High Oxidative Stability Research Articles

Microencapsulation of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC) AND ciriguela (Spondias purpurea L) mixed juice with different wall materials

The effect of five different mixtures containing xanthan gum (XG), maltodextrin (MD) and gum arabic (GA) on microencapsulation by spray drying of mixed acerola and ciriguela juice was investigated in order to preserve its contents of ascorbic acid (AA), total phenolic compounds (PC) and total carotenoids (TC), as well as its antioxidant activity (AO) under different temperatures. All microcapsules produced with the different mixtures showed effective AA retention. Microcapsules produced using the mixtures with the highest and the lowest XG concentrations showed the greatest TC and PC retentions, respectively. As the mixture with MD and the lowest XG concentration ensured the highest AO retention, these microcapsules were stored for 30 days at 5°C, which ensured satisfactory preservation of AA, PC, TC and AO. Examination of their morphology by scanning electron microscopy showed the absence of pores or cracks, which allowed us to infer low oxygen permeability and high oxidative stability.

Water-in-oil emulsions enriched with alpha-linolenic acid in diacylglycerol form: Stability, formation mechanism and in vitro digestion analysis

This study developed an alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) supplement with emulsion form using ALA-rich diacylglycerol (ALA-DAG) and ALA-DAG stearin (DAG-SF) as a new source of ALA and emulsifier. Stable, commercial surfactant-free W/O emulsions with 90 wt% oil phase (including DAG-SF and ALA-DAG with 10:90 – 20:80 wt ratio) was fabricated. Microstructure and Raman spectra revealed that the compact crystal networks and high amounts of solid acyl chains were responsible for high emulsion stability. These emulsions exhibited good potential in improving the ALA nutritional status (with ALA release level of 60.49% – 62.98%). Furthermore, the emulsifier-to-oil ratio greatly impacted the emulsion texture (solid-like or liquid-like) and emulsions showed great oxidation stability (2.80 – 3.09 meq/kg lipid of peroxide value at 6th week). The tunable texture and high oxidation stability make this emulsion system useful for a wide range of food products. This developed emulsion system could provide valuable information for other important fatty acids supplement.

Fluorinated ether electrolyte with controlled solvation structure for high voltage lithium metal batteries.

The development of new solvents is imperative in lithium metal batteries due to the incompatibility of conventional carbonate and narrow electrochemical windows of ether-based electrolytes. Whereas the fluorinated ethers showed improved electrochemical stabilities, they can hardly solvate lithium ions. Thus, the challenge in electrolyte chemistry is to combine the high voltage stability of fluorinated ethers with high lithium ion solvation ability of ethers in a single molecule. Herein, we report a new solvent, 2,2-dimethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane (DTDL), combining a cyclic fluorinated ether with a linear ether segment to simultaneously achieve high voltage stability and tune lithium ion solvation ability and structure. High oxidation stability up to 5.5 V, large lithium ion transference number of 0.75 and stable Coulombic efficiency of 99.2% after 500 cycles proved the potential of DTDL in high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Furthermore, 20 μm thick lithium paired LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cell incorporating 2 M LiFSI-DTDL electrolyte retained 84% of the original capacity after 200 cycles at 0.5 C.

Mechanistic Study of Controlled Zinc Electrodeposition Behaviors Facilitated by Nanoscale Electrolyte Additives at the Electrode Interface.

