Highest Percentage Of Infection Research Articles

Molecular Investigation of Heat Shock Protein (HSP 70) among Persons Infected with the Parasite Giardia lamblia in Najaf Province

The current study was conducted in Najaf Province for the period from the beginning of September 2020 to the end of May 2021 to investigate the parasite Giardia lamblia Among the patients admitted to hospitals and health centers located in Najaf Province, a questionnaire was prepared for each patient to study the factors that may affect the prevalence of infection such as age, gender, treatment of injury, place of residence and occupation. The study included the collection of 350 stool samples from people with diarrhea, whose ages ranged from less than five years to 68 years, and a microscope was used to detect parasites. The results of the current study showed that the number of samples infected with intestinal parasites was 163, with a rate of 46.57%. The percentage of non-infected people was 187, or 53.43%, and it appeared that the symptoms were caused by other factors.The results of the extraction of 57 positive stool samples for patients, whose microscopic examination showed the presence of a parasite In Giardia lamblia, 40 samples of them contained the genetic material of the parasite DNA at a rate of 41%. The results of the PCR examination that were statistically analyzed showed that there were significant differences at the probability level of P < 0.05, as the highest percentage of infection with genotype (B) compared to genotype (A) which amounted to 61.54% and 38.46%, respectively. The current study showed that the amount of heat shock protein HSP70 by using the (ELIZA) test in infected persons and comparing them with healthy samples resulted in an increase in the concentration of HSP70 protein in the serum of persons infected with Giardia lamblia compared with the percentage of its presence in the control group with a significant difference of 0.01 <p. 28.04 ng / ml %, while the percentage in healthy samples was 3.98% ng / ml.

Characteristics of paediatric dental emergencies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.

In vitro evaluation of cleanliness of root canal walls of primary molars after preparation with the Self-Adjusting-File and Mtwo-instruments and final irrigation with citric acid and sodium hypochlorite. s Study Design: In 23 matched pairs, teeth were prepared either with SAF or with Mtwo NiTi-instruments, and final irrigation was performed with 2 mL citric acid and 4 mL NaOCl. Roots were split longitudinally, SEM-images were taken, and smear layer was evaluated by two blinded observers using a four-grade score. Statistical evaluation was performed with Mann-Whitney-U-Test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (P<0.05). No significant difference between SAF and Mtwo (P=0.9454) was observed. Overall removal of the smear layer was significantly better in the coronal part of the root canal than in the apical one (P=0.0004393). Mtwo showed no significant difference in cleanliness when comparing the coronal and apical part of the root canal (P=0.1089), whereas SAF cleaned the coronal part of the root canal significantly better than the apical part (P=0.00108). None of the two instruments was superior concerning cleanliness in root canals of primary molars. Both show good cleaning ability when using an irrigation protocol with citric acid and sodium hypochlorite.

INVASION OF FISH BY LARVAE OF THE FAMILY DIPHYLLOBOTHRIIDAE IN THE KHANTY-MANSI AUTONOMOUS OKRUG – YUGRA

Two epidemiologically significant species of the tapeworm (D. latum и D. dendriticum) circulate in of the Ob-Irtysh basin within the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. They have an unequal effect on the human body. The purpose of the science work is to determine the invasion of fish by larvae of tapeworms D.latum and D.dendriticum (Perch Perca fluviatilis, Ruff Gymnocephalus cernuus, Pike Esox lucius, Syrok Coregonus peled, Muksun Coregonus muksun, Nelma Stenodus leucichthys nelma) from waterbodies of the Ob River and its tributaries from 2013 to 2019 year. The study aim is to identify the main factors of transmission of the invasion (diphyllobothriasis) to population. The fish for parasitological research and species identification was caught in the Ob River and its tributary, the Vakh River, as well as Torm-Emtor Lake. The studies were carried out in the parasitological laboratory of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, Nizhnevartovsk, the Nizhnevartovsk District, in Megione and Raduzhny by the method of incomplete helminthological study of fish. The study results found in general a very high level of plerocercoid invasion of fish from the Ob and Vakh Rivers. It was noted that the pike had a significantly high percentage of infection with D. latum, 71.64%. The highest intensity of invasion and localization of larvae (the family Diphyllobothriidae) was on the abdominal wall of the fish, and then on walls and in the thickness of walls of esophagus and stomach, in eggs, and very few in muscle tissues.

