership skills and human contribution to process risk. The Deepwater horizon oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico was owned by Transocean and operated by British Petroleum (BP), this disaster took place on April 20, 2010 in off the coast of the Gulf of Mexico that eventually led to an oil spillage. Millions of barrels of oil flooding into the sea and beaching the shore. The analysis was executed by identifying the human factors, hazardous conditions, developing FTA, and constructing a pairwise matrix. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was performed to evaluate the Consistency Index (CI), Quality Index (QI), and the overall qualification of influencing factors. From the results it was observed that the least QI value was found in the factor failure to gain control of well response and the factor negative pressure test has 36% which recorded as the highest QI. On the whole, the overall qualification of influencing factors is marked as poor. Ultimately, these results demonstrate that this tragedy is due to complete human errors and it is the evidence of both Transocean and BP employee’s poor leadership abilities.

Clones, substrates and environments for seedlings of rubber tree rootstocks

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of rubber clones GT1, PR255, RRIM600 grown on different substrates and environments for the production of rubber rootstocks. The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cassilândia University Unit, in Cassilândia-MS. The treatments were conducted in 3 environments: (A1): Sombrite®; (A2) Aluminet® and (A3) full sun, where the clones being tested were: GT1; PR 255 and RRIM 600, grown in substrates: pure soil; soil + cattle manure and commercial substrate usually used for forestry. The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial 3 x 3 (three substrates x three clones), with 4 replicates with 10 seedlings of rubber trees per plot. The use of commercial substrate and soil + cattle manure in the ratio (7:1) favored the development of rubber rootstock seedlings with taller plants, more leave number, higher mass and higher quality index. For the formation of rootstocks, the variety RRIM600 was the one that showed better agronomic characteristics in the formation of rubber tree seedlings, with higher number of leaves, tallest plants, larger mass and higher quality index. The use of Sombrite® and Aluminet® screens contributed positively to the formation of rootstocks with larger root and above-ground masses. The plants produced in the Aluminet® screen showed higher number of leaves.

Association of characteristics of patients visiting fever clinic with different air quality index in Beijing

Objective To examine the association of characteristics of patients visiting fever clinic with different air quality index in Beijing. Methods Six days with highest ambient air quality index (AQI) (polluted weather group) and 6 days with lowest AQI (clear weather group) during February 1st to March 31th 2014 were selected as study period. The clinical data of patients, who visited in fever clinic of Peking University Third Hospital during the selected 12 days, were retrospectively analyzed. Results There were 417 patients in clean weather group and 481 in polluted weather group. There were no significant differences in duration of fever [(2.30±2.51)d vs. (2.18±2.58) d, χ2=0.701, P=0.484] and highest body temperature [(38.60±0.65)℃ vs. (38.57±0.66)℃, χ2=0.545, P=0.586] between two groups. The symptoms of cough, sore throat in pollution group were higher than those in clear group (52.39% vs. 45.56%, χ2=4.166, P=0.041; 50.52% vs. 42.21%, χ2=6.203, P=0.013, respectively). The proportion of cases diagnosed as influenza-like illness in polluted weather was higher than that in clear weather group (53.85% vs. 46.76%, χ2=4.484, P=0.034). Conclusion The results indicate that the symptoms cough and sore throat and influenza-like illness are increased in polluted weather in Beijing. Key words: Air pollution; Pneumonia; Influenza-like illness

Abstract LB-263: Analysis of microenvironment effects on pancreatic cancer biomarker expression using a novel method for FFPE RNA extraction

