High Number Of Nodes Research Articles

A Vector-Based Routing Protocol in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

One major concern shared by many researchers about underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), with respect to the limitations and particularities of underwater environment, is the problem of routing. These limitations include three-dimensional topology, limited bandwidth, node movement, long delay, limited energy, and construction costs. The new routing protocols for underwater networks have been developed on the basis of voracious routing systems. The main problem with UWSNs is finding an efficient route between the source and the target to send more packets to the target with lower levels of energy consumption. In this research, by improving VBF algorithm, which is dependent on the radius of the routing pipe, an algorithm is introduced which considers pipe radius as a function of the environment’s dimensions and of the range and the number of nodes. Consequently, by changing one of these parameters, the radius of the routing pipe changes. However, to control the energy consumed by the nodes, there exists a function that, if the recipient node’s energy to receive the packet is much lower than that of the sender node, the proposed method reduces the size of the routing pipe’s radius to lessen its chance of being selected as the guiding node so that other nodes are able to have the chance of getting the packet’s guiding node. The proposed algorithm has been compared with VBVA, HHVBF, and VBF protocols; the simulation results obtained from NS-2 simulator indicate that the proposed protocol could cut back on energy consumption, especially in networks with high number of nodes, by relying on changing the width of the routing pipe in proportion to network density. It was also successful in delivering more packets in non-dense networks.

Neem Oil Used as a “Complex Mixture” to Improve In Vitro Shoot Proliferation in Olive

Shoots of the olive cultivar Moraiolo were previously cultured in aseptic conditions on Olive Medium (OM), with the addition of 4 mg·L−1 of zeatin, 30 g·L−1 of sucrose, and 7 g·L−1 of agar. Then, 1-cm long uninodal explants with two leaves and two axillary buds were excised from the proliferated masses and placed on the same proliferation medium enriched with four concentrations of neem oil (0—control, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mL·L−1), added before sterilization. The addition of 0.1 mL·L−1 of neem oil to the medium gave an improvement in shoot regeneration. More vigorous shoots (longer proliferated shoots) were obtained along with a higher number of nodes (multiplication rate). Overall, there was a significant increase in the total fresh and dry proliferated weights. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing a strong and beneficial effect of neem oil, used as a “complex mixture,” on in vitro plant regeneration.

English

The aim of this study was to identify the best medium for the micropropagation of four cultivars (Six-mois, M61/061, Yalipe and Rendre) of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) plantlets free of mosaic virus. The effect of media on the morphogenesis in vitro was studied using different growth regulators combinations, added to MS medium, M0: MS without growth regulator; M1: MS+NAA (0.02 mg/l) ; M2 : MS+BAP (0.05 mg/l); M3: MS+NAA (0.02 mg/l) + BAP (0.05 mg/l); M4: MS+NAA (0.02 mg/l) + BAP (0.05 mg/l) + GA3 (0.02 mg/l). The percentage of bud enlargement was determined after one week; while plantlets height, number of nodes, number of leaves, number of roots and Roots length were determined after eight weeks. The results show that the percentage of bud enlargement ranged from 78 to 100% in all the mediums, M1 and M3 induced the highest percentages of bud induction. The highest plantlet was observed in the medium M4 with cultivar Yalipe (5.28 cm), whereas the weakest was observed in the medium M1 with cultivar M61.033 (1.68 cm). The highest number of nodes was observed in the medium M4 with cultivar M61/033 (2.73), whereas the weakest was observed in M4 with cultivar Rendre (1.26). The highest number of leaves was obtained in M4 with cultivar M61/033 (4.74), whereas the weakest was observed in M3 with cultivar Six-mois (2.00). Medium M1 induced the highest number of roots (3.47) with cultivar Yalipe, whereas the weakest was observed in M2 with M61/033 (0.10). The highest root length was observed in the medium, M1 with cultivar Rendre (4.72 cm), whereas the weakest was observed in M0 with cultivar M61/033 (1.68 cm). Key words: Cassava, morphogenesis in vitro, plant acclimatization, growth regulators.