Prevalence of Filariasis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Upper Egypt with special reference to treatment.

The study aimed to detect the prevalence of camel filariasis in Upper Egypt, the effect of age, sex, season, locality and periodicity of sampling and treatment of infested cases and also determines the diagnostic technique for detection of the parasite. The study carried out on a total number of 350 camels (Camelus dromedarius) belonged to different Governorates in Upper Egypt including Assuit, Sohag, Asswan and El-wady El-gaded, by using the following methods for diagnosis of camel filariasis, wet blood film, thin blood film, thick blood film and concentration technique (Knott's technique). From the total number of examined camels (13 out of 350) camels were positive by blood film in percentage of 3.71%. The highest percentage of infection was recorded in El-Wady El-gaded Governorate (10.83%), hot season showed 4.96%, female more susceptible (7.79%) than male (2.56%), local breed more susceptible 5.9% while imported were 0%, samples taken at night time gave (5.59%) while day time 2.41%. 5-10years old camels more susceptible than others and from clinically suspected camels (106) only 11 camels were positive by blood film while clinically healthy camels 244 only 2 camels were positive by blood film.

COVID 19 Patients /Southern of Iraq: Character and Dermatologic Manifestations

Background: the spread of coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China and then around the world wherethe current study explores the link between skin manifestations and COVID-19. Methods: A cross sectionalstudy including all diagnosed cases of COVID-19 in Thi-Qar and Al-Muthana governorates, where startedby the diagnosis of the 1st case in Thi-Qar province, and ended with the 21th of April 2020, the cases weredistributed as 62 cases from Thi-Qar and 54 cases from Al-Muthana, information had been gathered fromCOVID -19 isolation unites in the two main hospitals of isolation, Al-Husain teaching Hospital and AlMuthana teaching hospital. Results: The result showed that there are 116 cases of SARS-COV2 infectionwas recorded in Thi-Qar and Al-Muthanna, the high percentage of infection was detects in the middle adult80(69%) in the age group over 60 years old. The distribution of infection according to the gender revealedsignificant differences where the males comprise (87.75%) of cases. The direct contact route of transmissionwas predominant among patients 101 (87.1%). Also, the highest percentage was live 110(94.8%). Accordingto the results there was a negative relationship between the two variables was detected, there is no correlation.So, there is no correlation in skin manifestations according to the system involvement among COVID-19infected cases with the pearson correlation (0.327). The results show non-statistical significance in skinmanifestation according to biography among only who had dermatological lesions at p value (0.248). Also,there are non-statistical significant in source of infection according to skin manifestation and no correlationbetween skin manifestations and death with corona virus. Conclusions: It can be concluded from the currentstudy that there is no close correlation between skin manifestations and COVID-19 infection, a very weakdirect relationship because some patients may not show any symptoms and these are considered negativesigns, meanwhile the unique skin lesion are zinc like deficiency( acrodematitis enteropathica )not reportedin any other areas.

