High NO Research Articles

Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Budgets of Europe: Trends, Interannual and Spatial Variability, and Their Drivers

AbstractIn the framework of the RECCAP2 initiative, we present the greenhouse gas (GHG) and carbon (C) budget of Europe. For the decade of the 2010s, we present a bottom‐up (BU) estimate of GHG net‐emissions of 3.9 Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1 (using a global warming potential on a 100 years horizon), which are largely dominated by fossil fuel emissions. In this decade, terrestrial ecosystems acted as a net GHG sink of 0.9 Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1, dominated by a CO2 sink that was partially counterbalanced by net emissions of CH4 and N2O. For CH4 and N2O, we find good agreement between BU and top‐down (TD) estimates from atmospheric inversions. However, our BU land CO2 sink is significantly higher than the TD estimates. We further show that decadal averages of GHG net‐emissions have declined by 1.2 Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1 since the 1990s, mainly due to a reduction in fossil fuel emissions. In addition, based on both data driven BU and TD estimates, we also find that the land CO2 sink has weakened over the past two decades. A large part of the European CO2 and C sinks is located in Northern Europe. At the same time, we find a decreasing trend in sink strength in Scandinavia, which can be attributed to an increase in forest management intensity. These are partly offset by increasing CO2 sinks in parts of Eastern Europe and Northern Spain, attributed in part to land use change. Extensive regions of high CH4 and N2O emissions are mainly attributed to agricultural activities and are found in Belgium, the Netherlands and the southern UK. We further analyzed interannual variability in the GHG budgets. The drought year of 2003 shows the highest net‐emissions of CO2 and of all GHGs combined.

Design of AI-Enhanced and Hardware-Supported Multimodal E-Skin for Environmental Object Recognition and Wireless Toxic Gas Alarm

HighlightsA novel organohydrogel-based multimodal e-skin with excellent sensing performance for temperature, humidity, pressure, proximity, and NO2 is proposed for the first time, showing powerful sensing capabilities beyond natural skin.The developed multimodal e-skin exhibited extraordinary sensing performance at room temperature, including fast pressure response time (0.2 s), high temperature sensitivity (9.38% °C-1), a wide range of humidity response (22%–98% RH), high NO2 sensitivity (254% ppm-1), a low detection limit (11.1 ppb NO2) and the abilities to sense the proximity of objects accurately, which are yet achieved by previous e-skins.The multimodal e-skin was combined with the deep neural network algorithm and wireless alarm circuit to achieve zero-error classification of different objects and rapid response to NOx leak incidents, proving the feasibility of the e-skin-assisted rescue robot for post-earthquake rescue.

Charge Redistribution in High-Entropy Perovskite Oxide Porous Nanotubes Boosts Nitrate Electroreduction to Ammonia.

High-entropy perovskite oxides are promising materials in the field of electrocatalysis due to their advantages such as large spatial composition regulation, entropy effects, and tunable material properties. However, the preparation of high-entropy perovskite oxides with stable and controllable structures still remains challenging. Herein, we fabricated a series of high-entropy perovskite oxide porous nanotubes (PNTs) by electrospinning as efficient electrocatalysts for the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR). We further revealed that the different diffusion and decomposition behaviors of metal ions and polymers during the calcination process are the key to the formation of high-entropy perovskite oxide PNTs. Especially, LaSrNiCoMnFeCuO3 PNTs show excellent performance of the NO3RR, achieving the maximum NH3 Faradaic efficiency of almost 100%, yield rate of 1657.5 μg h-1 mgcat.-1, and durable stability after successive cycling, being one of the best electrocatalysts for the NO3RR. The mechanism studies show that the charge redistribution induced by the multisite synergistic effect and abundant unsaturated sites in the high-entropy perovskite oxide PNTs favors the adsorption of NO3- and key intermediates and reduces the catalytic energy barrier, thus further achieving high NO3- conversion efficiency.