Nanoparticle organic hybrid materials (NOHMs) are liquid-like materials composed of an inorganic core to which a polymeric canopy is ionically tethered. NOHMs have unique properties including negligible vapor pressure, high oxidative thermal stability, and the ability to bind to reactive species of interest due to the tunability of their polymeric canopy. This makes them promising multifunctional materials for a wide range of energy and environmental technologies, including electrolyte additives for electrochemical energy storage (e.g., flow batteries) and the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to chemicals and fuels. Due to their unique transport behaviors in fluid systems, an understanding of the near-electrode surface behavior of NOHMs in electrolyte solutions and their effect on electrochemical reactions is still lacking. In this work, the complexation of zinc (Zn) by NOHMs with an ionically tethered polyetheramine canopy (HPE) (NOHM-I-HPE) was studied using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared and Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, various electrochemical techniques were employed to discern the role of NOHM-I-HPE during zinc electrodeposition, and the results were compared to those of the electrochemical system containing untethered HPE polymers. Our findings confirmed that NOHM-I-HPE and HPE reversibly complex zinc in the aqueous electrolyte. NOHM-I-HPE and HPE were found to block some of the electrode active sites, reducing the overall current density during electrodeposition, while facilitating the formation of smooth zinc deposits, as revealed by surface imaging and diffraction techniques. Observed variations in the current density responses and the degree of passivation created by the NOHM-I-HPE and HPE adsorbed on the electrode surface revealed that their different packing behaviors at the electrode-electrolyte interface influence the zinc deposition mechanism. The presence of the nanoparticle and ordering offered by the NOHMs as well as the structured conformation of the polymeric canopy allowed the formation of void spaces and free volumes for enhanced transport behaviors. These findings provided insights into how structured electrolyte additives such as NOHMs can allow for advancements in electrolyte design for controlled deposition of metal species from energy-dense electrolytes or for other electrochemical reactions.

Development of Phytosterol Enriched Functional Edible oils: Study of Physical, Chemical, Thermal and Structural Properties

Phytosterol plays a major role in reducing the bad cholesterol in blood resulting in decreasing the chance of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases in human. The objective of this work was to develop a functional edible oil by incorporating phytosterol into different edible oils, such as, sunflower, soybean, rice bran, canola, and coconut oil to enhance their nutritional and functional value. In this work, thermal and structural properties of the functional oils were evaluated using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), respectively. The physicochemical properties like specific gravity, color, refractive index, peroxide value, acid value and antioxidant activity of the functional oils were studied. Specific gravity, acid value and peroxide value of the functional oils increased slightly as compared to the pure oils which are within acceptable range. The antioxidant capacity of the functional oil increased from 28.85 to 98.25% due to the addition of phytosterol. Onset melting, peak melting and offset melting temperature along with the melting enthalpy were evaluated during thermal transition by using DSC. The melting temperature of the functional oils varied according to the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content. For example, a lower melting point was obtained for oils containing lower saturated fatty acids and vice versa. XRD results showed significant variations in the crystallinity values in functional oils. From the above study taking all the properties into account, functional soybean oil can be considered as the best oil for various food application due to its higher oxidative stability.

A Polymerized‐Ionic‐Liquid‐Based Polymer Electrolyte with High Oxidative Stability for 4 and 5 V Class Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries

AbstractPolymer solid electrolytes for solid‐state batteries typically suffer from low ionic conductivity and low oxidative stability. Herein, a polymer electrolyte based on a polymerized ionic liquid and an ionic liquid plasticizer offering simultaneously a high room‐temperature ionic conductivity of 0.8 mS cm−1 and a high oxidative stability >5.0 V versus Li+/Li, is reported. The electrolyte is compatible with lithium metal and non‐flammable upon direct flame exposure. In symmetric lithium metal cells, the electrolyte enables stable lithium plating and stripping at 0.1 mA cm−2 with a capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 per half cycle for over 1700 h at 25 °C. Cells with a lithium metal anode cycled against a state‐of‐the‐art high‐energy uncoated layered LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cathode achieve an initial capacity of 162 mA h g−1 and a capacity retention of 72% after 600 cycles to an upper cut‐off voltage of 4.4 V at 25 °C. Cells with a high‐voltage spinel LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 cathode reach an initial capacity of 132 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention of 76% after 300 cycles to an upper cut‐off voltage of 5 V at 25 °C, confirming the high oxidative stability and technological potential of this electrolyte for high‐voltage solid‐state lithium metal batteries.