Descripción del perfil clínico, aislamientos microbiológicos y complicaciones en una población de pacientes con amputación de miembros inferiores secundaria a pie diabético infectado. Estudio de Cohorte Longitudinal

Background85% of amputations in diabetic patients are preceded by the appearance of an ulcer. Reamputation rates of up to 60.7% at 5 years has been described, as well as mortality of up to 69.7% at one year for major amputations. Aim of the study is to characterize a population of diabetic patients, amputees due to infections associated with diabetic foot in a university hospital. Material and methodsInclusion and exclusion criteria and a sociodemographic, clinical and microbiological data collection format were applied to all amputations related to infections associated with diabetic foot between 2014 and 2016. Means and standard deviations and / or medians and percentiles were used. ResultsThe average age was 61.6 years. Male sex and poor glycemic control and a high number of comorbidities such as hypertension and chronic kidney disease predominated. 24.4% of previous ulcers and 18.1% previous amputations. Major amputations were 39%. Stump infection was 23.6% and reamputations 24.5%. Mortality was 4.54% DiscussionPoor metabolic control was identified, as well as a high percentage of comorbidities and complications. Insufficient nutritional follow-up and staging of vascular status with underreporting of relevant data such as neuropathy, deformities and status of the contralateral foot. The number of ulcers and previous amputations was high. There was good clinical / laboratory correlation. Initial major amputations were more frequent in women. There is a high percentage of surgical site infections and reamputations.Evidence Level: III

Biofilm-Formation-Related Genes csgD and bcsA Promote the Vertical Transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in Chicken.

The contamination of Salmonella Enteritidis in eggs and chicken meat via vertical transmission has become a worldwide public health concern. Biofilm formation by S. Enteritidis further enhances its antibacterial resistance. However, whether genes related to biofilm formation affect the level of vertical transmission is still unclear. Here, S. Enteritidis mutants ΔcsgD, ΔcsgA, ΔbcsA, and ΔadrA were constructed from wild type strain C50041 (WT), and their biofilm-forming ability was determined by Crystal violet staining assay. Then the median lethal dose (LD50) assay was performed to determine the effects of the selected genes on virulence. The bacterial load in eggs produced by infected laying hens via the intraperitoneal pathway or crop gavage was determined for evaluation of the vertical transmission. Crystal violet staining assay revealed that S. Enteritidis mutants ΔcsgD, ΔcsgA, and ΔbcsA, but not ΔadrA, impaired biofilm formation compared with WT strain. Furthermore, the LD50 in SPF chickens showed that both the ΔcsgD and ΔbcsA mutants were less virulent compared with WT strain. Among the intraperitoneally infected laying hens, the WT strain-infected group had the highest percentage of bacteria-positive eggs (24.7%), followed by the ΔadrA group (16%), ΔcsgA group (9.9%), ΔbcsA group (4.5%), and ΔcsgD group (2.1%). Similarly, among the crop gavage chickens, the WT strain group also had the highest infection percentage in eggs (10.4%), followed by the ΔcsgA group (8.5%), ΔadrA group (7.5%), ΔbcsA group (1.9%), and ΔcsgD group (1.0%). Our results indicate that the genes csgD and bcsA help vertical transmission of S. Enteritidis in chickens.

Plant Essential Oils Were Used to Characterize and Control Post-Harvest Fungal Infections in Peaches

Post-harvest fungal pathogens are major threat to food industry, deteriorating the quality of perishable fruits from handling, transportation and distribution to consumption. Half of the production of peaches lost annually due to the prevalence of post-harvest fungal diseases worldwide. The present study was intensively designed to investigate the post-harvest fungi associated with peach. The most common spoilage fungi isolated and identified were Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifera and Penicillium expansum. The highest percentage of infection was recorded in fruits with street sellers, local fruit shops and the smallest one was recorded in storage houses after harvesting. In-vitro experiment against post-harvest spoilage fungi was directed by using plant essential oils extracted from native herbs by Clevenger type apparatus. Essential oils are natural biocide against postharvest rotting of fresh produce. The antifungal activity of oils was increased with an increase in the concentrations of oil. Amongst the plant essential oils used, Trigonella foenum-gracum at highest concentration (0.10%) caused maximum inhibition in the mycelial growth and spore germination of Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer followed by the essential oils (Thymus vulgaris and Eucalyptus globulus) at (10%). Essential oils as natural compounds are highly degradable with no accumulation in plants and can replace hazardous environmental deteriorating artificial fungicides. These findings strengthen the possibility of using plant essential oils as an eco-friendly alternative component to chemicals for enhancing shelf-life of peach fruit.

