High Percentage Of Mortality Research Articles

The need to improve prevention of breast cancer in rural areas

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of breast cancer in European countries is growing steadily, which is due to the demographic trends of the aging population. This is the most common malignancy among women in the world. The high percentage of late diagnoses, high mortality and low five-year survival rate for our country confirmed the need for prophylactic examinations and early diagnosis of breast cancer. AIM: To analyze the health knowledge and behavior of women in rural areas in regard to the prevention of breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A direct anonymous questionning with a personally developed questionnaire form was conducted. The surveyed were 1,102 women at the age of 20-65, residents of the districts of Varna, Dobrich, Silistra and Shumen. About 1/3 of them live in rural areas. The study covers the period from January 2013 to March 2015 and documentary, sociological and statistical methods were used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: It was discovered that there is an important difference in the awareness among women for annual medical check-ups (I‡2=90.62; p<0.001), with women from the cities being more informed (85.50%) compared to those in rural areas (59.50%). Women of the cities initiate visits to the doctor for prophylaxis of the breast more often (54.90%). Depending on the type of the populated area, those surveyed in the cities had mammography studies conducted more frequently (30.20%) compared to respondents from the villages - 19.80% (I‡2=12.88; p <0.001). Nearly half (49.60%) of the respondents indicated that they had difficulties in conducting preventive examinations of the breast. The results show that respondents from rural areas (57.40%) do not know of breast self- examination. Urban residents are much more informed about the risk factors associated with breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The remoteness of the rural areas from the cities and there difficulties that dwell therein require a focus on seeking solutions to address the problems. The low level of information affects the active participation of women from villages in the prevention of breast cancer. Organizing mobile groups of multidisciplinary teams would lead to positive results in this regard.

Galeterone and VNPT55 disrupt Mnk-eIF4E to inhibit prostate cancer cell migration and invasion.

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) accounts for a high percentage of prostate cancer mortality. The proprietary compound galeterone (gal) was designed to inhibit proliferation of androgen/androgen receptor (AR)-dependent prostate cancer cell in vitro and in vivo and is currently in phase III clinical development. Additionally, clinical studies with gal revealed its superb efficacy in four different cohorts of patients with mCRPC, including those expressing splice variant AR-V7. Preclinical studies with gal show that it also exhibits strong antiproliferative activities against AR-negative prostate cancer cells and tumors through a mechanism involving phosphorylation of eIF2α, which forms an integral component of the eukaryotic mRNA translation complex. Thus, we hypothesized that gal and its new analog, VNPT55, could modulate oncogenic mRNA translation and prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. We report that gal and VNPT55 profoundly inhibit migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells, possibly by down-regulating protein expression of several EMT markers (Snail, Slug, N-cadherin, vimentin, and MMP-2/-9) via antagonizing the Mnk-eIF4E axis. In addition, gal/VNPT55 inhibited both NF-κB and Twist1 transcriptional activities, down-regulating Snail and BMI-1 mRNA expression, respectively. Furthermore, profound up-regulation of E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression may explain the observed significant inhibition of prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Moreover, expression of self-renewal proteins, β-catenin, CD44, and Nanog, was markedly depleted. Analysis of gal/VNPT55-treated CWR22Rv1 xenograft tissue sections also revealed that observations in vitro were recapitulated in vivo. Our results suggest that gal/VNPT55 could become promising agents for the prevention and/or treatment of all stages of prostate cancer.

Comparative susceptibility of two developmental stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer, 1774) to ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil

The pesticidal effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil (GEO) against two developmental stages (adult and larva) of Dermestes maculatus De Geer, a key pest of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was evaluated under laboratory condition (32±2°C temperature and 70±3% relative humidity). At 6h after exposure (HAE), 25.80and36.23% mortality in 0.99and1.33μl/ml air respectively was significantly (p<0.05) higher than 9.2% mortality observed in 0.33μl/ml air. Percentage mortality observed in 0.99–1.33μl/ml air at 12and18HAE was significantly (p<0.05) higher than mortality observed in other lower doses of GEO. The results of the larval bioassay follow the same trend as observed in adult bioassay except that higher percentage mortality was observed in larva than in adult. At 6–18HAE, 28.25–90.00% larval mortality at application doses of 0.33–1.33μl/ml air was significantly (p<0.05) higher than 4.60% mortality observed in the control. The LD50 of GEO against larva at 6HAE {2.74 (2.17–3.81) μl/ml air} was different from 1.69 (1.32–2.03)μl/ml air and 1.36 (1.05–1.63) μl/ml air LD50 for 12and18 HAE respectively. For adult bioassay, 2.80 (2.50–3.19)μl/ml air was significantly higher than 1.85 (1.49–2.21)μl/ml air being LD50 for 12and18HAE. The study reveals that D. maculatus larva was more susceptible to GEO than adult.