MXene quantum dots decorated g-C3N4/BiOI heterojunction photocatalyst for efficient NO deep oxidation and CO2 reduction

The photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 is greatly limited by the severe charge recombination due to its s-triazine unit structure. Hence, enhancing the separation of photogenerated carriers is the pivotal factor for high-efficiency photocatalysis of g-C3N4. In this work, we construct a MXene quantum dots (MQDs) decorated BiOI/g-C3N4p-n heterojunction photocatalyst. The interfacial charge separation and transfer are substantially promoted, due to the synergistic effect of the internal electric field (IEF) of BiOI/g-C3N4 heterojunction and strong electron-withdrawing capability of MQDs. Furthermore, the introduction of BiOI with a low band gap and MQDs with large specific areas and rich surface terminals lead to enhanced light absorption and active sites. As a result, the ternary g-C3N4/MQDs/BiOI photocatalyst achieves a much higher NO removal rate of 42.23 % and discharges less NO2 intermediate than the individual and binary ones. Meanwhile, the g-C3N4/MQDs/BiOI photocatalyst also exhibits the most effective CO2 photoreduction, with a CO production rate of 57.8 μmol·g−1·h−1 and a CH4 production rate of 3.6 μmol·g−1·h−1, surpassing all other photocatalysts in this study. In addition, the designed composite photocatalyst shows remarkable stability. The photocatalytic mechanisms are studied by the trapping experiment and in-situ Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectra. This work paves a new avenue for enhancing charge separation and thus improving performances of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts by integrating a p-n heterojunction and a co-catalyst, which would accelerate commercial deployment of emerging photocatalysts.

Sensitivity analysis of NO2 differential slant column density according to spatial resolution using GCAS data from the SIJAQ 2022 campaign

The GEOstationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) Airborne Simulator (GCAS) instrument made observations over the South Korea during Satellite Integrated Joint Monitoring for Air Quality (SIJAQ) 2022 (July–August 2022) campaign aimed at collecting high-resolution remote sensing data. To investigate the impact of spatial resolution on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) retrieval from remote sensing data, the NO2 differential slant column density (dSCD) was examined using high-resolution GCAS data, which are suitable for upscaling, to identify differences related to spatial resolution. Through the GCAS NO2 dSCD, the structure at the original resolution (100 m × 200 m) was maintained even following a shift to a coarser resolution; however, it was difficult to distinguish boundary areas with large concentration differences at resolutions coarser than 1.5 km × 3 km. In the comparison of coadded NO2 dSCD and merged NO2 dSCD, the standard deviations from the merged data increased when NO2 dSCD was >3 × 1016 molecules/cm2, such as in the high NO2 concentration cases. The slope of the scatter plot obtained using the top 25% of the data determined from the regression line tended to increase as the resolution became coarser. In addition, the average standard deviation within merged pixels at a resolution of 3 km × 6 km was twice that obtained at 400 m × 800 m resolution. Accordingly, the standard deviation of the information contained in the pixels increased when the spatial resolution became coarser.

Time series analysis of the interaction between ambient temperature and air pollution on hospitalizations for AECOPD in Ganzhou, China

This study aimed to investigate the univariate and bivariate effects of ambient temperature and air pollutants on 57,251 inpatients with AECOPD (Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) in Ganzhou from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019. We categorized the daily mean temperature and air pollutant variables based on the exposure–response curve of the Distributed Lag Non-Linear Model. Poisson regression model was used for interaction and stratification analysis. The Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction (RERI) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) between daily mean temperature (Tmean) and air pollutants including NO2, PM2.5, and PM10 were − 0.428 (95% CI − 0.637, − 0.218), -− 0.227 (95% CI − 0.293, − 0.161), and − 0.119 (95% CI − 0.159, − 0.079). Further stratification analysis showed the relative risk (RR) (95% CI) of high NO2 (> 33 μg/m3) at low Tmean (≤ 28 °C) was 1.119 (95% CI 1.096, 1.142). Low temperatures with high PM10 in men and high PM2.5 in women were associated with a higher risk of AECOPD hospitalization. The results indicate a higher risk of hospitalization for AECOPD when there is with high concentrations of air pollution at low temperatures.