Peculiarities of a respiratory mycoplasmosis course of birds

The authors of the article consider an avian disease -the respiratory mycoplasmosis of birds, its etiology, pathogenesis, description of clinical and pathoanatomical and pathohistological features of the course of the disease. In our country, despite the fact that there is a developed system against respiratory mycoplasmosis of birds, based on protection of farms from the introduction of infection from the outside, compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules, zoohygienic and technological standards, as well as measures aimed at timely detection of the disease, the problem of the spread of this disease is quite acute. Currently, the topic of respiratory mycoplasmosis does not lose its relevance precisely because of the high percentage of infection in poultry farms. For example, as a result of research conducted by the ARRIAH over the past 5 years, it was revealed that 218 out of 250 poultry farms in Russia were diagnosed with respiratory mycoplasmosis.

Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Livestock and Residents of New Valley Governorate, Egypt

Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease which is now considered endemic in most parts of Egypt. A cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2018 to February 2020 to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans and livestock residing in two regions located in New Valley Governorate, Egypt. A total of 1254 animals (673 cattle, 348 sheep, and 233 goats) and 523 human serum samples were examined for brucellosis using Rose Bengal test (RBT) and then randomly selected sera (15 from cattle, 7 from sheep, 3 from goats, and 45 from humans) were further analyzed by complement fixation test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to compare and detect the sensitivity and specificity of RBT. The prevalence of brucellosis was 0% in cattle, sheep, and goats while it was 23.9% in humans using RBT. Concerning humans, there was a higher percentage of infection in EL Kharga (33.6%). The prevalence of this infection was also at a higher level among individuals aged above 40 years (28.57%). Furthermore, men (26.11%) were more inclined to be inflicted, compared to women (22.5%) with no significant difference. Considering the human occupation, abattoir workers were the most predominant group of people at risk (33.3%), followed by farmers (31.25%) and animal keepers (20.6%) while the lowest prevalence was demonstrated in the housewives where the prevalence was 18.8 %. As a result, risk factors of the age range, locality, time of infection, contact with animals, and occupational groups could significantly affect the prevalence of human brucellosis in the New Valley Governorate. In conclusion, brucellosis is an alarming problem among residents of the New Valley Governorate. Thus, reducing the prevalence in humans and animals in the region of study may include restriction of the marketing the raw milk and enhancing public health awareness.

Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare undergraduates in Malaysia

Staphylococcus aureus is a common component of skin flora of healthy adults. However, it can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia, or bone and joint infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known to cause hospital- (HA-MRSA) and community-acquired (CA-MRSA) infections worldwide. Asia is reported to have highest prevalence rates of HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA. As there were very less number of epidemiological studies being done in Malaysia, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of MRSA infection among the healthcare undergraduates who will be engaging with patients soon. We analyzed nasal swabs of students from a private medical institution in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Methicillin-resistance was accessed by sensitivity to the Oxacillin and Cefoxitin disks. In a total of 151 healthcare undergraduates, 117 of them were found positive for Staphylococcus aureus. Among the latter, 21 samples (13.9%) were resistant to Oxacillin and Cefoxitin. Our data shows significant high percentage of MRSA infection and therefore prevention strategies for MRSA need to be developed for the healthcare students before they engage with patients in clinic setting. Keywords: MRSA, nasal swab, healthcare undergraduates, Oxacillin.

Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in false negative samples of collected triatomines, xenodiagnosis material, and biopsies of experimentally infected animals.

