Highest Plant Height Research Articles

Influence of Plant Spacing and NPK Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Broccoli

An experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The study aimed to investigate how plant spacing and NPK fertilizers influence the growth and yield of broccoli. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included three plant spacings: S1 (60 cm × 50 cm), S2 (60 cm × 40 cm), and S3 (50 cm × 50 cm), and four doses of NPK fertilizer: F0 (N0P0K0 kg/ha), F1 (N100P75K75 kg/ha), F2 (N200P150K150 kg/ha), and F3 (N300P225K225 kg/ha). The results showed that plant spacing, NPK fertilizer, and their interaction significantly affected the growth and yield of broccoli. The highest yield per plant (331.42 g), yield per plot (8.29 kg), yield per hectare (13.81 t) at harvest were found in the spacing S2 (60 cm x 40 cm) and highest yield per plant (344.78 g), yield per plot (7.95 kg), yield per hectare (13.25 t) was recorded when F2 (N200P150K150 kg/ha) are used. The treatment combination S2F3 (60 cm × 40 cm with N300P225K225 kg/ha) resulted in the highest plant height (63.27 cm), crown spread (70.20 cm), number of leaves (17), and length of the largest leaves (50.57 cm). For curd initiation, the treatment combination S2F2 (60 cm × 40 cm with N200P150K150 kg/ha) required 54.33 days, with a primary curd weight of 0.48 kg and a curd diameter of 15.12 cm. Additionally, S2F2 resulted in a stem diameter of 4.02 cm, stem length of 26.73 cm, number of secondary curds (8.06), weight of secondary curds (78.99 g), fresh weight of leaves (401.49 g), yield per plant (365 g), and yield per plot (9.13 kg). The highest broccoli curd yield of 13.25 t/ha was obtained from the application of N200P150K150 fertilizer, while the lowest yield of 9.36 t/ha was recorded with no NPK fertilizer. The yield of broccoli curd increased with decreasing plant spacing, with the highest yield of 13.81 t/ha from S2 (60 cm × 40 cm) and the lowest yield of 9.75 t/ha from S1 (60 cm × 50 cm) spacing. The best treatment combination was S2F2, resulting in a yield of 15.21 t/ha.

Land Configuration and Nutrient Management on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Green Gram under Sodic Soil

Background: Pulses, endowed with unique ability of nitrogen fixation constitute an important component of crop diversification and resource conservation in farming systems. Green gram [Vigna radiate], a drought resistant crop, is one of the thirteen food legumes grown in India and the third most important pulse crop after chickpea and pigeon pea It is a protein rich staple food which contains about 25 percent protein and plays a crucial role in enhancing soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. Sodic soils typically exhibit poor nutrient availability as essential cations are displaced by sodium ions. They significantly influence green gram productivity, posing challenges to its sustainability, with the potential for sodification extending into subsoil layers, impeding plant root development and requiring remedial action. Appropriate land configuration and nutrient management could mitigating the challenges posed by sodic soils for pulse crops. Understanding the effects of land configuration and nutrient management on its growth, yield andeconomic viability is vital for sustainable agriculture. Keeping this in view, the field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different land configuration and nutrient management for their impact on plant height, dry matter production, grain yield, haulm yield, net income andBenefit Cost ratio with nutrient uptake under sodic condition. Methods: The land configuration factor consists of the three treatments viz., flat bed, ridges and furrows and broad bed furrow system. The second factor nutrient management comprising of five treatments like 100% RDF + 1% DAP, 100% RDF + 1% MAP, 75% RDF + 2% MAP, 100% RDF + 1% MKP, 75% RDF + 2% MKP. The RDF for green gram was 25 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 + 25 kg K2O per hectare. Result: Higher plant height, dry matter production, grain and haulm yield, protein yield, economic and nutrient uptake was recorded in broad bed furrow over farmer’s practice of flatbed method. N 4 - 100% RDF + 1% MKP foliar spray twice at (plant height, dry matter production, grain and haulm yield, protein yield, economic and nutrient uptake ) were observed than farmer’s practice. Hence, Broad bed furrow and nutrient management practice of 100% RDF + 1% MKP has the potential to enhance the productivity green gram under sodic condition.

