High Nobility Research Articles

‘Die zweideutige Würde der Dichterin’: Literarische Selbstbehauptung um 1800 am Beispiel von Wilhelmine Müller, geb. Maisch

ABSTRACT During her lifetime, the now-forgotten author and editor of women’s almanacs Wilhelmine Müller, née Maisch (1767–1807), was the most published poet in pocketbooks and periodicals, especially from Southern Germany. Tracing Müller’s career, this article examines her strategies for asserting herself in the literary field around 1800. The pastor’s daughter, who came from a modest background, relied on male mentors to establish herself as a writer. To this end, Müller actively engaged in networking. She confidently displayed her affiliation with poetry circles in Stuttgart and Vienna and curated her public image, referring to her connections to the high nobility. Both in her poems and in her paratexts, Müller reflects on her agency and advocates for women’s rights to education and intellectuality. However, her self-presentation remains ambivalent: she strategically oscillates between self-confidence and humility to defend herself against prejudice and ‘gender censorship’.

Typology of Traditional Domestic Architecture based on Social Stratifications: The Case of Mamasa Tribe, Indonesia

Typologies of traditional domestic architecture across the world are based on numerous criteria. Certainly, social stratification is one among them. Mamasa tribe located in the West Sulawesi Province, which is one of the Indonesian ethnic groups with traditional architecture do so based on the social and economic levels of the community and the caste divisions. Their traditional architectural heritage still maintained to this day is the Mamasa traditional house called banua. The Mamasa community introduced caste divisions based on the social and economic levels of the community which physically influenced the form and typology of the Mamasa traditional house. This study examines the architectural aspects influenced by the social stratification of the Mamasa community: the function, form, space, material, appearance and decorative variety of the Mamasa traditional house. The research employed exploratory qualitative methods. Data collection techniques included direct observations, interviews and literature studies. In-depth interviews were conducted with several traditional leaders related to the Mamasa traditional house. The field data was correlated with data from the literature studies: journals, books, or website sources related to the research study. The findings indicate a strong correlation between the architecture of the traditional Mamasa house and the social stratification that exists in the Mamasa community. The typology based on the social stratification of the Mamasa society is: the first type, Banua Sura' is intended for the tana' bulawan or high nobility class. The second type, Banua Bolong is intended for the tana' bassi or the ordinary nobility class. The third type, Banua Rapa is intended for the tana' karurung or free-people class. The fourth type, Banua Longkarrin is intended for the tana' kua-kua or the slave class. These four types of banua each reflect the social and economic status of the homeowners through their architecture.

Egy kimagasló szervitori karrier

This study aims to examine the details of the relationship between Ferenc Káldy Sr of Felsőkáld, a nobleman from Western Transdanubia, and his overlord, Ádám I. Batthyány. Káldy had significant wealth from a young age, and he was active in the public life of Vas county throughout his whole life. Some of his significant career achievements include becoming the vice captain of Pápa, being the commander of the private army of the Batthyány family from 1634, and serving as the vice captain of the Transdanubian district from 1637. He couldn’t have achieved these positions and influence, however, without the support of the Batthyány family. Ferenc Káldy’s success can largely be attributed to his prominent role in the Batthyány court, as well as his exceptional professional skills. Many of his letters are still accessible today, which gives us the opportunity not just to study this relationship between overlord and confidante, which had an important societal function at the time, but we could also learn new information about the organization and leadership of the private armies of the nobility. Ádám I. Batthyány appreciated his servitor, Káldy’s service yielded significant financial gain and security for him. At the time of his death on 29 May 1648 the most successful member of the Káldy family of Felsőkáld was close to ascending to high nobility, in terms of both wealth and political influence. While his career was somewhat atypical considering the positions he held, it can still be concluded that for nobles with medium holdings, the path to political and financial success usually leads through the court of a magnate.

Extending the Passive Region of CrFeNi‐Based High Entropy Alloys

AbstractThis study provides principles for designing new corrosion resistant high entropy alloys. The theoretical framework is a percolation model developed by Newman and Sieradzki that predicts the ability of an alloy to passivate, i.e., to form a protective surface oxide, based on its composition. Here, their model is applied to more complex materials than previously, namely amorphous CrFeNiTa and CrFeNiW alloys. Furthermore, the model describes a more complex passivation process: reforming the oxide layer above the transpassive potential of Cr. The model is used to predict the lowest concentration of Ta or W required to extend the passive region, yielding 11–14 at% Ta and 14–17 at% W. For CrFeNiTa, experiments reveal a threshold value of 13–15 at% Ta, which agrees with the prediction. For CrFeNiW, the experimentally determined threshold value is 37–45 at% W, far above the predicted value. Further investigations explore why the percolation model fails to describe the CrFeNiW system; key factors are the higher nobility and the pH sensitivity of W. These results demonstrate some limitations of the percolation model and offer complementary passivation criteria, while providing a design route for combining the properties of the 3d transition metal and refractory metal groups.

PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BRAZILIAN NATURAL STONES: APPARENT DENSITY, POROSITY, WATER ABSORPTION, AND CAPILLARITY DETERMINATIONS

Natural Stones rocks are natural materials of high nobility and high chemical and physical resistance, properties that provide them with great durability. When exposed to weather conditions over time, they suffer some type of degradation, with the main agent being the percolation of fluids, which due to their compositions can interfere with the intrinsic factors of the rocks, either in environmental conditions or in different applications. In this sense, technological characterization emerges as a predictive diagnostic tool and assertive indication regarding performance, durability, and the need for some protective action for stone materials. Using petrographic analysis and tests that determine characteristics such as porosity and absorption, it is possible to identify patterns and define parameters, for example, of the permeability of the materials and on the need or not for the application, in particular, of protectors such as the recent oil-water repellents. To evaluate the effectiveness of applying these protectors, seventeen Brazilian ornamental rocks were previously tested, based on the NBR 12766 standards for determining the physical indexes and the EN 1925 for determining the water absorption coefficient by capillarity. The results showed four permeability patterns based on the saturation time and slope of the absorption curve and the relation between total absorption is not fully direct with the capillarity values. Based on this information, indications about protective treatments can be considered.

The Court in the Countryside: Privacy and Political Sociability in the Suburban Villas of Copenhagen’s Late Eighteenth-Century Court Elite

In the early modern period, country house areas developed on the outskirts of resident towns throughout Europe. During summertime when the royal court withdrew from the capital to its summer palace, higher-ranking members of court would also retire to the suburbs. For members of the diplomatic corps or high nobility, keeping up with the politics and sociability of court life was crucial, even in the warmer months. The countryside was a recreational space, and the political function of the suburban villa was therefore different from that of the town. The suburban villa was characterised by a relative simplicity and intimacy in appearance, yet it was a highly political arena. Court members and royals were free from their urban duties, having retired to the privacy of the countryside, but this article argues that the political sociability of court life continued, adapting to a different setting. Indeed, the suburban villa was a space where relationships could be deepened, or vital political matters discussed on more private terms. Court members went on carriage rides, held pique-niques or even balls during these stays in the suburbs, often employing for political purposes the connection between privacy and sociability that was intrinsic to countryside existence. The article discusses the experiences and agency of men and women, and the dynamics of court and countryside on the outskirts of the Danish capital of Copenhagen in the late eighteenth century.

Eliazar Litman Feigin and the Birth of Jewish Capitalism under Tsar Nicholas I

This article surveys the life and business exploits of a little-known Jewish merchant from Chernihiv, Eliazar Litman Feigin. I argue that Feigin became a wealthy, self-made, dynamic entrepreneur who exercised aggressive, high-risk economic tactics in tax farming and military supplies. He attempted to enter the new economic spheres of banking and railroad construction, but he faced the system of the old regime, which was not ready for unrestricted economic activity in the country and feared social change. This juxtaposition of modern capitalist activity alongside the old regime's institutions was unique in Europe. Feigin's business activity was instrumental in promoting Finance Minister Egor Kankrin's economic policies. It was also dependent on the minister's protection and eventually led to a clash with competitors and the highest nobility.

On the role and participation of Chechens in the emergence of the Endirean principality

The second half of 16th and early 17th centuries was an important landmark in the history of the peoples of the Northeast Caucasus. That was when essential events greatly influenced the subsequent course of historical processes. Chechens continued to move from the mountains to the plains. Kumyks are settling in the Terek-Sulak interfluve, which gives birth to the renowned Endirean princedom in the region's history. This is where Chechens (Akkits-Aukhovs) and Kumyks (Northern Kumyks) are further divided into separate ethno-territorial groups. The social terminology of the northern Kumyks features the Sala-uzdeni nobility. The emergence of the term among the northern Kumyk is connected with the Sala (Saloi) Chechen ethnic group closely linked with the early stage of the development of the Endirean princedom, headed by Sultan-Makhmud. In recognition of their merits, Sultan Mahmud conferred numerous rights and privileges on members of the Sala ethnic group, from whom he found support and encouragement in his difficult time. This was the basis of the formation of a new higher nobility, the Sala-uzdeni, which subsequently came to include members of various ethnic groups. The Chechens continued to fully support Sultan-Mukhmud during military and political events of the first quarter of the 17th century, when he was opposed by Dagestani feudals and Russian troops of Terek.