Cardiovascular, respiratory, and total mortality attributed to PM2.5 in Mashhad, Iran.

Poor air quality is one of the most important environmental problems in many large cities of the world, which can cause a wide range of acute and chronic health effects, including partial physiological disorders and cardiac death due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. According to the latest edition of the national standard for air quality, maximum contamination level is 15μg/m(3) per year and 35μg/m(3) per day. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular, respiratory, and total mortality attributed to PM2.5 in the city of Mashhad during 2013. To this end, the Air Q model was used to assess health impacts of PM2.5 and human exposure to it. In this model, the attributable proportion of health outcome, annual number of excess cases of mortality for all causes, and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were estimated. The results showed that the number of excess cases of mortality for all causes and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributable to PM2.5 was 32, 263, and 332μg/m(3), respectively. Moreover, the annual average of PM2.5 in Mashhad was obtained to be 37.85μg/m(3). This study demonstrated that a high percentage of mortality resulting from this pollutant could be due to the high average concentration of PM2.5 in the city during 2013. In this case, using the particle control methods, such as optimal use of fuel, management of air quality in urban areas, technical inspection of vehicles, faster development of public transport, and use of industrial technology can be effective in reducing air pollution in cities and turning existing situations into preferred ones.

Jatropha curcas L: Phytochemical, antimicrobial and larvicidal properties

ObjectiveTo evaluate antimicrobial activities as well as the phytochemical and lavicidal properties of different parts of Jatropha curcas L. (J. curcas) growing in Mauritius. MethodsDetermination of the presence of phytochemicals in the crude plants extracts by test tube reactions. Disc diffusion method and microdilution method were used to detect the antimicrobial sensitivity and activity (minimal inhibitory concentration). The crude solvent extracts were also tested on the larvae of two insects, Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera, Tephritidae). ResultsThe antimicrobial activities were significantly dependent for the different crude plant extracts on the thirteen microorganisms tested. For the Gram-positive bacteria, the crude ethyl acetate extract was more efficient compared to the Gram-negative bacteria with both solvents being effective. The crude ethyl acetate extract of J. curcas bark and mature seed oil showed the highest efficacy. The highest mortality percentage was observed after 24 h for both Diptera flies with (66.67 ± 2.89)% of Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae killed by ethyl acetate extract of J. curcas bark. ConclusionsThis paper compared the different J. curcas plant sections with respect to the effectiveness of the plant as a potential candidate for new pharmaceuticals. The larvicidal effect was also studied in order to demonstrate the dual purpose of the plant.

Efficacy of bortezomib in sarcomas with high levels of MAP17 (PDZK1IP1).

Sarcomas are malignant tumors accounting for a high percentage of cancer morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. Surgery and radiation therapy are the accepted treatments for most sarcomas; however, patients with metastatic disease are treated with systemic chemotherapy. Many tumors display marginal levels of chemoresponsiveness, and new treatment approaches are needed. MAP17 is a small non-glycosylated membrane protein overexpressed in carcinomas. The levels of MAP17 could be used as a prognostic marker to predict the response to bortezomib in hematological malignancies and in breast tumors. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of this oncogene in sarcomas and its relationship with clinico-pathological features, as well as tested whether it can be used as a new biomarker to predict the therapeutic response to bortezomib and new therapies for sarcomas. We found that the levels of MAP17 were related to clinical features and poor survival in a cohort of 69 patients with different sarcoma types, not being restricted to any special subtype of tumor. MAP17 expression is associated with poor overall survival (p<0.001) and worse disease-free survival (p=0.002). Cell lines with high levels of MAP17 show a better response to bortezomib in vitro. Furthermore, patient-derived xenografts (PDX) with high levels of MAP17 respond to bortezomib in vivo. Our results showed that this response is due to the lower levels of NFκB and autophagy activation. Therefore, we suggest that MAP17 is a new biomarker to predict the efficacy of bortezomib as a new therapy for sarcomas.