The Role of Organic and Biological Fertilizers on the Growth, Yield of Mung Bean Plant and Water Use Efficiency in Water Deficit Conditions in Northern Iran

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the yield of short-season crops under insufficient irrigation is of particular importance for regions that face water deficit during the plant growth period. This experiment was carried out by investigating the effects of organic and biological fertilizers on the growth, yield and water use efficiency of mung bean plants under water deficit conditions and the traits affecting grain yield. Experiment treatments including irrigation at three levels (100, 80 and 60% of water requirement (WR)), organic fertilizer (0 and 16 and 24 t/ha manure) and biofertilizer (control, Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and enterobacter (EB)). In stress and non-stressed conditions, the application of AM and organic fertilizer has increased the number of seeds and the number of plant pods. The highest weight of one hundred seeds was obtained in the condition of 80% WR and application of organic and biological fertilizer. The number of primary branches was higher with the use of EB, but the highest number of secondary branches was observed in the plant with AM. The highest plant height, biological yield and seed were observed in the condition of 100% WR and 24 t/ha of organic fertilizer and application of AM and EB. The highest water use efficiency was obtained with irrigation of 80% WR and application of AM and 24 t/ha of organic fertilizer, as well as irrigation of 60% WR and application of AM and 24 t/ha of organic fertilizer. The use of organic fertilizer along with biofertilizers in stress conditions has increased the measured traits, and this increase was more in severe stress with AM than EB fertilizer. The results of the path analysis showed that the weight of one hundred seeds, the number of seeds in the pod and biological yield are the most direct effects on seed yield.

Effects of biogas slurry drip irrigation on growth performance of Brassica chinensis L. and soil nutrient dynamics

The optimal amount of biogas slurry was determined to improve both the yield of Brassica chinensis L. (BL) and soil quality. An experiment was set up with six sets of drip irrigation gradients (1:3 mix of biogas and water) of 12 (BS-1), 15 (BS-2), 18 (BS-3), 21 (BS-4), 24 (BS-5), and 27 (BS-6) L. Each treatment was repeated three times and irrigated eight times. The radius of drip irrigation was 1.2 m, and the dripping speed was 2 L/h. The highest plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, soluble sugar content, and protein content of 25.2 cm, 16.7 g, 1.10 g, 0.61 g/100 g, and 1.90 mg/g, respectively, were obtained under the BS-5 treatment. Soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic matter content under the BS-4 treatment increased 5.29%, 230.75%, and 1.00%, respectively, compared with those before drip irrigation treatment. The soil available potassium content was highest under the BS-3 treatment and had increased 20.4% compared with that before drip irrigation treatment. The most remarkable influence on the yield and quality of BL was observed when the drip irrigation amount was 24 L. Drip irrigation with 21 L of biogas slurry is conducive to improving soil physical and chemical properties.

The Impact of Culture Time on Genistin and Genistein Accumulation in Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Prain Seedlings and the Differentially Expressed Genes

Background Genistein and genistin are the main active constituents of Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Prain and the amount of active constituents in the roots varies depending on the cultivation time. The harvesting period has a great influence on its quality, and there are fewer studies on the optimal harvesting time of F. macrophylla, which is urgently needed to explore the optimal harvesting period to improve its use value. Purpose F. macrophylla (Willd.) Prain is an important medicinal plant distributed in China. This study aimed to enhance the accumulation of active ingredients genistin and genistein in F. macrophylla, and explore the mechanism of biological synthesis of these active compounds at molecular levels. Methods Transcriptome sequencing and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technology were applied to F. macrophylla tissue culture seedlings for 30 days after culturing (DAC), 45 DAC, 60 DAC, and 75 DAC. Then, gene expression, representative active substances, and important phenotypic indexes were analyzed. Results The highest fresh weight and root thickness were attained at 45 DAC, the highest plant height at 60 DAC, and the maximum rooting rate at 75 DAC. The genistin content reached the highest level at 45 DAC, and the content of genistein reached the highest level at 30 DAC. The total content of genistin and genistein achieved the maximum levels at 45 DAC. A total of 7,735 differently expressed genes (DEGs) in the three comparable groups, including T45d vs T30d, T60d vs T30d, and T60d vs T45d, were identified. Through the Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of DEGs, isoflavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways were significantly enriched in two groups, including T45d vs T30d and T60d vs T30d. A total of 41 DEGs involved in the production of isoflavones were discovered in the three groups. Conclusion The optimism culture time for the accumulation of genistein and genistin in F. macrophylla seedlings ranged from 30 to 45 days. Forty-one DEGs in the genistein and genistin synthesis pathways were found through transcriptomics analysis. This study sheds light on the biosynthesis of genistin and genistein in F. macrophylla.