Direct test over the gut material from triatomine vectors and xenodiagnosis over mammalian hosts are classical techniques for Trypanosoma cruzi parasitological diagnosis. Nevertheless, negative results can be a source of uncertainty. Experimental models have allowed evaluating the tissue invasion of different strains of T. cruzi, but conventional techniques for tissue biopsies involve time-consuming and elaborated procedures and have low sensitivity. Gut material of collected triatomines (microscopically negative) (n = 114), material of mammal xenodiagnoses (microscopically negative) (n = 138), and biopsy material (microscopically negative) from experimentally infected animals (n = 34) with isolates from endemic areas of Chagas' disease from Venezuela were used for DNA extraction and PCR for the amplification of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and satellite DNA (sDNA) of T. cruzi. Positive PCR was observed in 53.6% of collected triatomine material, 15.8% of parasitological negative xenodiagnosis material, and 70.6% in biopsies, revealing underestimation by the parasitological tests and the valour of this analysis with preserved material. Anzoátegui was the state with the highest percentage of infection, and the triatomine species Rhodnius prolixus and Panstrongylus geniculatus had the highest percentages of infection. Didelphis marsupialis and Canis familiaris were the most infected by T. cruzi revealed by PCR of xenodiagnosis material. In addition, the PCR technique allowed demonstrating the invasion of T. cruzi in all tissues analyzed, constituting a molecular marker of tissue invasion.

Detection of microfilaria infection in horses in Mosul city

The study was performed on 78 horses in Mosul city were examined from April 2007 to September 2009 for the detection of microfilaria in the blood Twenty five clinically normal animals served as control. The percentage of the infection with microfilaria of Setaria spp was 30.76% they were sheathed, measuring 204-228 µm within a mean of 218.4 µm in length and 4.5-4.8 mµ within a mean of 4.62 µm in width. A high percentage of infection was reported in females 54.28%) with significant differences from that of males. No significant differences were noticed between the healthy and these showing some clinical sings or between these treated with ivermectin or non treated. Haematological changes indicated decrease in level of hemoglobin concentration packed cell volume whereas there was significant increase (P�0.05) in total leukocytes count, anemia was macrocytic hypochromic type.

Incidence of viruses in cloves and bulbils of garlic ecotypes in Croatia

In a survey on the sanitary status of garlic collection performed in 2016 at the Institute of Agriculture and Tourism in Poreč (Croatia), 24 ecotypes and cultivars were tested by DAS-ELISA test for the presence of four main garlic viruses: Garlic common latent virus (GCLV), Shallot latent virus (SLV), Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) and Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV). The least frequent virus was SLV, whereas the most frequent was LYSV. In most ecotypes the infection of cloves was lower than infection of bulbils, while for SLV we found higher infection in cloves. Total virus infection of Istrian ecotypes was lower than infection of Dalmatian ones. Total incidence of viruses in Croatian garlic material ranged from 40.6% to 100.0%, depending on ecotype. In imported cultivar ‘Rose de Lautrec’ we found no infection with SLV. A high percentage of mixed infections in garlic cloves was also found and for double infections it ranged from 69% to 88%. Infection with all tested viruses was observed in 78% cloves. The most infected combination was double infections with potyviruses LYSV+OYDV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of SLV infection in garlic in Croatia.

Stye, Bacterial Eye Infection among the Students of the Technical Medical Institute, AL-Mansour

Background: Eye stye is a local infection in the form of a red bump (a boil) caused by a blockage andinflammation of the sebaceous glands whose secretions help to form tears. Approximately 90-95% of thecauses of “stye” is an infection with Staphylococcus aureus, and it is possible that malnutrition and lack ofsleep contribute to the infection as well.Method:The study was done at Institute of Medical Technology/al–Mansour/Baghdad from January 2018till January of 2019. 100 conjunctiva eyes swab and Stye swab samples were collected from students sufferedfrom eye redness and conjunctiva, which include 50 male and 50 female. The diagnoses of specimens weredone by using the Analytical Profile Index System (API) for chemical tests and by culturing on enriched andselective culture media to isolate and diagnose the bacteria.Results: The results showed that 57(57%) samples were positive for bacterial eye infections. The studyshowed high percentage of eye infection among students was due to Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, followedby Staphylococcus epidermides and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (61.40%, 35.08% and 3.50%respectively).Most of bacterial isolates were resistance to antibiotics.Conclusion: One of the most important conclusions is to go to the doctor or pharmacist to treat eyeinflammation to avoid the occurrence of eye pain, burning and redness, and not to repeat the infection.Personal and general hygiene must also be taken care of to reduce the spread of bacteria that cause eyeinfections among people.