Challenges of Managing Obstetric Emergences in theIntensive Care Unit

Management of obstetric emergencies are a challenge to all clinicians. Not all emergencies need treatment in the Intensive Care Units. Some common conditions like severe preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, ARDS, status asthmaticus, puerperal cardiomyopathy, amniotic fluid/pulmonary embolism and trauma in pregnancy present a symptom complex that is hard to diagnose and treat. Adequate resuscitation of the mother is the most effective method for resuscitation of the fetus. In all emergencies, good knowledge of reanimation protocols is an imperative for the successful treatment. It is vital to immediately recognize the emergency situation and ensure appropriate interventions. In spite of the fact that emergency situations in pregnant women are well described and the strategies for their treatment are generally accepted, there is still a very high percentage of mortality in this group of patients. Today, with the development of the obstetric intensive care units, good knowledge of the emergency situations, resuscitation skills and dexterity in the treatment, morbidity and mortality in pregnancy is significantly decreased.

Toxicity and residual activity of spinetoram to neonate larvae of Grapholita molesta (Busck) and Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Semi-field and laboratory trials

Spinetoram is a fermentation insecticide, derived from the actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa. It works by disrupting the GABA-gated chloride channels and by causing persistent activation of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of spinetoram for control of neonate larvae of both oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta (Busck) and codling moth (CM) Cydia pomonella (L.) in semi-field and laboratory trials. OFM and CM neonate larvae responded similarly to spinetoram, which showed high efficacy on both species. In semi-field experiments, regression analysis of the percentage of damaged fruits as a function of days after treatment showed a better performance of the highest spinetoram dose (10 g a.i./hl) in comparison with the maximum recommended field dose of the reference product emamectin benzoate (2.85 g a.i./hl). Surface-treated diet assays revealed LC50 values of 6.59 and 8.44 ng a.i./cm2 for neonate larvae of OFM and CM larvae, respectively. High percentages of mortality were recorded on both species after 24-h exposure to treated diet. For these reasons spinetoram could be considered a valuable tool in IPM strategies for OFM and CM control.

Rho GTPase Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Oncogenic Roles for Rho GTPase-Activating Proteins in Basal-like Breast Cancers.

The basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) subtype accounts for a disproportionately high percentage of overall breast cancer mortality. The current therapeutic options for BLBC need improvement; hence, elucidating signaling pathways that drive BLBC growth may identify novel targets for the development of effective therapies. Rho GTPases have previously been implicated in promoting tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. These proteins are inactivated by Rho-selective GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAP), which have generally been presumed to act as tumor suppressors. Surprisingly, RNA-Seq analysis of the Rho GTPase signaling transcriptome revealed high expression of several RhoGAP genes in BLBC tumors, raising the possibility that these genes may be oncogenic. To evaluate this, we examined the roles of two of these RhoGAPs, ArhGAP11A (also known as MP-GAP) and RacGAP1 (also known as MgcRacGAP), in promoting BLBC. Both proteins were highly expressed in human BLBC cell lines, and knockdown of either gene resulted in significant defects in the proliferation of these cells. Knockdown of ArhGAP11A caused CDKN1B/p27-mediated arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, whereas depletion of RacGAP1 inhibited growth through the combined effects of cytokinesis failure, CDKN1A/p21-mediated RB1 inhibition, and the onset of senescence. Random migration was suppressed or enhanced by the knockdown of ArhGAP11A or RacGAP1, respectively. Cell spreading and levels of GTP-bound RhoA were increased upon depletion of either RhoGAP. We have established that, via the suppression of RhoA, ArhGAP11A and RacGAP1 are both critical drivers of BLBC growth, and propose that RhoGAPs can act as oncogenes in cancer. Cancer Res; 76(13); 3826-37. ©2016 AACR.