New insights for simultaneous nitrogen removal and greenhouse gas reduction by biological-electrolysis constructed wetland in the treatment of aquaculture wastewater under varied C/N

Aiming to address the challenges of poor nitrogen (N) removal and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in aquaculture wastewater treatment, biological-electrolysis constructed wetland (BECW) and constructed wetland (CW) were established to comparatively evaluate the N removal efficiency, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and specific microbial gene abundances under various influent C/N ratios. Increasing influent C/N ratio markedly enhanced the removal rates of COD, NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and TN, while markedly reduced N2O fluxes in CW and BECW. The integration of an electric field with CW (BECW) significantly compensated for the shortcomings of the poor NO3−-N removal efficiency and high N2O emissions when C/N < 6. However, this compensating effect gradually weakened with the continue increase of C/N. BECW simultaneously achieved the high COD (89.26 ± 6.08 %), NO3−N (97.03 ± 1.22 %), and TN (83.17 ± 3.19 %) removal rates, and low GHG emissions (486.00 ± 36.61 mg/m2/h) at C/N = 6. The BECW significantly decreased the abundance of mcrA and pmoA genes while increased the abundance of nirK, nirS, and nosZ genes, and the ratios of pmoA/mcrA and nosZ/(nirS + nirK) across all C/N condition. The emission flux of CH4 in BECW was positively correlated with C/N and the mcrA abundance but significantly negatively correlated with pmoA abundance and pmoA/mcrA. The emission flux of N2O was positively correlated with nirS and nirK abundance but significantly negatively correlated with C/N, NO3−-N removal rates, nosZ abundance, and the index of nosZ/(nirS + nirK). This research offers an innovative approach to get both low GHG emissions and high NO3−-N removal rate in aquaculture wastewater treatment.

The impacts of film mulching and ridging on N2O emissions, relevant functional genes, and microbial communities in rain-fed potato fields

Rain-fed potato (Solanum tuberosum) fields in drylands significantly contribute to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, making them an important focus of agricultural greenhouse gas research. Film mulching and ridging are key agricultural methods in potato cultivation. Investigating the impact of these methods on N2O emissions, nitrifying/denitrifying functional genes, and microbial communities can provide a theoretical basis for soil emission reduction and more sustainable dryland agriculture. We examine the effects of flat tillage with mulching, ridge tillage with mulching, flat tillage without mulching, and ridge tillage without mulching, on potato fields under natural rainfall conditions in Wuchuan County, China. N2O emission fluxes were monitored using a static (dark) chamber and gas chromatography. Real-time quantitative PCR (q-PCR) was used to quantify abundances of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria related to N2O emissions at various potato-growth stages. Illumina high-throughput sequencing was used to investigate microbial community structure by targeting 16S rRNA genes; related soil elements (soil temperatures and moisture) are analyzed. Mulching and ridging indirectly influence N2O emissions, nitrifying/denitrifying functional gene copy numbers, and microbial community structure by altering soil temperature and moisture. Cumulative N2O emissions and emission intensity were both consistently higher in ridge tillage with mulching during the potato-growing period. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea are the main microorganisms that control N2O emissions, with nitrification-coupled denitrification also being an important mechanism contributing to high N2O emissions during soil dry–wet cycles. Increased soil temperature and moisture elevated N2O emissions and functional gene copy numbers. The combination of mulching and ridging effectively uses the characteristics of both practices, making Nitrospira the dominant genus, and significantly increases N2O emissions.