Effect of microwave pretreatment of perilla seeds on minor bioactive components content and oxidative stability of oil

This study investigated the effects of different microwave power (380 W, 540 W, 700 W) and time (0–10 min) on the minor bioactive components content and oxidative stability of perilla oil. The results indicated that fatty acids in perilla oil were slightly affected by microwave treatment. The oxidative stability of perilla oil increased with increasing microwave treatment intensity and the oil from perilla seeds treated at 700 W for 10 min had the highest oxidative stability. Compared with other microwave treatments, treatment with 700 W for 10 min resulted in significant increases in the total phytosterols content, Maillard reaction products and DPPH radical scavenging activity of perilla oil, while showed dramatic reductions in the total tocopherol content, phenolic compounds content and lipase activity. These results proved that microwave treatment of perilla seeds was an effective way to improve the quality of perilla oil.

Volatile profile and quality characteristics of the Greek "Chondrolia Chalkidikis" virgin olive oils: effect of ripening stage.

Among the various parameters affecting olive oil quality, ripening stage is one of the most important. Optimal harvest time ensuring target quality for the final product varies in relation to the effect of many intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Therefore, its determination necessitates thorough examination of each case. The present study explores the impact of six harvest times on volatile profile and quality attributes of olive oils from “Chondrolia Chalkidikis” Greek cultivar. All samples examined were classified “Virgin Olive Oils” (VOOs) according to findings of acidity, peroxide, and K values. The low values for the principal official quality indices, the high oleic acid percentages (76–78%), the high oxidative stabilities (up to 36 h induction period), and phenols content (606–290 mg/kg) were considered nutritionally promising. Total phenols, carotenoids and chlorophylls contents, as well as oxidative stability (induction period values) decreased with ripening. Harvest time had a strong impact on HS-SPME–GC–MS volatile fingerprint. Optimal volatile profiles were related to intermediate examined ripening stages. Fatty acid composition did not show remarkable trends. Chondrolia Chalkidikis VOOs perform as interesting candidates of high quality. Findings of the study may support existing databases with scientific records for Chondrolia Chalkidikis VOOs, boost their competitiveness in the global market, and encourage worldwide exploitation of VOOs from similar cultivars (table olives oriented).

Stable cycling of high nickel Li-metal batteries with limited Li anode in fluorine rich flame retardant electrolytes

Traditional carbonate-based electrolytes are not suitable for high voltage lithium metal batteries (LMBs), which seriously hinders the development of high-energy density LMBs. Here, a novel flame retardant fluorine-rich electrolyte (termed FFT) composed of 1.2 M lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in a mixed solvents of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), 3,3,3-fluoroethylmethyl carbonate (FEMC) and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) was rationally designed and studied. It exhibits noninflammability, low viscosity, good wettability and fluidity, and high oxidation stability. The designed electrolyte enables Li||NMC622 with limited Li anode (50 µm thickness) and high cathode active material loading of 13.8 mg cm−2 (2.5 mAh cm−2) to remain 80% capacity after 160 cycles and 135 cycles with a high cut-off of 4.4 V and 4.5 V under charge at C/5 and discharge at C/2 at 25 °C, respectively. Moreover, the Li||NMC622 using FFT also exhibits excellent low temperature discharge capacity, which could deliver 122 mAh g−1 (about 62% of the discharge capacity at 25 °C) even at −40 °C. Further analyses reveal the stable and conductive CEI and SEI with LiF-rich are formed on both cathode and anode, which contributes to the stable cycle of the battery.

A sulfone-based crystalline organic electrolyte for 5 V solid-state potassium batteries

Solid-state potassium batteries are promising energy storage systems, but their wide use requires suitable solid electrolytes to ensure high ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and contacting ability with composite electrodes. For this purpose, this study introduces sulfone-based crystalline organic electrolytes (SCOEs) consisting of dimethyl sulfone (DMS) and potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI). One solid-state SCOE, KFSI/DMS 1:9 by mol, exhibits high ionic conductivity (4.0 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C), oxidation stability (∼5.8 V vs. K+/K), and negligible flammability. Moreover, owing to its optimal melting point (94 °C), the SCOE enables seamless contact with the composite electrodes through the melt-casting process, which has been challenging for other solid-state electrolytes. K||KVPO4F cells filled with this SCOE show improved cycle performance (capacity retention 88.8% after 100 cycles vs. 77.6% after 74 cycles at 25 °C) with high Coulombic efficiency (asymptotic value 99.6% vs. 92.0%) compared to cells with a conventional carbonate electrolyte. With these results, the developed SCOE paves the way to room-temperature operable, 5 V solid-state potassium batteries.