The first series of laparoscopic radical cystectomies done in South Africa

Background: Radical cystectomy (RC) with extended lymphadenectomy and urinary diversion remains the standard of care for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Laparoscopic radical cystectomies (LRC) have been performed at Groote Schuur Hospital (GSH) since 2009. We aimed to audit our data regarding complications and oncological outcome and compare it to data obtained from patients undergoing open radical cystectomy (ORC) by the same surgeon since 2007. Methods: All adult patients who underwent open and laparoscopic RC from 2007 to 2013 have been included in the study. Data on demographics, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications, margin positivity, and lymph nodes was obtained retrospectively by means of folder review. Results: Thirty (30) patients who underwent LRC and 32 who underwent ORC were included in the study. Participants undergoing ORC experienced shorter operative duration (301 minutes versus 382 minutes; p-value < 0.0001), increased blood loss (1376 ml versus 779ml; p-value = 0.0023) and transfusion requirement (2 units versus 0; p-value = 0.071) in contrast to LRC. Postoperative complications were more prevalent in the ORC arm compared to the LRC arm (61% versus 43%). Patients with a past medical history were at higher risk of experiencing postoperative complications (p-value = 0.04; Risk Ratio: 1.6). Margin positivity was comparable between the two arms. A higher number of nodes was sampled by the laparoscopic technique in this study (overall p-value = 0.07). Conclusion: Laparoscopic RC is associated with longer operative times, decreased blood loss, and equivalent oncological outcomes when compared to ORC. Laparoscopic RC is a feasible option in our setting.

The Effects of Using Some Different Types of Learning Automata on Presentation of Adaptive Neighbor-Based and Energy Efficient Topology Control Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

The high number of nodes and dynamic and periodic topological changes, as well as constraints in the physical size of nodes, energy resources, and power of processing are some characteristics of sensor networks that make them different from other networks. One method to overcome these constraints is topology control with the aim of reducing energy consumption and increasing the network’s capacity, which has the most influence on the network’s efficiency, especially in terms of energy consumption and lifetime. In consideration of learning Automata’s abilities, such as low computational load and adaptability to changes via low environmental feedbacks, in this paper, neighbor-based topology control protocols based on learning Automata have been proposed somehow that all nodes are equipped with Automata. The nodes try to adapt their selected actions with required conditions for creating a connected and energy efficient network by selecting the best radio range for themselves. This approach finally forms a proper topology, and in this way it lowers the network’s energy consumption in its lifetime. The exclusive characteristic of these methods is the high number of transmission ranges that each node can select as transmission radius. In the first proposed protocol, a P-model environment is used for learning phase, but in the second proposed protocol, a Q-model environment is applied. Simulation results show favorite functionality of proposed protocols in comparison with some other similar protocols from topology control point of view, as well as high improvement of achieved results for the Q-model environment.

Abstract IA17: Treatment de-intensification strategies for head and neck cancer

Abstract IA17: Treatment de-intensification strategies for head and neck cancer

Effect of fertilization and inoculation with native rhizobial strains on growth of Prosopis alba seedlings under nursery conditions

Prosopis alba (algarrobo blanco) is able to fix N2 symbiotically associated with nodule inducing rhizobacteria. However, there is no information related to the effects and interactions of inoculation and fertilization during the production of “algarrobo blanco” seedlings. The aim of this work was to evaluate, under nursery conditions, the combined effect of inoculation with specific rhizobacteria and nitrate (NO3−) levels on growth and nodulation of P. alba seedlings from two localities and phytogeographical provenances: La Paz and Campo Duran from Espinal and Parque Chaqueno regions, respectively. Seeds were inoculated two days after sowing with a mix containing three specific rhizobacteria isolates and fertilized with three NO3− concentrations (0, 2.8 and 21.6 mM). Inoculation combined with 2.8 mM NO3− increased leaf number and favored collar diameter, without a significant effect on total height. Fertilization with 21.6 mM NO3− stimulated seedling growth, yielding the highest seedlings with the highest node number with leaves and the lowest percentage of nodulated plants. Seedlings from La Paz showed better response in collar diameter and leaf number than those from Campo Duran.