Wood Ash Liquid Fertilizer as Sustainable Soil Nutritional Supplement Modulates Changes on Growth and Fruits Nutritional Compositions of Capsicum frutescens L.

The use of plant-derived fertilizers is a promising approach towards sustainable crop production. This study exploited supplementary effects of 100, 75, 50, and 25% wood ash liquid fertilizer (WALF) on the growth and fruit nutritional contents of Capsicum frutescens. Ordinary water served as control. Agronomical, physiological, and fruit nutritional parameters of the pepper were determined. Higher plant height (25.17 cm) was observed in pepper seedlings sprayed with 25% WALF while several leaves (71.20), leaf area (100.62 cm2), specific leaf area (67.14 m2kg-1), and leaf area index (0.31 m2m-2) were higher (p<.05) in pepper treated with 50% WALF compared with other treatments. Higher net assimilation rate (0.0078 gm-2day-1) and leaf area ratio (0.07 m2kg-1) were observed in pepper sprayed with 100 % the treatment as well as the relative growth rate (0.05 mg-1day-1) of C. frutescens spayed with 75 % WALF. 50% WALF produced the highest number of fruits (38). Also, vitamin A (64.01 mg/100g), vitamin B3 (1.73 mg/100g), vitamin B5 (1.30 mg/100g), vitamin B6 (0.27 mg/100g) were observed in the fruits of pepper spayed with 50% WALF. Furthermore, sodium (11.17mg/100g), potassium (363.92 mg/100g), calcium (108.14 mg/100g), and magnesium (58.11 mg/100g) as well as moisture (68.32 %), fat (2.77 %), ash (3.55 %), crude fiber (2.49 %), crude protein (4.43%) and carbohydrate (9.20%) higher in the fruits of C. frutescens treated with 50% WALF. In conclusion, 50% WALF better enhanced the growth, yield, and nutritional quality of C. frutescens fruits.

Investigating the impact of oligo-chitosan on the growth dynamics and yield traits of Oryza sativa L. 'BRRI dhan29' under subtropical conditions.

Reducing the harmful chemical use along with obtaining potential yield in field is a worth exploring practice in rice cultivation. To mitigate the prevailing yield gap, the current study was designed to evaluate the effect of chitosan in improving growth, yield contributing characters and yield of rice. The experiment comprised eight different treatments viz. control (no fertilizer and Chitosan) (T0), conventional method (with fertilizers) (T1), conventional method with foliar spray of 100ppm chitosan solution (T2), conventional method with foliar spray of 300ppm chitosan solution (T3), conventional method with foliar spray of 500ppm chitosan solution (T4), only foliar spray of 100ppm chitosan solution (T5), only foliar spray of 300ppm chitosan solution (T6), and only foliar spray of 500ppm chitosan solution (T7). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design containing three replications. Data on different vegetative and yield contributing characters were recorded to evaluate the treatments effectiveness in improving rice yield. Different growth and yield contributing characters showed significant improvement after applying chitosan in addition to the conventional production system. The conventional method with foliar spray of 500ppm chitosan solution had a greater positive effect on yield contributing characters and yield. In vegetative characters, the highest plant height became (87.3cm), number of tiller hill-1 (13.7), Total dry matter (12.9), leaf area index (1.35), and chlorophyll content (57.73). On the basis of assessed treatments in yield contributing characters and yield, the highest plant height was (91.8cm), no. of grains panicle-1 (145.29), grain yield (6.37tha-1), straw yield (6.47tha-1). Results showed that the conventional method with foliar spray of different concentration of chitosan solution was able to increase yield up to 26% in comparison to the conventional method. Overall, our findings suggest that additional foliar spray of chitosan with previously recommended cultivation practice can increase the yield per unit area and offers promising technology to achieve potential yield in farmer's field.