A Flexible Single-Ion Gel Electrolyte with a Multiscale Channel for the High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries

Single-ion polymer electrolytes (SIPEs) have attracted attention due to their unique advantage in suppressing lithium dendrite growth. However, the low ionic conductivity seriously restricts the development of SIPEs. Herein, an aerogel-based SIPE with multiscale Li+ conducting channels is proposed for the first time. The microscale Li+ transport channel is constructed through the self-assembly of cyclodextrins and Li+ containing polymer, while the macroscale channel is formed via a unidirectional freeze-drying process. The obtained aerogel exhibits high thermal stability, good wettability, and outstanding mechanical properties (78% stretchability and 50% compression resilience). The aerogel electrolyte exhibits high oxidative stability (∼4.7 V), good ionic conductivity at room temperature (2.5 × 10–4 S cm–1), and high Li+ transference number (∼0.96). The Li||LiFePO4 cells deliver outstanding rate performance and long cycle life (98% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.2 C). This work provides new insight toward mechanically flexible and highly performing single-ion polymer electrolytes for Li metal batteries.

Babassu kernel oil: Enhanced extraction and chemical characterization

The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied to enhance the extraction efficiency of oil from babassu kernel (BKO) using n-hexane as solvent. For this purpose, the effects of temperature (30 to 60°C), solvent to kernel ratio (6 to 10 ml g−1), and time (10 to 30 min) on oil yield (Yo) were determined, in addition to assessing the effect of these variables in the characteristics of the obtained oil. In the condition of maximum extraction, the chemical composition of the oil was determined and the results were compared with the Soxhlet extraction. In the evaluated experimental range, the amount of solvent used in the process influenced the Yo, while time and temperature had no effect on the response variable. With this, a high oil removal of kernels (89.5% obtained by Soxhlet) was obtained in low conditions of time (10 min) and temperature (30°C), in addition to using a smaller amount of solvent (10 ml g−1) in relation to conventional technique (30 ml g−1). The lowest evaluated temperature (30°C) was also indicated to obtain an oil with higher content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. BKO showed a predominance of lauric (~49.9%) and myristic acids (~15.6%), and high oxidative stability. The quality of the oil extracted by the UAE was superior in terms of phytosterols, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and color parameters. Practical applications Considered an emerging technique, ultrasound-assisted extraction presents simplicity and the possibility of operational automation, lower energy and solvent consumption, in addition to the reduced complexity of the steps subsequent to extraction, composing a viable and suitable alternative for a possible industrial application. The oil obtained by the aforementioned technique resulted from mild operating conditions, presenting quality parameters that stand out and contemplate promising technological criteria in the global market demand for compounds from natural sources.

The dynamics and mechanism of JP-10 thermal oxidative deposition

High-energy–density (HED) fuels (like JP-10) have drawn more and more attention for volume-limited aerospace vehicles to extend the flight range and/or increase the payload. However, their thermal oxidation and deposition performance are still ambiguous. In this work, the dynamics and mechanism of JP-10 thermal oxidative deposition were investigated by the jet fuel thermal oxidation stability tester (JFTOT), ellipsometric tube rater (ETR) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and flame ionization detector (GC × GC–MS/FID). The results reveal that both the peak deposit thickness and total deposits volume of JP-10 increase with increasing temperature with the apparent deposition activation energy of approximately 71.2 kJ/mol. The deposits on the tube surface have globular structure, and they undergo particle formation, growth, adherence, agglomeration and size reduction during thermal stress. The fine characterizations of liquid products after JFTOT test confirm that the thermal oxidative deposition of JP-10 occurs via a series of radical reactions, such as oxidative decomposition and radical addition, which will be significantly accelerated at higher temperature. Importantly, the stability of alkoxy radical seems to be a significant factor affecting the thermal oxidation stability of HED fuels. This work may shed light on the possible deposition mechanism of HED fuels and will guide the rational design of HED fuels with high thermal oxidation stability.