Using ALFA for high throughput, distributed data transmission in the ALICE O2 system

ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a heavy-ion detector designed to study the physics of strongly interacting matter (the Quark–Gluon Plasma at the CERN LHC (Large Hadron Collider). ALICE has been successfully collecting physics data in Run 2 since spring 2015. In parallel, preparations for a major upgrade of the computing system, called O2 (Online-Offline), scheduled for the Long Shutdown 2 in 2019-2020, are being made. One of the major requirements of the system is the capacity to transport data between so-called FLPs (First Level Processors), equipped with readout cards, and the EPNs (Event Processing Node), performing data aggregation, frame building and partial reconstruction. It is foreseen to have 268 FLPs dispatching data to 1500 EPNs with an average output of 20 Gb/s each. In overall, the O2 processing system will operate at terabits per second of throughput while handling millions of concurrent connections. The ALFA framework will standardize and handle software related tasks such as readout, data transport, frame building, calibration, online reconstruction and more in the upgraded computing system. ALFA supports two data transport libraries: ZeroMQ and nanomsg. This paper discusses the efficiency of ALFA in terms of high throughput data transport. The tests were performed with multiple FLPs pushing data to multiple EPNs. The transfer was done using push-pull communication patterns and two socket configurations: bind, connect. The set of benchmarks was prepared to get the most performant results on each hardware setup. The paper presents the measurement process and final results – data throughput combined with computing resources usage as a function of block size. The high number of nodes and connections in the final set up may cause race conditions that can lead to uneven load balancing and poor scalability. The performed tests allow us to validate whether the traffic is distributed evenly over all receivers. It also measures the behaviour of the network in saturation and evaluates scalability from a 1-to-1 to a N-to-M solution.

AD HOC Networks for the Autonomous Car

The future of the vehicle is made of cars, roads and infrastructures connected in a two way automated communication in a holistic system. It is a mandatory to use Encryption to maintain Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability in an ad hoc vehicle network. Vehicle to Vehicle communication, requires multichannel interaction between mobile, moving and changing parties to insure the full benefit from data sharing and real time decision making, a network of such users referred as mobile ad hoc network (MANET), however as ad hoc networks were not implemented in such a scale, it is not clear what is the best method and protocol to apply. Furthermore the visibility of secure preferred asymmetric encrypted ad hoc networks in a real time environment of dense moving autonomous vehicles has to be demonstrated, In order to evaluate the performance of Ad Hoc networks in changing conditions a simulation of multiple protocols was performed on large number of mobile nodes. The following common routing protocols were tested, DSDV is a proactive protocol, every mobile station maintains a routing table with all available destinations, DSR is a reactive routing protocol which allows nodes in the MANET to dynamically discover a source route across multiple network hops, AODV is a reactive routing protocol Instead of being proactive. It minimizes the number of broadcasts by creating routes based on demand, SAODV is a secure version of AODV, requires heavyweight asymmetric cryptographic, ARIANDE is a routing protocol that relies on highly efficient symmetric cryptography the concept is primarily based on DSR.A methodical evolution was performed in a various density of transportation, based on known communication bench mark parameters including, Throughput Vs. time, Routing Load per packets and bytes. Out of the none encrypted protocols, It is clear that in terms of performance of throughput and routing load DSR protocol has a clear advantage the high node number mode. The encrypted protocols show lower performance with ARIANDE being superior to SAODV and SRP. Nevertheless all protocol simulation proved it to match required real time performance.

Yield, quality, nutrient and water use efficiency of tomato as affected by different fertigation rates through drip irrigation system

An experiment was carried out to study the impact of drip fertigation in tomato crop at RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur during rabi season 2015-16 in split plot designed with three irrigation schedules [100 (I1), 75 (I2) and 50% PE (I3) through drip] and five fertilization schedules [100% RDF (F1), 75% RDF (F2), 75% RDF + 2 foliar spray of 1% urea phosphate (F3), 50% RDF (F4), 50% RDF + 2 foliar spray of 1% urea phosphate (F5)]. Higher number of nodes per plant (21.20 and 19.89) and yield (169.03 and 186.38 q/ha) were registered with treatments receiving drip irrigation at 75% PE and 75% RDF through fertigation + 2 foliar spray of 1% urea phosphate, respectively. Quality characteristics were enhanced with combined use of I2F3 treatment. The highest water use efficiency i.e. 26.37 ka/ha-cm was recorded under I3F3 treatment and fertilizer use efficiency with I2F5 treatment combination (165.78, 254.31 and 381.46 kg/kg NPK, respectively).