MILD combustion characteristics of a premixed CH4/air jet flame in hot coflow from a bluff-body burner

This numerical study is designated to comparatively investigate premixed CH4/air jet flames from bluff-body (BB) and non-BB (NBB) burners in the coflow of hot exhaust gas. Specifically, traditional combustion (TC) from BB burner (BB-TC), MILD combustion (MC) from BB burner (BB-MC), and NBB burner (NBB-MC) under varying coflow temperatures (TC) and oxygen concentrations (YO2, C) are considered. The flow field, combustion reactions, temperature rise, heat release, along with reaction zone, and pollutant emissions are thoroughly investigated. The findings underscore the feasibility of achieving MILD combustion using the BB burner. Remarkably, the small recirculation zone generated by the BB enhances entrainment and mixing, leading to superior combustion stability and reduced CO emission in the BB-MC case compared to the conventional NBB-MC case. Moreover, the BB-MC case exhibits a higher peak temperature, reaction rate, and heat release rate than the NBB-MC case, albeit with slightly higher NO emission. When compared to the BB-TC case, NO emission from both the BB-MC and NBB-MC cases are significantly lower, particularly under relatively low TC and YO2, C conditions.

The impact of shipping on the air quality in European port cities with a detailed analysis for Rotterdam

Air quality in cities with large maritime ports is considerably impacted by emissions from shipping activity which is of a growing relevance due to an increasing relative contribution. To explore the extent of shipping emissions to ambient air quality, simulations with the chemical transport model LOTOS-EUROS (LOng Term Ozone Simulation – EURopean Operational Smog model) were performed for the year 2018 at an approximate 1 × 1 km resolution for six European cities with large ports, i.e., Rotterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, Amsterdam, Le Havre, and London. It was found that depending on the investigated city, 6.5%–62% of the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration in the city centres is attributable to shipping activities. This corresponds to contributions of 1.8–11.5 μg/m3 to the ambient air NO2 concentrations. The average NO2 contribution of shipping in these six cities was 28% (7.1 μg/m3). The largest relative contribution was found for Le Havre where 62% (10.8 μg/m3) of the annual average NO2 concentration was caused by shipping emissions. The largest absolute contribution is found for the city centre of Hamburg with 11.5 μg/m3 (41%). The lowest absolute and relative contribution (respectively 1.8 μg/m3 and 6.5%) are found for London, also having the smallest port in terms of tonnage throughput, which is one of the influential factors that determine emission totals, investigated in this study. For the other investigated pollutants, i.e., PM2.5, PM10 and SO2, contributions from shipping were less pronounced with average contribution for all cities of 10% (1.2 μg/m3) 7% (1.5 μg/m3) and 4% (0.16 μg/m3) respectively. To assess the effect of model choices on these results, this study also looked into the choice of simulation resolution and relations between meteorological parameters and NO2 concentrations. Following simulations with varying chemical transport model resolutions (1 × 1 km to 24 × 24 km), it is found that a decrease in ambient air pollutant concentrations away from localized emission sources is more pronounced at higher (1 × 1 km) model resolutions and source contributions are influenced more significantly than total concentrations. Considering meteorology, generally low wind speeds (1–2 m/s) lead to high NO2 concentration in city centres. For the cities where the port is much closer to the city centre (e.g., London, Le Havre, Hamburg and Antwerp) the absolute NO2 concentrations as well as the contributions from shipping emissions become highest for windless conditions. The high concentrations (>60 μg/m3 NO2) only occur when wind speeds fall below 6 m/s.

Remarkable improvement in photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 for NO oxidation through surface hydroxylation