Studies on Effect of Farm Yard Manure and Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. G-363

This study was conducted during the winter season of 2020–2021 at the Research Farm of the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Plant Sciences, Afghanistan National Agriculture Science & Technology University (ANSTU) in Kandahar, Afghanistan. The experiment evaluated the response of garlic (Allium sativum L.) to different applications of NPK fertilizers and their combinations with farmyard manure (FYM) in terms of growth and yield. The experiment included nine treatments, each occupying an area of 2.25 m², arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Fertilizer treatments included applications of 160:80:80 kg/ha NPK and 140:70:70 kg/ha NPK, along with combinations of these with 10 t/ha and 15 t/ha of FYM. Data analyzed using SAS software revealed that both chemical fertilizers (NPK) and their combinations with FYM significantly influenced growth parameters and yield. The highest plant height (30.02 cm), bulb weight (40.71 g), and average yield (10.69 t/ha) were recorded in treatment T3 (FYM 15 t/ha + 160:80:80 kg/ha NPK). The maximum leaf length (25.19 cm) was observed in treatment T6 (FYM 10 t/ha + 160:80:80 kg/ha NPK). Growth data collected at different intervals (30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 days after sowing) indicated that the maximum leaf length (32.41 cm), number of leaves (8.69), and plant height (40.26 cm) were recorded at 110 days after sowing. Growth and yield parameters were also analyzed across three replications. Among these, replication one (R1) exhibited the best growth parameters, including a leaf length of 25.36 cm, number of leaves of 6.47, and plant height of 30.67 cm. Replication three (R3) showed the highest yield at 9.69 t/ha.

Better growth and yield performance of lentil under different level of phosphorus,sulphur and zinc in sub-humid Southern plain of Rajasthan

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2020–21 and 2021–22 at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur (Rajasthan) to assess the impact of different levels of phosphorus, sulphur and zinc on growth parameters and yield of lentil. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and 18 treatment combinations. Phosphorus factor comprised of 3 levels, viz. 30, 40 and 50 kg P2 O5 /ha along with sulphur that comprised of 3 levels, viz. 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha; and zinc factor with 2 levels, viz. control and 0.5 % ZnSO4 foliar spray at 55 Days after sowing (DAS). Results revealed that the higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (DMA) and primary branches/plant were recorded with application of 40 kg P2 O5 /ha in combination of 25 kg/ha sulphur and foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 at 55 DAS. The dry matter accumulation (0.838**) and plant height (0.871**) had a significant and positive correlation with the seed yield. The crop growth rate (CGR) enlaced by 10.49% and root-shoot ratio by 7.21% with application of 40 kg P2 O5 /ha over 30 kg P2 O5 /ha. Similarly, the CGR and root-shoot ratio of lentil were significantly enhanced by 11.95 and 5.19%, respectively with 25 kg/ha over 15 kg/ha sulphur application at 60-90 DAS. Likewise, the significantly increased CGR by 5.09% and root-shoot ratio by 3.72% with application of 0.5% ZnSO4 as foliar spray over control. Moreover, the effective nodules increased by 22.68% and fresh and dry weight by 20.9 and 8.0% respectively with 50 kg P2 O5 /ha during both the years. The effective nodules and fresh and dry weight of nodules/ plant increased by 13.59, 12.68 and 6.52% respectively with 25 kg/ha over 15 kg/ha suphur application while it was increased by. 6.71%, the by 6.39 and 4.08% respectively with 0.5% foliar spray of ZnSO4 over control. Furthermore, significantly higher seed, haulm and biological yields increased by 9.34, 12.90 and 11.75%, respectively with 40 kg P2 O5 /ha followed by 50 kg P2 O5 /ha over 30 kg P2 O5 /ha. Similarly, the application of 25 kg/ha sulphur significantly enhanced seed yield, haulm and biological yields of lentil but it has no significant effect on the harvest index. The foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 increased the seed yield by 4.71 per cent, haulm yield by 7.30 per cent and biological yield by 6.45% over control. The plant growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of lentil were significantly enhanced with the application of P2O5 (40 kg/ha) and sulphur (25 kg/ha) along with ZnSO4 (0.5%) as foliar spray at 55 days after sowing as compared to other treatment combinations. These treatment combinations could be adopted to achieve better growth performances and bridging yield gap of lentil in sub-humid agro ecologies.