Host Plant Mediated Susceptibility of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) to Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Zare and Gams, Neem Oil and their Combination

Effects of Lecanicillium lecanii alone and in 1:1 combination with neem oil were evaluated against Phenacoccus solenopsis infesting major vegetables (eggplant, tomato, chilli, okra, pointed gourd and cucumber) and compared with cotton and whitetop weed (Parthenium hysterophorus Linn.). Marked differences were observed in the mortality of P. solenopsis amongst the vegetables and highest percent mortality (66.2 and 90.2 % at 3 and 5 DAT, respectively) was recorded in okra whereas lowest was in Parthenium (13.9 and 29.9 %) in case of L. lecanii. Similar trends were also followed in neem oil and their 1:1 combination. Amongst all the vegetables, median lethal time (LT50) varied from 38.4 to 184.3, 33.7 to 172.8 and 30.6 to 149.2 h in case of L. lecanii, neem oil and their 1:1 combination, respectively. Lowest LT50 value was noted from of L. lecanii when P. solenopsis fed on okra and their ascending order of median lethal time was Okra > Pointed gourd > Tomato > Chilli > Cotton > Eggplant > Cucumber > Parthenium. Considering the median lethal time of mealybug reared on okra as base (1), time required for L. lecanii for 50 % killing of 6 ± 1 day old nymphs of P. solenopsis was 1.15, 1.38, 2.20, 2.72, 2.75, 2.90 and 4.80 times higher than when fed on pointed gourd, tomato, chilli, cotton, eggplant, cucumber and Parthenium respectively. From the present study, it is clearly evident that strong host mediated variations existed for susceptibility of P. solenopsis to L. lecanii, neem oil and their combination.

NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS IN NEWBORN. DEFINITION OF «MARKERS» FOR THE DEVELOPMENT NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS IN NEWBORNS OF REGIONAL PERINATAL CENTER

The aim:to study the peculiarity of the disease NEC, course and treatment based on level III Perinatal Center. Definition of "markers" for the development NEC in newborns.Material and methods: 2436 infants born in 2006 – 2015 (28.11.2015) in Zhytomyr Oblast Perinatal Centre were involved into the study. In investigation were involved 30 newborn with signs of NEC ІА – ІІІ В. The infants were 29,5 ± 2,8 weeks old, weighed 1180 [740 - 2700] g., and had the clinical signs of NEC. We studied newborn with NEC: observed rate of mortality, time of rupture of membranes, pH after birth, frequency of umbilical catheter use, intestine perforation, frequency use of blood component, frequency intestine perforation in boy and girls. Research retrospective, nonrandomized, with historical controls.Results:children with lower body weight had a higher percentage of mortality (р = 0,007), we did not find the relationship between body weight and frequency of intestine perforation (р = 0,55). Not found associations between time of rupture of membranes and frequency of intestine perforation in newborn with NEC (p = 0,23). We did not find any associations between way of birth and grade of NEC (p = 0,43). Not found associations between pH after birth and newborn mortality with NEC (p = 0,31) and frequency of intestine perforation (р = 0,85). Not found associations between umbilical catheter use in newborn with NEC and intestine perforation (р = 0,35). There was no relationship between strategy nutritions and dates for signs of bowel perforation in newborn with NEC (p = 0.18). Found reliable association between the use of blood components and frequency of intestine perforation (р = 0,014). Requires further investigation to study the clinical peculiarity of NEC in extremely low body weight newborn.

BIOLOGICAL AND LETHAL EFFECTS OF SOME VOLATILE PLANT OILS, ALOE AQUEOUS EXTRACT AND SPINOSAD ON COWPEA BEETLE, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)