The nitrogen oxide emissions originating from combustion pose significant risks to the environment. Photocatalysis is considered an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy to alleviate this problem. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is regarded as one of the most promising organic photocatalytic materials for environmental purification. However, its small specific surface area, weak adsorption and high recombination rate of charge carriers result in low intrinsic photocatalytic activity. To overcome these obstacles, a hydrothermal treatment of dicyandiamide-derived g-C3N4 (DCN) at different temperatures (140–200 °C) was employed to enhance the photocatalytic activity for NO oxidation. The experimental results demonstrated a significant improvement in the photocatalytic oxidation removal rate of NO after a hydrothermal treatment. The optimal photocatalyst, DCN-180, treated at 180 °C, demonstrated the highest NO removal efficiency (65.0 %), which is twice the value of pristine DCN (32.5 %). Additionally, the formation of the toxic intermediate NO2 was effectively suppressed during the reaction. Photoelectrochemical tests revealed that DCN-180 exhibited higher photocurrent density and smaller impedance radius compared to the untreated g-C3N4 sample. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that the DCN-180 sample showed a stronger ability to adsorb O2 and NO. The enhanced photocatalytic NO oxidation performance of DCN-180 has been primarily attributed to its enlarged specific surface area (from 10.7 to 35.5 m2 g−1), local polarization effect, reduced interfacial charge transfer resistance, and improved adsorption abilities for NO and O2 molecules. This study provides valuable insights for designing and preparing highly efficient g-C3N4 based photocatalysts through surface modification for photocatalytic NO purification.

Green Sonochemical Synthesis of rGO Nanosheets‐Decorated by SnO2 Nanoparticles for Nitrogen Gas‐Sensing Applications

In recent years, the development of efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis methods for nanomaterials has gained significant attention in various research fields, particularly in gas‐sensing applications. Among these methods, ultrasonic synthesis stands out for its simplicity, cost‐effectiveness, and ecofriendly nature. Herein, a simple and green ultrasonic synthesis process is used to synthesize the SnO2 nanoparticles‐decorated rGO nanosheets. The obtained X‐ray diffraction reveals the tetragonal rutile‐type crystal structure. The transmission electron microscopy images reveal the decoration of SnO2 nanoparticles on the surfaces of the rGO sheets. SnO2 nanoparticles of size 4–8 nm are identified on the surfaces of the rGO sheets. Furthermore, the optical absorbance and photoluminescence spectra of the nanocomposites validate charge migrations occurring at the interface of SnO2 and the rGO sheets. Compared to the pristine SnO2 nanoparticles, the green ultrasonically synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles‐decorated SnO2/rGO nanocomposite exhibits better sensing performance against NO2 gas and shows selectivity for NO2 gas at 200 °C. The SnO2/rGO nanocomposite demonstrates high NO2 sensing with appealing sensing properties such as excellent responsiveness (67% at 400 °C), rapid reaction time (18 s), and short recovery time (25 s).

Characterising indoor air quality in private vehicle cabins under unprecedented traffic conditions during COVID-19 lockdown

Air pollution negatively impacts human health, yet it is rarely studied inside vehicles. This study aimed to characterise indoor air quality (IAQ) in vehicle cabins, focusing on the concentrations of key pollutants and the influence of various factors on IAQ including vehicle-specific characteristics (self-pollution), traffic intensity, ventilation type, and enclosed spaces like parking garages. It addressed a significant literature gap by using real-world driving data, a multipollutant approach, real-time monitoring, and a detailed log of influencing factors. Additionally, part of the study was conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown, providing an unprecedented opportunity to gather real-world data with reduced traffic emissions. Forty trips were conducted with four diesel vehicles of different ages and emission standards. Concentrations of VOCs, CO, CO₂, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and PM₁, PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, and TSP were monitored, alongside detailed logbook entries. This study evidenced the formation of O₃ inside vehicle cabins under conditions of high NO₂ and/or VOC concentrations and direct sunlight, a phenomenon not previously reported. Results also showed that IAQ inside vehicle cabins depended largely on vehicle-specific factors, the surrounding environment, and indoor-outdoor air exchange. CO, NO₂, SO₂, and PM levels varied mainly with the external environment and air exchange, while CO₂ levels were influenced primarily by ventilation settings. The concentrations of certain pollutants exceeded reference levels for indoor environments, potentially posing health risks to occupants. Further research is needed to study the pioneer evidence of O3 formation and to develop a comprehensive health risk assessment, thereby contributing to developing specific IAQ guidelines for vehicles.