Better growth and yield performance of lentil under different level of phosphorus,sulphur and zinc in sub-humid Southern plain of Rajasthan

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2020–21 and 2021–22 at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur (Rajasthan) to assess the impact of different levels of phosphorus, sulphur and zinc on growth parameters and yield of lentil. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and 18 treatment combinations. Phosphorus factor comprised of 3 levels, viz. 30, 40 and 50 kg P2 O5 /ha along with sulphur that comprised of 3 levels, viz. 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha; and zinc factor with 2 levels, viz. control and 0.5 % ZnSO4 foliar spray at 55 Days after sowing (DAS). Results revealed that the higher plant height, dry matter accumulation (DMA) and primary branches/plant were recorded with application of 40 kg P2 O5 /ha in combination of 25 kg/ha sulphur and foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 at 55 DAS. The dry matter accumulation (0.838**) and plant height (0.871**) had a significant and positive correlation with the seed yield. The crop growth rate (CGR) enlaced by 10.49% and root-shoot ratio by 7.21% with application of 40 kg P2 O5 /ha over 30 kg P2 O5 /ha. Similarly, the CGR and root-shoot ratio of lentil were significantly enhanced by 11.95 and 5.19%, respectively with 25 kg/ha over 15 kg/ha sulphur application at 60-90 DAS. Likewise, the significantly increased CGR by 5.09% and root-shoot ratio by 3.72% with application of 0.5% ZnSO4 as foliar spray over control. Moreover, the effective nodules increased by 22.68% and fresh and dry weight by 20.9 and 8.0% respectively with 50 kg P2 O5 /ha during both the years. The effective nodules and fresh and dry weight of nodules/ plant increased by 13.59, 12.68 and 6.52% respectively with 25 kg/ha over 15 kg/ha suphur application while it was increased by. 6.71%, the by 6.39 and 4.08% respectively with 0.5% foliar spray of ZnSO4 over control. Furthermore, significantly higher seed, haulm and biological yields increased by 9.34, 12.90 and 11.75%, respectively with 40 kg P2 O5 /ha followed by 50 kg P2 O5 /ha over 30 kg P2 O5 /ha. Similarly, the application of 25 kg/ha sulphur significantly enhanced seed yield, haulm and biological yields of lentil but it has no significant effect on the harvest index. The foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 increased the seed yield by 4.71 per cent, haulm yield by 7.30 per cent and biological yield by 6.45% over control. The plant growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of lentil were significantly enhanced with the application of P2O5 (40 kg/ha) and sulphur (25 kg/ha) along with ZnSO4 (0.5%) as foliar spray at 55 days after sowing as compared to other treatment combinations. These treatment combinations could be adopted to achieve better growth performances and bridging yield gap of lentil in sub-humid agro ecologies.

Modeling and Simulation of Reel Motion in a Foxtail Millet Combine Harvester

Due to the high plant height, heavy ear, and easy forward tilt of millet during harvesting, the reel of a traditional combine harvester is often difficult to adapt to the special growth characteristics of millet, resulting in serious grain loss. Therefore, optimizing the design of the reel is important to improve the harvesting efficiency of millet and reduce the grain header loss. In order to determine the optimal reel speed ratio(λ), kinematics simulation experiments and analysis were carried out under different combinations of forward speed and reel revolution speed. The results showed that the supporting effect of the reel is insufficient when λ ≤ 1, and the trochoidal trajectory of the reel can provide a backward driving force when λ > 1, the optimum speed ratio of the reel should be controlled between 1.5 and 1.6. Field experiments results showed that the grain header loss rate was the lowest (0.9%) when λ = 1.6. This study provides key guidance for the adjustment of the combine harvester, effectively reducing the grain header loss rate in harvesting millet, and improving the harvesting efficiency.