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. There are virtually no biomarkers to aid in early detection or predicting therapy response, newly diagnosed patients have less than a 7% 5-year survival rate and the median survival from the time of diagnosis is less than 12 months. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) together with in vitro/in vivo functional studies is likely to identify and validate new biomarkers of PDAC onset, progression and therapy resistance. Importantly, the substantial archives of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from PDAC patients are likely to be a rich resource for linking molecular signatures to relevant clinical data. However, NGS methods on FFPE samples are severely hindered because extracting high-quality nucleic acid material from these samples is time-consuming and inefficient. We have sought to develop novel methods for improving the extraction of high-quality RNA from FFPE samples within the context of commercially-available FFPE RNA kits and protocols. Together with researchers and clinicians at Claremont BioSolutions, AntiCancer Inc. and UCSD our laboratory has developed a novel nucleic acid extraction method that significantly increases RNA yield and integrity from PDAC cell line and Patient-Derived Xenograft FFPE samples. By briefly (<5 minutes) integrating the newly designed Claremont BioSolutions’ microhomogenizer (mH) tool within the commercially available Qiagen FFPE RNA extraction protocol, RNA recovery from these samples is increased by approximately 3-fold while maintaining standard 260/280 ratios (2.03 +/- 0.02 w/ mH step) and high RNA Quality Index (RQI) values (7.3 +/- 0.6 w/ mH step). Bioanalyzer testing further demonstrated that the mH-purified FFPE RNA was longer. Previous studies have revealed that PDAC cell gene expression signatures vary significantly when cells are propagated in vitro versus in vivo as subcutaneous or orthotopic xenografts. Notably, we found that the previously published expression patterns for KRas dependency genes within these three microenvironments were most accurately reproduced when extracting PDAC FFPE RNA with our mH-based method. Finally, we used our mH-based method to test the effects of the in vivo tumor microenvironment (TME) on the expression trends of a panel of novel PDAC biomarkers. In this regard, we demonstrate that PEAK1 and MST1R expression levels are decreased and increased, respectively, by over 100 fold in the orthotopic microenvironment relative to the subcutaneous microenvironment. These results reveal the critical nature of the tumor microenvironment when evaluating the clinical relevance of new biomarkers in cell lines or patient-derived samples. Furthermore, this new mH-based FFPE RNA extraction method has the potential to positively impact the FFPE-RNA-NGS workflow for cancer biomarker identification/validation. Citation Format: Malachia Hoover, Yvess Adamian, Mark Brown, Ali A. Maawy, Robert Hoffman, Michael Bouvet, Robert Doebler, Jonathan A. Kelber. Analysis of microenvironment effects on pancreatic cancer biomarker expression using a novel method for FFPE RNA extraction. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-263.

AN IMPROVED SNAKE MODEL FOR REFINEMENT OF LIDAR-DERIVED BUILDING ROOF CONTOURS USING AERIAL IMAGES

Building roof contours are considered as very important geometric data, which have been widely applied in many fields, including but not limited to urban planning, land investigation, change detection and military reconnaissance. Currently, the demand on building contours at a finer scale (especially in urban areas) has been raised in a growing number of studies such as urban environment quality assessment, urban sprawl monitoring and urban air pollution modelling. LiDAR is known as an effective means of acquiring 3D roof points with high elevation accuracy. However, the precision of the building contour obtained from LiDAR data is restricted by its relatively low scanning resolution. With the use of the texture information from high-resolution imagery, the precision can be improved. In this study, an improved snake model is proposed to refine the initial building contours extracted from LiDAR. First, an improved snake model is constructed with the constraints of the deviation angle, image gradient, and area. Then, the nodes of the contour are moved in a certain range to find the best optimized result using greedy algorithm. Considering both precision and efficiency, the candidate shift positions of the contour nodes are constrained, and the searching strategy for the candidate nodes is explicitly designed. The experiments on three datasets indicate that the proposed method for building contour refinement is effective and feasible. The average quality index is improved from 91.66% to 93.34%. The statistics of the evaluation results for every single building demonstrated that 77.0% of the total number of contours is updated with higher quality index.

AN IMPROVED SNAKE MODEL FOR REFINEMENT OF LIDAR-DERIVED BUILDING ROOF CONTOURS USING AERIAL IMAGES

Abstract. Building roof contours are considered as very important geometric data, which have been widely applied in many fields, including but not limited to urban planning, land investigation, change detection and military reconnaissance. Currently, the demand on building contours at a finer scale (especially in urban areas) has been raised in a growing number of studies such as urban environment quality assessment, urban sprawl monitoring and urban air pollution modelling. LiDAR is known as an effective means of acquiring 3D roof points with high elevation accuracy. However, the precision of the building contour obtained from LiDAR data is restricted by its relatively low scanning resolution. With the use of the texture information from high-resolution imagery, the precision can be improved. In this study, an improved snake model is proposed to refine the initial building contours extracted from LiDAR. First, an improved snake model is constructed with the constraints of the deviation angle, image gradient, and area. Then, the nodes of the contour are moved in a certain range to find the best optimized result using greedy algorithm. Considering both precision and efficiency, the candidate shift positions of the contour nodes are constrained, and the searching strategy for the candidate nodes is explicitly designed. The experiments on three datasets indicate that the proposed method for building contour refinement is effective and feasible. The average quality index is improved from 91.66% to 93.34%. The statistics of the evaluation results for every single building demonstrated that 77.0% of the total number of contours is updated with higher quality index.