Sang Wirayuda: Biography of Raden Ronggo Prawirodirjo III of Madiun, Circa 1779-1810

One of the prominent figures in the history of Madiun, especially the late era of the old Javanese order, is Raden Ronggo Prawirodirjo III. For this reason, this article discusses the biography of Raden Ronggo Prawirodirjo III of Madiun circa 1779-1810. The sources used were primary and secondary sources in the form of the archive of Bundel Djokja Brieven, (Dj Br) no. 193, 409, ANRI collections, chronicles, magazines, and literature in the form of books. Furthermore, the research procedure covered the stages of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The research findings revealed that Raden Ronggo Prawirodirjo III was trahing kusuma rembesing madu [a descendant of high nobility] and trah wirayuda [a descendant of officers] from his parents. Raden Ronggo also served as Regent of Madiun between 1796-1810. Inflaming resistance to Dutch colonialism, he started it on November 20 until he died with his troops on December 17, 1810. In addition, Raden Ronggo was familiar with the santri (Islamic boarding school students) and the old Javanese literary works that influenced his psychology to determine some policies or decisions taken in his life.

Lov og lovgivning i middelalderen. Nye studier av Magnus Lagabøtes landslov

Lov og lovgivning i middelalderen. Nye studier av Magnus Lagabøtes landslov

HIIU-SUUREMÕISA AND KOLGA. TWO MANOR ENSEMBLES OF THE DE LA GARDIE AND STENBOCK FAMILIES IN THE MIRROR OF THE 17TH–18TH CENTURY NOBLE CULTURE

Kolga (Kolck) and Hiiu-Suuremõisa (Dagö-Grossenhof) are two ofthe most prominent manor ensembles in Estonia. Belonging to theDe la Gardie and Stenbock families, their architectural historieshave been thoroughly studied both in Sweden and Estonia. In the1930s, Professor Sten Karling compiled a survey of Jacob and MagnusGabriel De la Gardie’s projects for the castles of Haapsalu andKuressaare (Arensburg). Based on unpublished archival materials,the primary aim of this article is to introduce new data about theambitions and main trends of the Baltic high nobility in their farawayEstonian estates. The second and even more important task of theessay is to offer a new outlook on the building activities regardingthe Baltic villa rustica in its golden age within the Baltic aristocraticarchitecture. Beside the patrons of both manor ensembles – the Dela Gardies and Stenbocks, the author has studied multiple sources ofinternational and local architectural development in tandem with thearchival findings and comparative art-historical research, to shinea new light on the main trends of the Baltic cultural history of theEnlightenment period.

Between Proximity and Distance: Travels of the German High Nobility to the French Court at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century

At the turn of the eighteenth century, it was mainly the sons of German princes who travelled around Europe during their Prinzenreise. The French royal court was a highly prized destination. The welcome given and honours shown to the German princes – often expressed in expensive gifts – was an indicator of their home territory’s ranking within a competitive aristocratic society. There were partisans of France within the German aristocracy, but also dynasties who tried to gain recognition but were politically reserved towards France.

ОБИЧАЈНО ПРАВО У НАМЕНСКИМ ОБРАСЦИМА ПОВЕЉА БОСАНСКИХ ВЛАДАРА И ВЕЛИКАША CUSTOMARY LAW IN PURPOSE-SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF THE CHARTERS OF BOSNIAN RULERS AND MAGNATES

The paper presents the results of a research based on the return to the source material and the new interpretation of the forms оf certain formulae in the charters of Bosnian rulers and magnates. Mainly by comparing two purpose-specific types of documents – donation charters issued to domestic addressees and international treaties, and in particular the formulae of intitulatio, sanctio (poena spiritualis), oath and witnesses in each of them, the degree of presence, purpose and importance of the elements of customary law in the formularies that were generally used in Bosnian chanceries and scribal services are determined. Preliminary conclusions suggest that old patrimonial law prevailed in bans’ and royal documents issued for domestic nobility (which is why the “lands” of the Bosnian state are mentioned, as well as “brethren” in the formula of witnesses), while in international treaties the guarantee came from another set of customs – from oath and authority of the ruler and influential witnesses. On the other hand, in the documents issued by the magnates and regional lords whose authority was at a lower hierarchical level, patrimonial-kindred customary law is to be found in international legal correspondence as well, to some extent, since the credibility of legal acts of the authors from the ranks of high nobility in Bosnia was based on the consent of their family or noble kindred, as well as on the eventual consent of the Bosnian ruler.