Estimates of Genetic Variability on Agro-Morphological Parameters of Newly Selected Maize [<i>Zea mays L.</i>] Landraces in Nigeria

Agro-morphological characterizations offer resilient and strong means for the precise characterization of germplasm to be used in breeding programs. Here, agro-morphological parameters were analyzed to figure out the genetic variability within 23 maize accessions commonly grown in the maize producing states. A total of 12 important agro-morphological traits were determined in the field trails at Agas research farm, kwara state Nigeria during 2023 planting season. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with three replications. The highest plant height was recorded in the Accession NG03 (187.45), thenumber of leaves per plant was highest in the accessions BA-02 and KW-03 with the mean value (17.27) respectively. The length of cob was highest in the accessions NG-03 and JG-04 (21.60). The length of husk was lowest in the accession JG-04 (24.40). The accession NG-03 can serve as a breeding tool in breeding programmes as it showed highest in some morphological parameters. Other agro-morphological parameters showed significant differences as revealed by ANOVA statistically. This study revealed some accessions with diverse morphological traits that might be used as promising parents for maize in current and future biotechnology research and breeding programmes.

Evaluation of performance and yield of modern wheat cultivars through foliar nutrition strategies for sustainable agricultural development

This research investigates the evaluation of performance and yield of modern wheat cultivars through foliar nutrition strategies for sustainable agricultural development. The research. This research, conducted from November 2022 to March 2023 at the University of Rajshahi, evaluated the impact of reduced fertilizer through foliar feeding on two advanced wheat cultivars using a randomized complete block design with five treatments: T1 (control), T2 (1500 ml liquid fertilizer per hectare), T3 (2500 ml liquid fertilizer per hectare), T4 (1500 ml liquid fertilizer with 2.5 kg urea per hectare as spray), and T5 (1500 ml liquid fertilizer with 2.5 kg urea and 1.5 kg muriate of potash per hectare as spray). The study found that the highest plant height (97.86 cm), chlorophyll content (48.20 mg m-2), and yield attributes, including plant height (99.36 cm), total tillers per plant (8.057), productive tillers per plant (5.000), productive spikelets per spike (18.610), spike length (15.777 cm), 1000 grain yield (41.183 g), grain yield (3.247 t ha-1), straw yield (7.738 t ha-1), biological yield (10.985 t ha-1), and harvest index (29.558%), were achieved with T5. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of modern wheat varieties under reduced fertilizer conditions, highlighting the potential for sustainable wheat fertilizer management, particularly under drought conditions.

Effect of growth media and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth and flowering indices of China Aster

Our work focused on applying different growth media and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) treatments on growth parameters of China Aster as a worldwide ornamental plant. This plant has many uses such as medicinal plant, seasonal and cut flower and green spaces or landscaping. The treatments included four types of growth media (soil (S), soil+perlite (SP), soil+cocopeat (SC) and soil+cocopeat +perlite (SCP)) and three types of incubation status included incubation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) of Bacillus subtilis (B.subtilis) and Pseudomonas putida (P.putida), and no-bacterial incubation with three replicates. Regardless of growth media, P.putida had greater plant height than B.subtilis. SCP with or without bacterial incubation had the highest plant height and numbers of axillary shoots among the applied growth media. SCP with P.putida had the greatest chlorophyll content (1.29 mg.g-1 FW) and leaf area (1495.05 mm2). SCP with or without bacterial incubation had the highest number and diameters of flowers among other treatments. SCP plus P.putida showed maximum leaf nitrogen (N), SC and SP plus B.subtilis had highest leaf phosphorous (P) and potassium (K), respectively. Our results demonstrated that applying SCP as a compound growth media, with or without bacterial incubation, had best effects on growth and flowering indices.

Varietal Evaluation of Tuberose for Commercial Traits

Aims: To evaluate the tuberose varieties for growth, yield and smart farming application. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, Kasargod during 2019-2020. Methodology: Ten genotypes of tuberose viz. A. Shringar, A. Niranthara, A. Prajwal, A. Sugandhi, A. Suvasini, A. Vaibhav, Culcutta Single, Culcutta Double, Bidhan Ujwal and Phule Rajani were assessed for further evaluation in smart farming. Treatments were replicated thrice. The accessions were screened for vegetative, floral, quality and post-harvest parameters. Results: The result of the study showed that out of the ten genotypes of tuberose A. Prajwal has been found suitable for commercial farming with highest plant height (54.27 cm), minimum days to 50% flowering (108.38 days), longest floret (6.97 cm), highest diameter of floret (3.53 cm), longest spike (111.80 cm), maximum yield per unit area (2125. 50 gm-2) and good aroma. Tuberose needs an improved package of practices for better yield in smart farming systems. Conclusion: The genotype A. Prajwal was found superior for growth and yield characteristics and will, therefore, be considered for further research and development.