This study was carried out under constant conditions at 30±°C and 60± 5% RH on cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) treated with four volatile plant oils (clove, thyme, marjoram and rosemary), aloe aqueous extract and spinosad. The obtained data are summarized as follows: The highest fecundity (63.67 eggs) was recorded in cowpea seeds treated with thyme oil at 0.5% and the lowest one (2.67 eggs) at 2.0% on rosemary oil, compared with (135.67 eggs) in the control.The highest fertility (86.25%) was occurred at 1% of thyme oil, but the lowest one (zero%) was recorded in case of 2% marjoram oil as compared with control (68.38%). There were no larval penetrations (zero) into seeds with all volatile oils at different concentrations except (7.73%) at 0.5% of thyme oil as compared with 11.19% in control. Moreover, the highest fecundity (38.67 eggs) was recorded at 0.5% and decreased to (11.33 eggs) at 2%, the highest percentage of larval penetration (6.22 %) was recorded at 0.5% and decreased to 0.0% in the concentrations of 1.5% and 2%, compared with (11.19%) in control, when treated with aloe aqueous extract. The percentage of eggs reduction was increased by increasing the concentrations used. The highest percentage of reduction (94.25 %) was recorded at the concentration of 2%, while the lowest one (71.09%) was recorded at 0.5%. The highest percentage of weight loss (3.39%) was recorded at 0.5% of clove oil, and the lowest percent (1.15%) was found at 2% of aloe aqueous extract. The highest feeding deterrence index (FDI) was 36.83% as concerns aloe aqueous extract and the lowest one (19.65%) was recorded with clove oil.Adult mortality percentage increased by increasing the concentration of the volatile plant oils used. The highest percentage of mortality (72.22%) was recorded at 2% and 3% rosemary oil after 72 hr. from treatment and 3% of both clove and thyme oils, while the lowest percent (2.78%) was recorded at 0.5% after 24 hr., of clove oil. The highest percentage of mortality (52.78%) was recorded on cowpea seeds treated aloe aqueous extract at 3% after 72 hr., of treatment, while the lowest one (13.89%) was obtained at 0.5% after 48 hr. The highest mortality of spinosadwas 80.0% at 70 ppm after 72 hr., whereas the lowest percent (1.67%) was recorded at 40 and 50 ppm after 24 hr. post-treatment, compared with 33.33% at 1 ppm after 24 hr. exposure to malathion (1% powder) and the highest one of 100.00% which was recorded at 8 ppm after 72 hr., exposure period.

Medicinal Plants Promise New Insights for Management of Diabetes

Diabetes is a human-threatening disease can cause a high percentage of morbidity and mortality due to chronic complications (1, 2). The international diabetes federation estimated that, in 2014, 387 million people had diabetes; this number is expected to reach to 592 million by 2035 (3). Because of the increasing prevalence of this disease and the adverse effects of commonly used anti-diabetic drugs, it is vital to screen natural anti-diabetic remedies. According to written documents, the use of phytoremedies dates back more than 5000 years. One-third to one-half of medicines currently in use was derived from herbs (4). For example Galega officinal is (Leguminosae) contains guanidine-type compounds that decrease blood sugar levels by reducing insulin resistance with toxicity. Galegin, an alkaloid isolated from a plant with less toxicity, was not effective in diabetes clinical trials. On the other hand, metformin, which is currently being used in medications that manage diabetes, has a biguanide structure (5). Unlike traditional uses of phytomedicines, there are four major concerns that cause a lack of conviction in their usefulness in western medicine: controversial reports of efficacy in different studies (6); insufficient information about the exact mechanisms of effect (6) and safety (7); the absence of well-designed clinical trials (6) and concerns about kinetic and unwanted reactions in the co-administration of herbal medicines and conventional drugs (7). Crude herbal extracts are complex mixtures of many bioactive phytochemicals, so preparing standardized products seems to be vital (8). Today, the treatment of diabetes has shifted from that of monotherapy to multiple therapies working in conjunction. Combination therapy is not capable of curing diabetes completely because the molecular etiology of diabetes has not been investigated. Insulin secretion and resistance, α-glycosidase activity, and in cretin production are the targets of present medicines. Botanicals are complex mixtures of compounds with multiple targets, which makes clinical trials complicated (9). Considering the complicated etiology of diabetes, an herbal remedy with glucose regulation at several levels in different tissues could be effective (6). Despite the prevalent use of phytoremedies, the mechanism of action for only some of them has been investigated. Botanicals may exert their beneficial effects in diabetes management by reducing insulin resistance (licorice, dioscorea, blueberry, astragalus, cinnamon, fenugreek, and lychee); improving β-cell function (papaya, Silybium marianum, Gymnema sylvestre); regulating GLP-1 homeostasis (fructans, monounsaturated fatty acids); and regulating glucose absorption and α-glycosidase activity (safflower, kelp). Some botanicals exert their antidiabetic effects via multiple mechanisms; examples of these botanicals are berberine, bitter melon, capsaicin/chili pepper, ginseng, turmeric, mate tea, ginger/gingerol, Chinese tea, soybean, Aloe vera, quercetin, resveratrol, and coffee (9). Thus, the scope of our investigation is finding the exact mechanism of function, molecular targeting, and standardization of herbal formulations besides using well-designed clinical trials (9).