A High Diet Quality Based on Dietary Recommendations Is Not Associated with Lower Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort

A high diet quality index based on Swedish nutrition recommendations has previously been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) cohort. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether this diet quality index was associated with the risk for type 2 diabetes. Of 26,868 participants (44–74 years) in the MDC cohort study, 3838 type 2 diabetes cases were identified from registers during 17 years of follow-up. A diet quality index (from a modified diet history method) was constructed based on adherence to the recommended intakes of saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, fish, fiber, fruit and vegetables, and sucrose. After adjusting for potential confounders, we observed no significant association between the diet quality index and type 2 diabetes risk. The HR for the highest vs. lowest index category was 1.06 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.20; p-trend = 0.56). Because of the protective associations shown for cardiovascular disease and mortality, the specific dietary components that were chosen to represent adherence to the recommendations may be less applicable to type 2 diabetes risk.

Physical Activity Mediates the Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Vascular Health in Older Adults

Stiffening of the arterial wall with advancing age increases risk for cardiovascular disease. Optimal sleep quality is correlated with lower arterial stiffness. Sleep quality decreases with age which may negatively impact vascular health. It is unclear if there is a direct relationship between arterial stiffness and sleep quality in older adults, and if the relation is mediated by other lifestyle factors such as physical activity (PA). PURPOSE: To evaluate PA as a mediating factor in the relationship between sleep quality and arterial stiffness in older adults. METHODS: Seventy-five older adults (mean age 68 ± 6 years, body mass 74.2 ± 15 kg, 40 female) participated in the study. Body fat was assessed using air displacement plethysmography. Central artery stiffness was assessed as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) using applanation tonometry, and brachial systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed using an automated oscillometric brachial cuff. Self-reported sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. PA was measured using an accelerometer worn around the waist and expressed as total activity counts. The accelerometer was worn for at least 3 days (mean wear 4.92 ± 1.5 days). RESULTS: When separating participants into low and high sleep quality index using cluster analysis, those with higher sleep quality index (indicating poor sleep quality) had higher PWV (11.0±2.7 vs 9.4±2.4 m/s, p<0.05) and lower total activity counts (184,129±95,322 vs 275,726±164,323 counts/day, p<0.05) compared to participants with lower sleep quality index. After co-varying for sex, body fat, and mean arterial pressure, higher sleep quality index was associated with lower total activity counts (β = -0.22, p<0.05) and higher PWV (β = 0.29, p<0.05). The significant association between sleep quality index and PWV was attenuated when the indirect effect of total activity counts on PWV (β = -0.27, p<0.05) was statistically removed using mediation analysis (β = 0.23, p>0.05). CONCLUSION: PA may have a mediating effect, in part, on the relationship between sleep quality and arterial stiffness in older adults. Whether higher PA contributes to better sleep quality or vice versa requires further study. Supported by: The Dairy Research Institute Grant 1154 (KSH) and NIH NIA P30 AG0344645 05 (KSH).

Quality characteristics and in vitro digestibility study of barley flour enriched ditalini pasta

A ditalini pasta with a mixture of durum wheat and β-glucan enriched barley flour (BF) (60/40%, w/w) was found to have a final content of 5% β-glucan (BF-ditalini). Main quality parameters of BF-ditalini, water uptake and starch-protein texture, were comparable with those of 100% durum wheat ditalini (control). After in vitro simulated intestinal digestion, the content of β-glucan in the post intestinal (PI) supernatant of BF-ditalini processed with its cooking water (soup) was six fold higher than that of pasta asciutta. BF-ditalini soup, but not pasta asciutta, strongly delayed the hydrolysis of the starch, without difference of viscosity between PI supernatant and control. PI supernatant from BF-ditalini showed total phenol content and antioxidant capacity significantly higher (p < 0.001) than control. In conclusion, ditalini pasta fortified with 40% BF may be considered a dietary product with high quality indexes and of functional interest for the abundance of antioxidant phenols, and for the hypoglicemic effect of β-glucan when ingested as a soup.