Impact of Various Concentrations of Foliar Boron and Zinc on Growth and Productivity of Tomato cv. NS4266 in a Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse

The present study highlights the effect of Micronutrient Zinc and Boron on Growth, Yield, and Quality Parameters of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse Conditions. Study was conducted during the winter season of 2023-2024 at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kalyanpur, Kanpur. The experimental design employed was a randomized block design comprising nine treatment combinations, each replicated three times. The investigation evaluated the impact of various concentrations of zinc and boron (0.1% and 0.2%) on the growth, yield, and quality attributes of tomato cultivar NS 4266 grown under polyhouse conditions. The results showed that the highest plant height (232.533 cm), earliest flowering (28 days), thickest stem girth (25.367 cm), and shortest internodal length (8.533 cm) were recorded with the combination of 0.2% zinc and 0.2% boron. Yield parameters indicated the highest number of clusters per plant (12.600), fruits per plant (64.5), fruits per cluster (13.467), polar diameter (6.367 cm), equatorial diameter (7.600 cm), average fruit weight (88.333g), and fruit yield per plant (13.300 kg) and per 1000 m² (262.267 kg) with the same treatment. Quality parameters, including maximum shelf life (9 days), total chlorophyll content (1.800 mg/g), and total soluble solids (8.233 ºBrix), were also superior when zinc and boron were applied at 0.2%.

Sowing Dates Effects and Varieties Comparison and Their Interaction on Yield and Yield Components of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth is directly affected by sowing dates. However, the yield of wheat in Afghanistan is significantly lower than the global standard. Several factors including fertilizers, sowing dates, seeds and cultivation methods, contribute to this low yield. The objective of this research was to address this critical issue by comparison of the effects of different sowing dates on wheat yield and its components under Kabul climatic conditions. The same experiment was conducted at two sites in 2020 using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and twelve treatments. The varieties used were Darolaman-07 (V1), Mazar- 99 (V2), and Chunta-1 (V3) as factor one, and sowing dates of November 10th (S1), November 18th (S2), November 26th (S3), and December 4th (S4) as factor two. Growth and yield parameters measured and analyzed included plant height, number of leaves plant-1, total number of tillers plant-1, leaf area index (LAI), leaf nitrogen content (N), spike length, number of spikelets spike-1, number of grains spike-1, grain weight spike-1, thousand- grain-weight, days to maturity, number of spikes plant-1, biological yield, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index. Sowing dates had significant effects on some wheat growth and yield parameters. Sowing on November 10th, 2020, resulted in the highest plant height and leaves number per plant compared to later sowing dates. There was a significant interaction between sowing date and variety at (P˂0.01) in both growth and yield parameters. ANOVA analysis highlighted significant differences among wheat varieties in spike length, grain weight spike-1, thousand grain-weight, and harvest index, with notable variations observed among different varieties. Based on the results, the longest duration to maturity and the highest grain yield were observed on sowing date of November 10, 2020.

Mitigation of Flood Stress in Mazamort Pepper Variety through Manganese Application