Mortality pattern of Giriraja chicks under deep litter system in various seasons

The present study was conducted to evaluate the mortality pattern of Giriraja chicks in different seasons reared under the deep litter brooding system during 2010 and 2011. The mortality percentage during the first, second and third week of brooding and the cause of death were assessed for different seasons. The overall recorded mortality percentage in brooding chicks were higher in monsoon (11%), followed by winter (6.6%) and summer (6.2%). During all the seasons, the mortality rate was highest in the first week of brooding followed by the second and third week. Among the three seasons, the mortality percentage during the first week of brooding was higher in winter season (54.55%). However, during the monsoon season, a higher mortality percentage of 33.33% and 18.18% were observed in the second and third week of brooding, respectively. The mortality of brooding Giriraja chicks were due to omphalitis, coccidiosis, pneumonia, colibacillosis, debility and miscellaneous causes. The major cause of mortality was due to omphalitis and its highest incidence was noticed in winter

ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS E CAPACIDADE DE PREDAÇÃO DE Chrysoperla externa (HAGEN, 1861) (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) SOBRE OVOS DE QUATRO ESPÉCIES DE LEPIDÓPTEROS PRAGA

ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS E CAPACIDADE DE PREDAÇÃO DE Chrysoperla externa (HAGEN, 1861) (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) SOBRE OVOS DE QUATRO ESPÉCIES DE LEPIDÓPTEROS PRAGA

Efficacy of CDK4 inhibition against sarcomas depends on their levels of CDK4 and p16ink4 mRNA.

Sarcomas are malignant tumors accounting for a high percentage of cancer morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. Surgery and radiation therapy are the accepted treatments for most sarcomas; however, patients with metastatic disease are treated with systemic chemotherapy. Many tumors display marginal levels of chemoresponsiveness and new treatment approaches are needed. Deregulation of the G1 checkpoint is crucial for various oncogenic transformation processes, suggesting that many cancer cell types depend on CDK4/6 activity. Thus, CDK4/6 activity appears to represent a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In the present work, we explore the efficacy of CDK4 inhibition using palbociclib (PD0332991), a highly selective inhibitor of CDK4/6, in a panel of sarcoma cell lines and sarcoma tumor xenografts (PDXs). Palbociclib induces senescence in these cell lines and the responsiveness of these cell lines correlated with their levels of CDK4 mRNA. Palbociclib is also active in vivo against sarcomas displaying high levels of CDK4 but not against sarcomas displaying low levels of CDK4 and high levels of p16ink4a. The analysis of tumors growing after palbociclib showed a clear decrease in the CDK4 levels, indicating that clonal selection occurred in these treated tumors. In summary, our data support the efficacy of CDK4 inhibitors against sarcomas displaying increased CDK4 levels, particularly fibrosarcomas and MPNST. Our results also suggest that high levels of p16ink4a may indicate poor efficacy of CDK4 inhibitors.

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK BAWANG PUTIH DAN TEMBAKAU TERHADAP KUTU DAUN (Myzus persicae Sulz.) PADA TANAMAN CABAI (Capsicum sp.)

ABSTRACT The research was conducted in the village of Mapanget, Mapanget West District of Manado City for five months from February to June 2015. This study used a factorial design in a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors was garlic ekstrak and tobacco and repeated for three times. The result showed that each kind of extracts garlic, tobacco and the combination of the two (synergistic) have the potential as the bioinsecticides against leaf aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.). For a single factor, the average percentage of the highest mortality of each extracts was garlic extract on concentration’s treatment 60% with 72,33% of death rate, tobacco extract on concentration’s treatment 60% with 76,33% of death rate of leaf aphids. As for the combination between garlic extract and tobacco extract, from 25 combinations that have been applied, there are 13 concentrations which effective to known as a bioinsecticide that have capability to caused mortality above 50% with the highest mortality percentage on 60%:60% treatment which had 91,7% average of death rate. Keywords : effectiveness, bioinsecticides, Myzus persicae