The Frequency and Sensitivity Pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa among Otitis Media patients in Nasiriyah City

Otitis Media considered as one of the most common types of ear infections, as well as the most blamed etiology is bacterial. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most diagnosed pathogens causing these infections. P. aeruginosa has virulence factors that lead to damage to the mucosa of the middle ear. A total of two hundred and ten (210) samples collected from Otitis media patients whom consulting the Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) section in AL-Habbobi Teaching Hospital in Al-Nasiriyah City, Southern-Iraq. During the period from August 2018 to January 2019. P. aeruginosa accounted for 65 samples (30.95%). Almost of isolates were sensitive to Carbapenem. The present study concludes females constitute a high percentage of infection with Otitis media (P-value= 0.01) and younger ages are more exposed to the risk of Otitis media (P-value = 0.36). The present study aimed to detect the relationship between the prevalence of Otitis media and the parameters associated with patients like gender, age, housing, and the study period. Also studying the pattern of antibiotics Sensitivity for the targeted bacteria and detection of some virulence factors.

Bacterial invasive infections in a neonatal intensive care unit: a 13 years microbiological report from an Italian tertiary care centre.

SummaryIntroductionTo evaluate the aetiology of neonatal invasive diseases (positive cultures from blood or cerebrospinal fluid, CSF) due to bacteria other than coagulase-negative staphylococci in a large tertiary care centre and compare with results of surveillance cultures.MethodsRetrospective analysis of microbiological data of children admitted in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a large tertiary care centre from 2005 to 2018.Results230 bacterial strains, 223 from blood and 7 from CSF, respectively, were detected as cause of invasive infections, while 152 were detected in surveillance cultures. Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) was the most frequently isolated pathogen both in invasive infections (18%) and colonizations (23%) followed by Escherichia coli (16% on invasive disease and 20% of colonizations). Other common bacteria include Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus agalactiae for invasive disease and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in colonizations. Invasive infection was due to a pathogen detected in surveillance cultures in 33% of cases. In more than 50% of invasive diseases the identified pathogen was not present in surveillance cultures.ConclusionsThe high percentage of invasive infections due to bacteria not previously identified in surveillance cultures raises doubts about the efficiency of this procedure and highlights the need to search for alternative infection sources. This finding and the high prevalence of invasive infections due to nosocomial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus could be the result of horizontal transmission between patients through the hands of health care professionals, emphasizing once again the importance of applying stringent hand hygiene procedures and isolation standards.