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Mn application on the resistance of pepper plants exposed to flood stress. The study was conducted in a climate-controlled room at Siirt University, utilizing the Mazamort three-lobed pepper variety as plant material. In the climate chamber (19 m²), conditions were established at 24±1°C during the day and 18±1°C at night, with a light/dark photoperiod of 16/8 hours. The growing medium consisted of a 2:1 (v) mixture of peat and perlite. Four treatment groups were established: control, flood stress, 2.5 mg/L manganese (Mn), and flood stress combined with 2.5 mg/L Mn. Sixty-day-old Mazamort pepper plants were subjected to continuous flooding and manganese application at each watering. The duration of flood stress was set at 0 days (control) and 10 days. The experiment was designed using a randomized complete block design with three replications, each containing 10 plants. Parameters evaluated at the end of the study included visual assessment, plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf fresh and dry weight, leaf moisture content, root fresh and dry weight, root moisture content, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), ion leakage, relative water content (RWC), and turgor loss. The highest plant height was observed in the 2.5 mg/L manganese treatment (45.82 cm), while the greatest stem diameter was recorded in the control group. The highest leaf number (30.60) and SPAD value (35.34) were also noted in the control group. RWC was highest at 96.90% in the 2.5 mg/L manganese treatment. The maximum turgor loss was 5.606% in the control group, and the highest ion leakage (17.880%) was observed in the 2.5 mg/L manganese treatment. It was concluded that manganese application mitigated the negative effects of flood stress on various parameters; however, it did not fully restore the values to control group levels.

Effect of Chemical Weed Control on Growth, Herb Yield and Oil Content of Mentha (Mentha arvensis L.) Across Northern Eastern and Central Highlands of India

A field experiment was carried out during the summer season of 2015 at Crop Research Farm of Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad to study the effect of various weed management options on weed dynamics and production of mentha. In the experiment six treatments namely, propaquizafop 10% EC @ 50 ml/ha, propaquizafop 10% EC @ 62.5 ml/ha, propaquizafop 10% EC @ 75 ml/ha, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% EC @ 100 ml/ha, hand weeding and un-weeded control were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The results revealed that a significantly lower weed density and weed dry matter weight, weed index and higher weed control efficiency were recorded under hand weeding which was found at par to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% EC @ 100 ml/ha and propaquizafop 10% EC @ 75 ml/ha. The higher plant height, herbage yield (21.8 t/ha) and dry matter yield (6.00 t/ha) and oil yield (136.9 l/ha) of mentha were also obtained with hand weeding which was found at par to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% EC @ 100 ml/ha and propaquizafop 10% EC @ 75 ml/ha. fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% EC @ 100 ml/ha also resulted in the most effective herbicide against grassy weed and generated maximum net return (Rs. 92303/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.30) followed by propaquizafop 10% EC @ 75 ml/ha.

АНАЛИЗ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ПО ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ВЕГЕТАЦИОННОГО ПЕРИОДА ГИБРИДОВ КУКУРУЗЫ ООО «ОТБОР» В ПОЧВЕННО-КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЯХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The research was carried out on gray forest heavy loamy soils of the Ancestral region of the Republic of Tatarstan in order to identify the productivity and adaptability of hybrids of LLC "Selection" to local conditions. Thirteen hybrids of different growing season duration were sown: ultra-early – Severina, Bertha, Vidora, Sugar early Delicacy 121; early-ripening - Cool-175, Agatha, Spring-179, Spring–180, Cool-185, Darina; medium-early - Spring-279, Diana and Sugar Alina. The technology of corn cultivation was generally accepted for the Republic of Tatarstan. Background fertilizer N16P16K16 was applied for pre-sowing cultivation. Hybrids were evaluated according to the realization of feed and grain potential in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan. During the years of research, the studied hybrids showed inherent genetic properties of drought resistance in relation to stressful weather and climatic conditions. The hybrids Rodnik-180 (189.0 cm), Severina (173.7 cm), Agate (173.0 cm) had the highest plant height in the phase of milk ripeness. The highest aboveground mass was observed in hybrids Rodnik-292 (63.88 t/ha), Severina (58.25 t/ha). The largest leaf apparatus was formed in the phase of milk ripeness by hybrids: Diana (47.48 thousand m2/ha) and Rodnik-292 (47.42 thousand m2/ha), which in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan can be cultivated for fodder purposes to obtain juicy green feed. The highest grain yield was obtained from an early-maturing hybrid of Darin, which had the highest indicators of the mass of cobs (241.3 g), the mass of grain from the cob (187.5 g), the mass of 1000 grains (391.5 g) As a result, a yield was formed, almost twice the planned value (192.6% or 9.63 t/ha). Also, high grain yields were obtained by growing ultra-early hybrids of Severin (7.49 t/ha) and Bertha (7.35 t/ha).