Production, characterization, and storage stability of nutritionally enriched flaxseed‐based spread

Flaxseed has recently gained interest as a functional food. The bioactive properties of deoiled flaxseed protein hydrolysates make them suitable for use as preservatives in natural food products. Spreads made from nuts and seeds have recently been used as a substitute for dairy butter. In this study, production, physical properties, oxidative stabilities, antioxidant activities, and storage stabilities of flaxseed-based spreads were investigated. Germinated deoiled flaxseed flour, raw deoiled flaxseed protein hydrolysate, and their combination may be regarded as novel functional food ingredients for spread production. Results showed that the raw deoiled flaxseed protein hydrolysate spread had higher oxidative stabilities. The total phenolic content (24.41 ± 0.17 mgGAE/g), total flavonoid content (18.34 ± 0.03 mgCE/g), and antioxidant activities of raw deoiled flaxseed protein hydrolysate spread had also significantly higher than the other spreadable products. These results indicated that the raw deoiled flaxseed protein hydrolysate could be a good nutritive ingredient to produce spread. Novelty impact statement In this study, germinated deoiled flaxseed flour, raw deoiled flaxseed flour protein hydrolysate, and a combination of both had been considered as novel functional food ingredients for spread production. This study provides detailed information about the oxidative stability and antioxidant activity of these plant-based spreads during storage conditions. In addition, this study also identified the functional group of the spreads by FTIR analysis.

Bioprospecting autochthonous marine microalgae strain from the Arabian Gulf Seawater, Kuwait for biofuel feedstocks

Bioprospecting programmes are the key to increasing the current portfolio of indigenous microalgal strains accessible for different applications in microalgal biotechnology. In this work, nine fastgrowing microalgal strains isolated from the Arabian/Persian Gulf coastal waters of Kuwait were evaluated for their potential as biofuel feedstocks. 18S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the strains belong to five different genera, namely, Chlorella, Nannochloris, Scenedesmus, Tetraselmis, and Nannochloropsis. In terms of the total lipid content, in comparison to the other strains, Tetraselmis sp. KUBS13G and Tetraselmis sp. KUBS16G displayed higher lipid contents of 29.56% dry weight (DW) and 26.13% DW, respectively, which were dominated by palmitic and oleic acids. Fuel properties calculated from the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by empirical equations were compared with EN14214 (European) and ASTM D6751-−02 (American) biodiesel standards. Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods, such as the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) and Graphical Analysis for Interactive Assistance (GAIA), were used to select suitable microalgae for biofuel feedstock based on their biodiesel fuel properties. Overall, the results suggested that the indigenous microalgal strain Tetraselmis, in particular Tetraselmis sp. KUBS37G, and Scenedesmus sp. KUBS17R are the most suitable strains for biofuel feedstock owing to their improved fuel properties, such as density (ρ) (0.88 g cm−3), low kinematic viscosity (3.1 mm2 s−1), high cetane number (54 and 56, respectively), high oxidation stability (14.6 hr and 14.8 hr), and cold-filter plugging point (1.0°C and -6.1°C).