Learning Languages among Aristocrats in Hungary (1867-1918)

In the present study, by means of private letters, memoirs, as well as school registry forms, we focus on aristocratic children’s language education: what languages did they study, with whom did they study them, with what methods and for what purpose – whether at home or in school. After 1867, the aristocracy retained its multilingual facility. The daughters of the family typically continued studying at home, guided by foreign governesses and Hungarian home tutors. Besides Hungarian, they usually acquired three languages (French, German, English) to a proficient level, by help of a method that placed the emphasis on speaking. The boys’ language studies progressed in a similar way, the difference being that they were more likely to study in public schools – abroad or in Hungary. Within the high society, the two most sought-after foreign institutions were the Theresianum in Vienna and the Jesuit secondary grammar school in Kalksburg. In these, the students had the chance to choose from among several classical and modern languages to study; moreover, however surprising it might seem at first glance, they also placed a great emphasis on nurturing the Hungarian language. Thus, by the time they reached adulthood, the daughters and sons of high nobility became polished speakers and readers of foreign languages, which, besides cultivating their international family relations, also helped them in keeping abreast on world events, as well as in literature and the sciences, not to mention – in the case of the boys – constituting an advantage in their career fields.

A Haveli at the Agra Riverfront: Link to a Lost Heritage

Agra was the capital of the Mughal Empire at its zenith, and the splendour of the city during this period can only be imagined. There is an abundance of royal buildings which are protected by the Government of India. There were other significant buildings too, housing the high nobility, away from both the royal quarters as well as the ordinary peoples’ houses. These have largely vanished, being large enough to attract builders as well as developers. The article describes and establishes the significance of one such rare traditional townhouse or mansion called ‘haveli’ located on the river Yamuna, Agra, in relation to a larger historical and cultural landscape. It also discusses the possibilities of conservation and management for protecting and enhancing the significance of the premises and planning for its sustainable development in future. The current edifice appears to be a coalescence of British and Mughal architecture with some local features. The building stands where similar-sized havelis stood during the Mughal period, housing high nobility. The architects of these buildings efficiently used the features of the river. With most such havelis having disappeared from the riverfront, this large residence-like edifice provides an interesting glimpse of the lost heritage. Fragments of information obtained from old maps and paintings, site surveys and some few research works have been joined together to reconstruct the origin and transformation vis-a-vis the present condition.

Surviving Dynastic Change: The High Nobility during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–15)

The accession of the House of Bourbon to the Spanish throne after the death of the last Habsburg king, Carlos II, in 1700 brought important changes for the court high nobility. Historians have seen Philip V’s reign as the beginning of the titled nobility’s withdrawal from the front line of politics. The process, encouraged by the Bourbon’s reformism during the War of the Spanish Succession, was carried out by the nobility in several ways. This article will analyze the careers of aristocrats such as Pedro Manuel Colón de Portugal and José Solís y Valderrábano, dukes of Veragua and Montellano, and Rodrigo Fernández Manrique de Lara, Count of Frigiliana, who adapted their actions to the new regime’s politics in order to enjoy the patronage of new political actors. They took part in royal court circles to achieve important political positions without renouncing their right to oppose change through strategies linked to the political culture of the previous dynasty: for example, their involvement in political gatherings and their absence in important court celebrations. My article posits that, although the relations between the House of Bourbon and these nobles were undoubtedly complex and ambivalent, as their career at court shows, they were far more nuanced and fluid than has previously been revealed.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ДАЛЬНИХ УСАДЕБ ВЫСШЕЙ ЗНАТИ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЯМБУРГСКОГО УЕЗДА САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ

In this article, specific features of high society distant country estates are studied on the example of Yamburgsky Uyezd, including their common and distinct characteristics regarding usual nobleman’s and high society’s country estates, located in nearest territories. Objects of this type in other regions and abroad existed in much smaller numbers, which indicates their characteristic belonging to the St. Petersburg agglomeration. It describes methodology of research, which is based on studying of archives, bibliographical, cartographic resources and natural survey with following systematization of results. It shows analysis of landscape and geographical specificity allocation, density of country dispersion, historical and architectural planning parameters of complexes. Average indicators of areas of personal estates, their way of life and variants of functional stuffing are revealed. For the particular example, the following country estates are studied – Preobrazhenskaya, Pustomerzha and Bereznyaki.
 Actuality of this article is stipulated by the problems of rapid loosing large complexes of country estates, difficulties of adaptation for using in present reality due to extended territory, huge amount of buildings for variable functionality and the significant distance from Saint Petersburg. As a result of the study, the features of distant estates of the highest nobility are identified, which determine their uniqueness and are necessary for further work on creating proposals for their preservation and adaptation, for possible integration into the tourist infrastructure

Medieval Historical Writing: Britain and Ireland, 500–1500. Edited by Jennifer Jahner, Emily Steiner, and Elizabeth M. Tyler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xvi+581.