MCFL: an energy efficient multi-clustering algorithm using fuzzy logic in wireless sensor network

In this study, a multi-clustering algorithm based on fuzzy logic (MCFL) with an entirely different approach is presented to carry out node clustering in wsn. This approach minimizes energy dissipation and, consequently, prolongs network lifetime. In the past, numerous algorithms were tasked with clustering nodes in wireless sensors networks. The common denominator of all these approaches is the constancy of the algorithm in all the rounds of network lifetime that causes the selection of cluster heads in each round. Selecting cluster heads in each round indicates that throughout the process the most eligible nodes are not selected. By comparing the chance of each node to be selected as a cluster head using a random number, the majority of these clustering approaches, both fuzzy and non-fuzzy, destroy the chance of selecting the most eligible node as cluster head. As a result, all these approaches require the selection of cluster heads in each round. Performing selections in each round increases the rate of sent and received messages. By increasing the number of messages, the total number of sent messages in the network increases too. Therefore, in a network with a high number of nodes, any increase in the number of packets will augment network traffic and increase the collision probability. On the other hand, since nodes lose a certain amount of energy for each sent message, by increasing the number of messages, nodes’ energy will correspondingly decrease which results in their premature death. However, by selecting the most eligible nodes as cluster heads and trusting them for at least a few rounds, the amount of sent and received messages is reduced. In this article, In addition to clustering nodes in different rounds using different clustering algorithms, MCFL avoids selecting new cluster heads by trusting previous cluster heads leading to a reduction in the number of messages and saving energy. MCFL is compared with other approaches in three different scenarios using indices such as total remaining energy, the number of dead nodes, first node dies, half of nodes die, and last node dies. Results reveal that MCFL has as advantage over other approaches.

Non-inferiority of minimally invasive oesophagectomy: an 8-year retrospective case series.

The trend towards laparoscopic surgery seen in other specialties has not occurred at the same pace in oesophagectomy. This stems from concerns regarding compromised oncological clearance, and complications associated with gastric tube necrosis and anastomotic failure. We present our experience of minimally invasive oesophagectomy (MIO) compared to open and hybrid surgery. We aim to ascertain non-inferiority of MIO by evaluating impact on survival, oncological clearance by resection margin and lymph node harvest and post-operative complications. Data were sourced retrospectively 2008-2015. Three approaches were studied. MIO (3-stage Mckeown), hybrid (2-stage Ivor Lewis, laparoscopy, thoracotomy) and open (2-stage Ivor Lewis). Five-year survival was 54.2%. Surgical approach had no significant impact on survival at any stage of disease (Stage 0/I p=0.98; stage II p=0.2; stage III p=0.76). There was no statistically significant difference in oncological clearance by resection margins between procedures when compared by disease stage (p=0.49). A higher number of nodes were harvested in hybrid [median 27.5 (6-65)] and open surgeries [median 26 (4-54)] than in MIO [median 20 (7-44)] (p>0.01). Numbers of nodes resected did not impact risk of recurrence [recurrence, median 25 (6-54), no recurrence, 26 (4-65)] (p=0.25). Anastomotic strictures (22.4%) and potential leaks (17.9%) were more common in MIO (strictures p>0.01, leaks p=0.08), although associated morbidity was lower. Respiratory complications were less common in MIO (2.9%) versus hybrid (13.3%) (p=0.02). Wound infection and chyle leak were also lower (wound 1.5% MIO 3.5% open, p=0.6; chyle leak 1.5% MIO, 6.7% hybrid, p=0.2). Our results show no negative impact of MIO on survival or oncological clearance. Respiratory and wound complications are lower in MIO, but rates of anastomotic strictures and potential anastomotic leaks are increased. This may be due to the longer length of conduit and subclinical ischaemia at the anastomosis and merits further evaluation.

Wearable Modular Telemetry System for the Integrated Rescue System Operational Use

The article summarizes the development of the FlexiGuard modular telemetry system designed for enhancing safety of the Integrated Rescue System team members in solving crisis situations and for improving training processes. Further framework solutions, which lead to the development of automatic modular telemetry system allowing for real time monitoring of physiological parameters, are provided as well. The system provides for the signalization of critical states such as exhaustion, mental stress, and overheating. It further provides differentiation between the nature and intensity of movement, including actual and overall energy output, monitoring environmental parameters, and analysis of an intervention or training. The system has been tested in laboratories as well as in the terrain under real circumstances, and the eventual end users participated in its optimization process. Following the theory of games, a model of a transmission system was also created which demonstrates higher transmission efficiency when using higher number of nodes.

Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos, correlações e índices de seleção para seis caracteres agronômicos em linhagens F8 de soja

This study aimed to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters and provide knowledge for breeding programs aiming at the selection of the main characters of assessment in soybeans. The experiment was installed in Sabia farm, located at ‘Serra das Laranjeiras” , in the municipality of Currais, Piaui, Brazil, during the 2011/2012 crop year using a randomized block design with 27 genotypes and three repetitions. The evaluated variables were: height at flowering (APF), height at maturity (APM), pod insertion height (AIV), grain yield (PG), number of nodes (NN) and number of pods (NV). The obtained heritability coefficients were from medium to high, for all evaluated characters, ranging from 0.53 to 0.94, for grain yield and plant height at flowering, respectively. These high heritability were confirmed by the high degree of genetic variation and the CVg/CVe ratio, indicating a high prospect of success for the phenotypic selection. The higher positive genetic correlations and the significant (P &lt;0.01) were observed between grain yield and the variables number of nodes (0.807**) and number of pods (0.781**), indicating that the selection of plants with higher number of nodes and pods could result in more productive plants. The Williams-based index presented the highest percentage of gain with the selection offor the grain yield (21.84%) variable.

The Interactive Effect of Pruning Level and Irrigation Strategy on Grape Berry Ripening and Composition in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz

A partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation technique (0.5 ML/ha) was compared with a standard irrigation treatment (1 ML/ha) at three different pruning levels of 30, 60 and 120 nodes per grapevine in Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz. Berry size was found to decrease as node number per grapevine increased, but was not significantly altered by the PRD treatment. The influence of these treatments on the accumulation of total soluble solids per berry was investigated during berry ripening and was shown to be reduced at higher node number (120 nodes). There was no effect of PRD on the accumulation of total soluble solids. Juice titratable acidity and the concentration (per g) and content (per berry) of grape anthocyanins and phenolics were compared between treatments at harvest. In one season of the study, juice titratable acidity, anthocyanin and phenolic concentration was unaltered by the PRD treatment. In a further season, juice titratable acidity was decreased in response to the PRD treatment and was associated with increases in grape anthocyanin and phenolic concentration in response to PRD. Where there was a small increase in anthocyanin concentration in response to PRD, this was found to be independent of berry size. In addition, linear regression analysis showed a poor relationship between berry size and anthocyanin concentration, but a significant relationship was found between berry size and anthocyanins per berry.

Open source model and simulator for real-time performance analysis of automotive network security

With the increasing interconnection of vehicles, security challenges have moved into focus. Attacks on in-vehicle networks can cause accidents resulting in financial damages and even loss of life. The impact of an attack can be mitigated by secure internal vehicle networks, employing authentication of ECUs and authorization of messages. However, quantifying the real-time performance of additional security measures is difficult due to the high number of nodes and messages. In this paper, we present an open source model and simulator for the evaluation of the real-time performance of automotive networks implementing security measures. Applying parameters from hardware measurements, we evaluate our model and simulator with realistic test cases and a case study. We further present application perspectives on how the open source simulator can be used in different domains for the analysis of automotive network architectures.

Effect of genotype, medium and light on in vitro plant proliferation of Vaccinium spp.

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate how growing conditions and media enhance blueberry proliferation. The effects of combinations of five Vaccinium spp. genotypes, two growing conditions and four proliferation media on plant growth were investigated. For shoot length and number of shoots, the factor responsible for the majority of the variance was the medium (13% and 22%, respectively). For callus size, the factor that caused the majority of the variation was genotype (22%). The medium that induced the longest shoot was ½MS0.3Z, while the medium that produced the highest number of nodes and the highest number of shoots was ½MS2Z. Genotypes ‘Blue Bayou’ and ‘Centra Blue’ produced an increased amount of callus over time, whereas the ‘unreleased selection’ genotype produced the least amount of callus. The genotype with the highest total plant fresh weight after 90 days was ‘Blue Bayou’ on WPM2Z medium in high light conditions.