Selection of Adequate Species for Degraded Areas by Oil‐Exploitation Industry as a Key Factor for Recovery Forest in the Ecuadorian Amazon

AbstractOne of the requirements for the forest restoration of soils disturbed by the oil‐exploitation industry is that saplings be able to endure soil‐adverse conditions. In this study, saplings of 20 species susceptible to be used in reforestation programs were evaluated for their ability to grow on substrates derived from soils disturbed by petroleum extractions in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Seeds of each species were planted in germination trays. Once seedlings reached 5 cm in height they were transplanted to plastic bags with three treatment substrates: two derived from petroleum‐exploitation activity (soils from mud and drill cutting cells and from areas surrounding oil wells) and a control soil. Plant survival rate, stem height, and diameter were measured on a weekly basis until 14 weeks after transplantation, when we harvested the plants and also measured plant biomass and calculated the Dickson quality index for each species. Oil‐exploitation by‐product substrates impaired the performance of many saplings, with the substrate from mud and drill cutting cells being the one that most affected plant performance. Only saplings of five native species in the Amazon basin—Apeiba membranaceae, Cedrelinga cateniformis, Inga densiflora, Myroxylon balsamum, and Pouroma cecropiifolia—exhibited high or similar Dickson quality index values in all soil treatments and performed better than the rest. The use of these five species in remediation of soils disturbed by petroleum extraction in the Amazon basin could prove important because of their high potential to adapt to these disturbed sites. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

EVALUASI KUALITAS SKRIPSI DI JURUSAN PAI FITK IAIN SURAKARTA

This study aimed to start an effort to evaluate the quality of thesis institutionally. The purpose of this study is to determine the quality of the thesis and determine the achievement of the quality of the thesis as a research work. This study is a descriptive evaluation. The study was conducted at the Department of PAI FITK IAIN Surakarta. The results showed several things. First, the majority of PAI student thesis in 2012 used qualitative research methods. Second, the quality of PAI student thesis in 2012 were generally good, on the thesis that uses quantitative and qualitative research methods. Third, the thesis uses quantitative research methods have a higher quality index than the thesis that uses qualitative research methods. Fourth, for the thesis used quantitative research methods showing the low quality of the elements present in the background of the problem and framework of thinking. Fifth, for the thesis used qualitative research methods showing the low quality of the elements contained in the title of the study andbackground of the problem

Learning from Lemons: The Role of Government in Index Insurance for Individuals

This paper considers the potential role of government in aiding the scale-up of high quality index insurance products in developing countries. In particular, we analyse optimal public policy in light of the fact that index insurance policies are typically credence goods - that is, the basis risk of a given policy cannot be distinguished by consumers before purchase and only to a limited extent after purchase. We discuss two potential market failures that stem from this property that governments may seek to correct: low takeup and low investment in reducing basis risk. In each case, we consider the costs and benefits of various alternative government policies. We show that policies aimed to improve take-up may improve or worsen incentives for investment, and that the precise nature of these effects will depend on the government’s ability to commit, the marginal cost of funds, and their potential to identify the inputs necessary for constructing a high quality index.

Results of tests of a semi-trailer horizontal spindle cotton-picking machine

Results of field tests of a semi-trailer horizontal spindle cotton-picking machine are given. The possibility of its application on released selection variety of cotton with high quality indices of picked cotton is determined.

한국인 다빈도 섭취 과일의 영양관련 지수 분석

Fruits are good sources of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and phytochemicals, which are known to reduce serum lipids, oxidative damage, and blood pressure as well as improve blood glucose control. The purpose of this study was to estimate nutrient quality indices of fruits by carrying out a critical analysis of pre-existing methods according to their nutritional compositions. Four methods were used to assess the nutrient indices of 26 fruits, which are frequently consumed by Koreans based on the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009). Naturally nutrient rich score (NNR), nutrient rich food (NRF), nutrient adequacy score (NAS), and nutrient density score (NDS) were used to calculate nutrient quality indices. The Korean Nutrition Society Food Composition database of fruits based on 100 g edible portions was used. The algorithm of each method included the mean percentage of daily values (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, 2010) for particular nutrients based on consumption of 1,900 kcal/day. The relative score indicated that strawberries, kumquat, and lemon had high nutrient quality indices. In addition, mango, lemon, persimmon, strawberry, apricot, and tangerine fruits are rich in antioxidant nutrients such as -carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium. However, scores of nutrient quality indices did not imply that higher scores of particular fruits are superior. We suggest moderate seasonable consumption a variety of fruits. Our results can be used as a reference for consumers when they choose fruits.