FAUNA, DISTRIBUTION AND EPIZOOTOLOGY OF HELMINTHS OF PARENCHYMAL ORGANS OF UNGULATES OF UZBEKISTAN

This article presents the fauna of helminths of parenchymal organs and the epizootology of the main helminthiases of ungulates in various biocenoses of Uzbekistan. On the basis of many years of our own research and analysis of literature data, the species compositions of helminths of parenchymal organs of ungulates in various regions of Uzbekistan were established. The fauna of helminths of the parenchymal organs of ungulates of Uzbekistan was represented by 31 species of helminthes, belonging to 13 genera, 6 families, 4 orders, 3 classes and 2 types of wildlife. Aspects of the epizootology of the main helminthiases of parenchymal organs of ungulates in all five regions of the Republic were given. The purpose of this research is to summarize and analyze the results of our research and literature data on the fauna and distribution of helminths of parenchymal organs of ungulates in various regions of Uzbekistan. The helminth fauna studies were defined such as 16 species of ungulate animals of 5 families (Bovidae, Cervidae, Suidae, Camelidae, and Equidae) on the territory of the Republic. A structural analysis of the helminth fauna of the parenchymal organs of ungulates in Uzbekistan points out that the causative agents of helminth infections in different regions of the Republic are not equally distributed. Thus, in ungulate animals of the North-West of Uzbekistan, the main helminthiases of parenchymal organs include of fascioliasis (20.8-55.6%), echinococcosis (17-28.2%) and cysticercosis (12-32%). The main helminthiases of parenchymal organs of ungulates of the East of Uzbekistan are fascioliasis (34.8-49.5%), dicroceliosis (43.3-67.6%), echinococcosis (27.7-31.5%) and dictiocaulosis (41.3 -68.5%). A high percentage of infection in small cattle was also noted by protostrongilidoses.

Antimicrobial resistance profiles of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolated from travellers returning to the UK, 2015-2017.

Introduction. Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are difficult to distinguish from non-pathogenic commensal E. coli using traditional culture methods. The implementation of PCR targeting specific virulence genes characteristic of the five DEC pathotypes, has improved the detection of DEC in faecal specimens from patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal disease.Aim. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of 660 strains of DEC isolated between 2015 and 2017 from UK travellers reporting symptoms of gastrointestinal disease were reviewed to look for evidence of emerging AMR associated with travellers' diarrhoea.Methodology. All isolates of DEC were sequenced, and sequence type, serotype, pathotype markers and AMR profiles were derived from the genome data.Results. A travel history was provided for 54.1 % (357/660) of cases, of which 77.0 % (275/357) reported travel outside the UK within 7 days of onset of symptoms, and 23.0 % (82/357) reported no travel in that time frame. Of the 660 strains of DEC in this study, 265 (40.2 %) samples were identified as EAEC, 48 (7.3 %) as EIEC, 61 (9.2 %) were ETEC and 286 (43.3 %) were EPEC. EPEC caused the highest percentage of infections in children (40.6 %) whilst the highest proportion of cases reporting recent travel were infected with ETEC (86.1 %). There were 390/660 (59.0 %) isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial on the panel tested (EIEC, 81.3 %; ETEC, n=65.6 %; EAEC, n=73.2 %; EPEC, 40.9 %) and 265/660 (40.2 %) were multidrug-resistant (EIEC, 33.3 %; ETEC, 32.8 %; EAEC, 56.2 %; EPEC, 28.0 %). Genes conferring resistance to the beta-lactams and fluroquinolones were highest in the EAEC pathotype, 56.6 and 60.7%, respectively.Conclusions. Increasing MDR, along with resistance to the fluroquinolones and the third-generation cephalosporins, in DEC causing travellers' diarrhoea provides further evidence for the need to restrict the use of antimicrobial agents and continuous monitoring.

OCCURRENCE OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT OF A PUBLIC HOSPITAL

Introduction: Health care-associated infections stand out in scientific investigations for being related to increased length of stay as well as to morbidity and mortality rates, of hospitalized patients, especially in intensive care units. The study aims to profile the occurrence of invasive device-associated infections in an intensive care unit of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Outline: Descriptive, documentary study with data collected in 2018 through form including patients hospitalized in 2016. For univariate analysis, Kaplan–Meier estimate and Longrank test with value p &lt;0.05% were used. Results: 181 predominantly male patients (53.59%) ≥ 60 years (37.57%). Indwelling urinary catheter was the most used device although the highest percentage of infection was with invasive mechanical ventilation. The nosocomial infection rate was 28.73% predominantly in respiratory tract (56.91%). Implications: There was an association between nosocomial infection and the use of invasive devices investigated in the study, considering that the time of use was the most related factor.