<i>Medieval Historical Writing: Britain and Ireland, 500–1500</i>. Edited by Jennifer Jahner, Emily Steiner, and Elizabeth M. Tyler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xvi+581.

С.И. Мамонтов и В.А. Теляковский – два поля притяжения в судьбе Ф.И. Шаляпина и русского оперного театра

Using meaningful historical material, the article explores the parallels of the creative careers of such great developers of the Russian opera of the late 19th – early 20th centuries as F. Chaliapin, S. Mamontov, and V. Telyakovsky. It was the period of rapid development of innovative stage direction, vocal art, and stage design. The outstanding organizers of theater business S. Mamontov and V. Telyakovsky were at the heart of that creative seething. Being representatives of different social strata (the merchant class and higher nobility), they attracted vivid talents and opened them the way of the private and state opera, respectively. The flourishing of operatic art led to a completely new level of performance. F. Chaliapin and a number of other outstanding representatives of Russian opera began their careers at that time. S. Mamontov’s Private Opera which played a significant role in the development of Russian operatic art was founded in 1896. The repertoire of this theater consisted of works by Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, and Borodin. Innovative approaches to the opera performance which was considered as a living synthetic phenomenon integrating the concepts of production and stage design were implemented on the Russian stage for the first time. In its productions, Mamontov’s Private Opera used the principles of realism, which corresponded to the spirit of the works performed. Meanwhile, the development of Russian opera during this period was taking place against the background of complex social relations which aggravated many contradictions both in the life of the society as a whole with its differentiation into metropolitan and provincial life, and in the life on the stage with its specific very mobile interpersonal communications. The article focuses on the careers of S. Mamontov, F. Chaliapin, and V. Telyakovsky. Each of them made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian opera. From the perspective of the historical culturological approach, the article examines the complicated relationship between the prominent Russian philanthropist and theater director Savva Mamontov, the flexible administrator Vladimir Telyakovsky, and the outstanding opera singer Feodor Chaliapin, and their influence on the formation of the personality of an opera performer and on the development of operatic art in Russia as a whole. The article presents abundant documentary evidence of the peculiarities of their relationship which ultimately determined the vector in the development of the Russian opera theater.

Single event effect and total dose effect of GaN high electron mobility transistor using heavy ions and gamma rays

The single event effect (SEE) and the total ionizing dose (TID) effect of a commercial enhancement mode gallium nitride (GaN) high electron nobility transistor (HEMT) with p-type gate structure and cascode structure are studied by using the radiation of heavy ions and &lt;sup&gt;60&lt;/sup&gt;Co gamma in this paper. The safe operating areas ofSEE, the sensitive parameters degradation of TID effect and the SEE and TID characteristics of GaN HEMT device are respectively presented. The experimental results show that the SEE and TID effect have less influence on the p-type gate GaN device. The linear energy transfer (LET) threshold of the single event Burnout effect (SEB) is higher than 37 MeV·cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/mg and the failure threshold of TID effect is above 1M rad (Si) for p-type gate GaN device. However, the GaN HEMT device with cascode structure is much more sensitive to SEE and TID effect than p-type gate GaN device. Under heavy ions at LET of 22 MeV·cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/mg and a cumulative dose of 200 krad (Si), the SEB phenomenon and parameters-degradation of cascode-type GaN HEMT are respectively observed. Besides, the circuit structure of the cascode-type GaN HEMT device is analyzed by using metallographic microscope imaging and focused ions beam technology. It reveals the possible reason why it is sensitive to SEB and TID for cascode-type GaN HEMT. These results show that the extra carriers caused by heavy ion radiation can tunnel the Schottky barrier formed by gate metal and AlGaN layer, leading to a large source-drain current in GaN HEMT device. Meanwhile, it is shown that the metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor in cascode circuit for TP90H180PS GaN HEMT may be the main reason why the cascode-type GaN HEMT is sensitive to TID.