Investigation of diversity in Aegilops biuncialis and Aegilops umbellulata by A-PAGE

Aegilops species, wild relatives of wheat, are one of the important genetic resources in wheat breeding. In this study 13 populations of Aegilops biuncialis along with 2 populations of progenitor species Aegilops umbellulata were analysed in six replications using of acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results showed that TN-01-293 population had a high gluten and grind quality because of high percentage of γ-45.31 and γ-43.5 (high gluten quality index) in the observed band. Also, Ahar population from A. biuncialis was introduced to light gluten because of low percentage of γ-45.31 and γ-43.5 bands of quality. All studied populations can be used in breeding programmes for improving quality of bread wheat because of lack of γ-42 and γ-40 bands (low quality indices) and including high frequency of band in ω region. Through using PopGen 1.32 software, diversity is estimated . The maximum value of genetic diversity among populations resulted 49%.

Metallographic Preparation of Zn-21Al-2Cu Alloy for Analysis by Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD)

Samples of Zn-21Al-2Cu alloy (Zinalco) that will be heavily deformed were prepared using five different manual mechanical metallographic methods. Samples were analyzed before tensile testing using the orientation imaging microscopy-electron backscatter diffraction (OIM-EBSD) technique. The effect of type and particle size during the final polishing stages for this material were studied in order to identify a method that produces a flat, damage free surface with a roughness of about 50 nm and clean from oxide layers, thereby producing diffraction patterns with high image quality (IQ) and adequate confidence indexes (CI). Our results show that final polishing with alumina and silica, as was previously suggested by other research groups for alloys that are difficult to prepare or alloys with low melting point, are not suitable for manual metallographic preparation of this alloy. Indexes of IQ and CI can be used to evaluate methods of metallographic preparation of samples studied using the OIM-EBSD technique.

A Kind of Adjustable Electric Heating Pipe Power Electrode Preparation Equipment

In order to solve a kind of electric heating pipe electrode production and power adjustable, designed a kind of adjustable power of electric heating pipe electrode preparation equipment.The equipment is mainly used to test technology, PLC control technology and coating technology.First, selected on the basis of the PLC,the mechanism design, design the hardware control circuit, finally a port of the PLC wiring design.The results show that compared with the traditional production compared to heat pipe machine, the device not only high production efficiency and quality index, but also can produce many kinds of products[1].

Effect of Semi-Solid Processing on Solidified Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Rheo-Slurries A356 Sand Cast

The effect of semi-solid processing on microstructures and mechanical properties of rheo-sulrries A356 sand cast produced by Gas Induce Semi-Solid (GISS) process was investigated. Step plate sand molds were used in this study. The results found that the initial solid fraction of rheo-slurries did not influence on the non dendritic α-Al phase size of the as-cast alloy, while no initial solid fraction of low temperature conventional casting specimens obtained dendritic α-Al phase microstructure. In addition, both α-Al phase size and dendrite arm spacing increased with increasing the casting modulus. Tensile strengths and elongations of rheo-slurry casting specimens are higher than that of conventional casting specimens. This study indicates that low initial solid fraction slurry is suitable for gravity sand casting due to higher feeding time of this alloy and obtain the highest quality index value of 400 (tensile strength of 281 MPa and elongation of 6.1%).

Improving Acacia auriculiformis seedlings using microbial inoculant (Beneficial Microorganisms)

A microbial inoculant, known as effective microorganisms (EM), was applied to determine its efficacy on seed germination and seedling growth in the nursery of Acacia auriculiformis A Cunn. ex Benth. The seedlings were grown in a mixture of sandy soil and cow dung (3:1) and kept in polybags; EM was poured at different concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10%). Seed germination rate and growth parameters of seedlings — shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, vigor, volume, and quality indices and sturdiness — were measured. The nodulation status influenced by EM was also observed, along with the measurement of pigment contents in leaves. The highest germination rate (72%) was observed in 2% EM solution while the lowest (55%) was found in control treatment. The highest shoot and root lengths (30.6 cm and 31.2 cm respectively) were recorded in 2% EM and were significantly (p <0.05) different from control. Both fresh and dry weights of shoots were maximum (8.66 g and 2.99 g respectively) in 2% EM, whereas both fresh and dry weights of root were maximum (2.56 g and 1.23 g respectively) in 5% EM solution. Although the highest vigor index, volume index, and sturdiness (4450, 628 and 67.5 respectively) were found in 2% EM, the highest quality index (0.455) was found in 5% EM solution. The nodule number was higher at a very low (0.5%) concentration of EM but it normally decreased with the increase of concentration. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid were maximum (43.26 mg·L−1, 13.56 mg·L−1and 17.99 mg·L−1 respectively) in 2% EM. Therefore, low concentration of EM (up to 2%) can be recommended for getting maximum seed germination and seedling development of A. auriculiformis in the nursery.