Physiological aspects, growth and yield of Coffea spp. in areas of high altitude

Low temperature and water deficit are the major climatic limitations for the coffee plant, affecting metabolic performance, development and yield. This work aims at evaluating the physiological responses of Coffea spp. genotypes grown in high-altitude (734 m) areas under field conditions, using 3-to-4-year-old plants of C. arabica cv. Catucai Vermelho (785/15) and C. canephora cv. Encapa 8111 Clone 02 (02V). Predawn leaf potential water, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, internal-to-external CO2 concentration ratio, and chlorophyll a fluorescence (JIPTest) values were assessed in March (adequate temperature and water availability conditions), July (suboptimal temperature) and October (low water availability). The growth of orthotropic and plagiotropic branches and the number of nodes were monitored monthly for 13 months, whereas two years yield was evaluated. Low temperatures (July) affected photosynthesis of both genotypes, although 785/15 showed smaller after-effects by October and unaltered values of almost all fluorescence parameters throughout the year (reflecting a high functional stability), and a higher number of nodes with a potential positive impact on yield. The 02V plants also kept relevant photochemical functioning, maintaining the values of several JIPTest parameters, a branch growth higher than 785/15, and a similar yield to that found for 02V in some lowaltitude areas. Therefore, C. canephora was able to cope with moderate low temperature and water deficit constraints that prevail in areas of higher altitudes for part of the year, while maintaining yield performance. Therefore, this genotype shows considerable potential to be cultivated at higher altitudes than what is traditionally considered adequate for C. canephora.

A multi-objective optimization of data dissemination in delay tolerant networks

Data dissemination in delay tolerant networks is an important issue due to the complexity of a multi-hop network formed by a high number of nodes with limited resources, variable and unpredicted mobility conditions. Nodes have to act as expert systems and make suitable forwarding decisions based on local knowledge on the fly. Most of the proposed algorithms rely on adjusting a range of decision variables related to social and topological aspects of the network. Adjusting such parameters is still an open issue since many of them are interrelated. To solve this problem, we propose a multi-objective evolutionary simulation framework for optimizing in terms of delivery hit, delivery cost and latency, a probabilistic data dissemination algorithm based on well-known and widely used social and topological parameters such as centrality, similarity, social strength, friendship, and trust. The proposed multi-objective based optimization framework provides many advantages with respect to existing approaches based on single objective optimization. Primarily, it allows the network designer to have a complete view of the possible outcomes of the data dissemination algorithm through the Pareto front (non-dominated solutions). Furthermore, we propose a decision tree-based selection to obtain under which values of the decision variables we can find a set of solutions that meet a target performance. We validate this selection mechanism by providing the conditions under which we can find balanced solutions in the considered simulation scenarios. The solutions provided by the proposed approach have significant implications for the design of new data dissemination algorithms in DTNs.

Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Three-Dimensional Reconstructions of Unbiased Sampled Microglia Shows not Continuous Morphological Changes from Stage 1 to 2 after Multiple Dengue Infections in Callithrix penicillata.

It is known that microglial morphology and function are related, but few studies have explored the subtleties of microglial morphological changes in response to specific pathogens. In the present report we quantitated microglia morphological changes in a monkey model of dengue disease with virus CNS invasion. To mimic multiple infections that usually occur in endemic areas, where higher dengue infection incidence and abundant mosquito vectors carrying different serotypes coexist, subjects received once a week subcutaneous injections of DENV3 (genotype III)-infected culture supernatant followed 24 h later by an injection of anti-DENV2 antibody. Control animals received either weekly anti-DENV2 antibodies, or no injections. Brain sections were immunolabeled for DENV3 antigens and IBA-1. Random and systematic microglial samples were taken from the polymorphic layer of dentate gyrus for 3-D reconstructions, where we found intense immunostaining for TNFα and DENV3 virus antigens. We submitted all bi- or multimodal morphological parameters of microglia to hierarchical cluster analysis and found two major morphological phenotypes designated types I and II. Compared to type I (stage 1), type II microglia were more complex; displaying higher number of nodes, processes and trees and larger surface area and volumes (stage 2). Type II microglia were found only in infected monkeys, whereas type I microglia was found in both control and infected subjects. Hierarchical cluster analysis of morphological parameters of 3-D reconstructions of random and systematic selected samples in control and ADE dengue infected monkeys suggests that microglia morphological changes from stage 1 to stage 2 may not be continuous.