Leptospira: revisión del agente causal de una enfermedad zoonótica

La leptospirosis es una enfermedad zoonótica reemergente, tiene comportamiento endémico y es de gran importancia en la salud pública a nivel mundial. Su prevalencia es alta en países tropicales y subtropicales, pero presenta mayor incidencia en lugares donde es frecuente la agricultura, la manufactura de productos animales, la silvicultura, la ganadería, entre otros.&#x0D; Esta patología tiene un porcentaje elevado de mortalidad y aunque generalmente es subclínica, puede producir síntomas que van desde un resfriado común hasta fiebre hemorrágica, es por esto que se confunde fácilmente con otras patologías evitando que sea tratada oportunamente.&#x0D; Su forma crónica puede generar alteraciones sistémicas a nivel hepático, renal y pulmonar. El diagnóstico es muy complejo por las características morfológicas de la Leptospira, por lo cual su identificación se realiza mediante dos tipos de ensayos: serológicos y moleculares.&#x0D; El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión bibliográfica de esta patología, comprendiendo: morfología, clasificación genómica, patogenia, epidemiología, tratamiento y diagnóstico.&#x0D;

Growth, survival and immune responses of juvenile common carp Cyprinus carpio fed with diets enriched with α- tocopheryl acetate

Cyprinus carpio is a popular food fish species and is stocked regularly in reservoirs of Sri Lanka. However in semi-intensive aquaculture, growth and survival of this species are very low resulting in high production cost. The present study was carried out to determine the growth, survival and immune enhancement to pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophyla of juvenile common carp fed with tocopheryl acetate augmented formulated feed. Experimental set up included four treatments each with three replicates arranged in completely randomized design. Initial total weight of the experimental individuals ranged from 200 to 320 g. Experimental fish, which were stocked in 150 cm x 150 cm x 60 cm cement tanks were fed twice a day. The four treatments were; non-enriched commercial feed (T1), non-enriched formulated feed (T2), formulated feed enriched with Tocopheryl Acetate (TA) 2 mg (T3) and formulated ration enriched with TA 4 mg (T4). After the end of the feed trial, experimental animals were exposed to 5 ppm A. hydrophila concentration for 5 minutes duration. The highest Specific Growth Rate (SGR) (1.21) was observed in treatment T4, followed by Control treatment T1 (1.16), which were not significantly different from T3 (1.11). The lowest SGR (1.04) was recorded for T2. The highest (93%) and the lowest (69%) survival were observed in T4 and T3 respectively. The lowest Food Conversion Ratio (FCR) (1.61) was also observed in T4. In T3 and control, they were 1.93 and 1.96 respectively. The highest FCR was also observed in T2 (2.14). No mortality was recorded in T4 after exposing to bacteria concentration while it was 20% in T3. The highest percentage mortality (60%) was recorded from T2 followed by the control (40%). Results indicate that enrichment of prepared feed using Tocopheryl Acetate gives a good growth rate, good survival, hence reducing the production cost. Further, results indicate that Tocopheryl Acetate positively enhances the immunity of the experimental fishes to Aeromonas infection.

Effects of Purified Jatropha curcas Seed Oil-Based Diet on Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters of Albino Rats

The effect of inclusion of Jatropha curcas seed oil, as a source of oil in the feed of animal, on growth performance, hematological parameters and histology was investigated. Feed intake, average body weight gain and mortality were also monitored. Milled Jatropha curcas seeds were subjected to oil extraction using batch method. Hematological parameters were determined using standard operating procedures. Twenty weanling albino rats with mean weights ranging from 41.57± 7.90 g, were divided into two groups. The first group was placed on soybean oil-based (control) diet (4% oil) while the second group was placed on Jatropha curcas seed oil-based diet (4% oil), for four weeks. There was a significant higher difference (P&lt;0.05) in the growth performance of rats fed the control diet when compared with the test group. The animals placed on the control diet showed significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) body weight when compared with the test diet during the last week of experimentation and this might be due to the low digestibility of the Jatropha curcas seed oil-based diet. The result also shows a higher percentage mortality in the group fed the test diet when compared with those fed the control diet. Hematological parameters did not differ significantly (P&gt;0.05) in both the control and test diets respectively but a significantly higher difference in neutrophils of those fed the control diet when compared with those fed test diet. This may signify that continuous ingestion of Jatropha curcas seed oil may reduce the body’s immunity against infections. The histological assessment of liver, kidney, heart and small intestine revealed no visible lesion. Overall, the result showed that Jatropha curcas seed oil has the potential of been a source of oil in animal diet if complete detoxification can be achieved.