Imidazole-doped proton conducting composite membranes fabricated from double-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) and zeolitic imidazolate framework

Proton conducting membranes were fabricated from double-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) and zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF). The effect of the ZIF type (ZIF-8, ZIF-67, and a 1:1 wt/wt. mixture (ZIF-mix)) on water uptake, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity, and oxidative stability of the composite membranes was studied. The membrane comprising ZIF-mix exhibited the highest proton conductivity, suggesting a synergistic effect between ZIF-8 and ZIF-67. The influence of ZIF-mix content on the membrane properties was further investigated, and the optimum loading was 7.5%. The introduction of ZIF-mix provided an improvement in proton conductivity and mechanical strength. Moreover, all composite membranes demonstrated low water uptake, low methanol uptake, adequate thermal stability, and high oxidative stability. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time a ZIF-mix composite membrane was doped with imidazole to improve proton conductivity under non-humidified conditions. The proton conductivity of the imidazole-doped 7.5%ZIF-mix membrane increased with increasing imidazole content and temperature.

Development of Nonaqueous Electrolytes for High-Voltage K-Ion Batteries

Abstract K-ion batteries (KIBs) are a widely attractive alternative to Li-ion batteries. While avoiding scarce/toxic elements in their construction, the low standard electrode potential of K+/K allows a low cut-off potential of the negative electrode and high operation voltages that are competitive with those observed in LIBs. Because of the wide operating potential range, developing improved non-aqueous electrolytes with higher oxidation stability and the ability to passivate low-potential negative electrodes is one of the major challenges of high-voltage KIB production. This account primarily covers our recent studies on non-aqueous electrolytes design based on potassium salt and solvent properties. We also discuss remaining/emerging challenges and provide our perspective on non-aqueous electrolytes for high-voltage KIBs.

Thin-Reinforced Anion-Exchange Membranes with High Ionic Contents for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Processes.

Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are a core component that greatly affects the performance of electrochemical energy conversion processes such as reverse electrodialysis (RED) and all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The IEMs used in electrochemical energy conversion processes require low mass transfer resistance, high permselectivity, excellent durability, and also need to be inexpensive to manufacture. Therefore, in this study, thin-reinforced anion-exchange membranes with excellent physical and chemical stabilities were developed by filling a polyethylene porous substrate with functional monomers, and through in situ polymerization and post-treatments. In particular, the thin-reinforced membranes were made to have a high ion-exchange capacity and a limited degree of swelling at the same time through a double cross-linking reaction. The prepared membranes were shown to possess both strong tensile strength (>120 MPa) and low electrical resistance (<1 Ohm cm2). As a result of applying them to RED and VRFB, the performances were shown to be superior to those of the commercial membrane (AMX, Astom Corp., Japan) in the optimal composition. In addition, the prepared membranes were found to have high oxidation stability, enough for practical applications.

Unique Ligand Exchange Dynamics of Metal–Organic Polyhedra for Vitrimer-like Gas Separation Membranes

Unique Ligand Exchange Dynamics of Metal–Organic Polyhedra for Vitrimer-like Gas Separation Membranes

A Quasi-Double-Layer Solid Electrolyte with Adjustable Interphases Enabling High-Voltage Solid-State Batteries.

Increasing the energy density and long-term cycling stability of lithium-ion batteries necessitates the stability of electrolytes under high/low voltage application and stable electrode/electrolyte interfacial contact. However, neither a single polymer nor liquid electrolyte can realize this due to their limited internal energy gap, which cannot avoid lithium-metal deposition and electrolyte oxidation simultaneously. Herein, a novel type of quasi-double-layer composite polymer electrolytes (QDL-CPEs) is proposed by using plasticizers with high oxidation stability (propylene carbonate) and high reduction stability (diethylene glycol dimethyl ether) in a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based electrolyte composites. In-situ-polymerized propylene carbonate can function as a cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) film, which can enhance the antioxidant ability. The nucleophilic substitution reaction between diethylene glycol dimethyl ether and PVDF increases the reduction stability of the electrolyte on the anodic side, without the formation of lithium dendrites. The QDL-CPEs has high ionic conductivity, an enhanced electrochemical reaction window, adjustable electrode/electrolyte interphases, and no additional electrolyte-electrolyte interfacial resistance. Thus, this ingenious design of the QDL-CPEs improves the cycling performance of a fabricated LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 (NCM811)//QDL-CPEs//hard carbon full cell at room temperature, paving a new way for designing solid-state battery systems accessible for practical applications.