Groundwater seeps are hot spots of denitrification and N2O emissions in a restored wetland

Restorations of former cranberry farms (“bogs”) aim to re-establish native wetland vegetation, promote cold water habitat, and attenuate nitrogen (N) delivery to coastal waters. It is unclear, though, how elements of restoration design such as microtopography, groundwater interception, and plant communities affect N removal via denitrification. In a recently restored riparian cranberry bog with created microtopography, we compared denitrification potential, nitrous oxide (N2O) yield of denitrification (ratio of N2O:N2O + N2 gases), in situ N2O fluxes, soil chemistry, and plant communities at the highest and lowest elevations within 20 plots and at four side-channel groundwater seeps. Denitrification potential was > 2 × greater at low elevations, which had plant communities distinct from high elevations, and was positively correlated with plant species richness (Spearman’s rho = 0.43). Despite detecting high N2O yield (0.86 ± 0.16) from low elevation soils, we observed small N2O emissions in situ, suggesting minimal incomplete denitrification even in saturated depressions. Groundwater seeps had an order of magnitude higher denitrification potentials and 100–300 × greater soil NO3− concentrations than the typically saturated low elevation soils. Groundwater seeps also had high N2O yield (1.05 ± 0.15) and higher, but spatially variable, in situ N2O emissions. Our results indicate that N removal is concentrated where soils interact with NO3–rich groundwater, but other factors such as low soil carbon (C) also limit denitrification. Designing restoration features to increase groundwater residence time, particularly in low lying, species rich areas, may promote more N attenuation in restored cranberry bogs and other herbaceous riparian wetlands.

Study on Novel SCR Catalysts for Denitration of High Concentrated Nitrogen Oxides and Their Reaction Mechanisms

With the rapid development of industrialization, the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) has become a global environmental issue. Uranium is the primary fuel used in nuclear power generation. However, the production of uranium, typically based on the uranyl nitrate method, usually generates large amounts of nitrogen oxides, particularly NO2, with concentrations in the exhaust gas exceeding 10,000 ppm. High concentrations of nitrogen dioxide are also produced during silver electrolysis processing and the treatment of waste electrolyte solutions. Traditional V-W/TiO2 NH3-SCR catalysts typically exhibit high catalytic activity at temperatures ranging from 300 to 400 °C, under conditions of low NOx concentrations and high gas hourly space velocity. However, their performance is not satisfying when reducing high concentrations of NO2. This study aims to optimize the traditional V-W/TiO2 catalysts to enhance their catalytic activity under conditions of high NO2 concentrations (10,000 ppm) and a wide temperature range (200–400 °C). On the basis of 3 wt% Mo/TiO2, various loadings of V2O5 were selected, and their catalytic activities were tested. Subsequently, the optimal ratios of active component vanadium and additive molybdenum were explored. Simultaneously, doping with WO3 for modification was selected in the V-Mo/TiO2 catalyst, followed by activity testing under the same conditions. The results show that: the NOx conversion rates of all five catalysts increase with temperature at range of 200–400 °C. Excessive loading of MoO3 decreased the catalytic performance, with 5 wt% being the optimal loading. The addition of WO3 significantly enhanced the low-temperature activity of the catalysts. When the loadings of WO3 and MoO3 were both 3 wt%, the catalyst exhibited the best denitrification performance, achieving a NOx conversion rate of 98.8% at 250 °C. This catalyst demonstrates excellent catalytic activity in reducing very high concentration (10,000 ppm) NO2, at a wider temperature range, expanding the temperature range by 50% compared to conventional SCR catalysts. Characterization techniques including BET, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, and NH3-TPD were employed to further study the evolution of the catalyst, and the promotional mechanisms are explored. The results revealed that the proportion of chemisorbed oxygen (Oα) increased in the WO3-modified catalyst, exhibiting lower V reduction temperatures, which are favorable for low-temperature denitrification activity. NH3-TPD experiments showed that compared to MoOx species, surface WOx species could provide more acidic sites, resulting in stronger surface acidity of the catalyst.

High-Entropy Perovskite Oxides as a Family of Electrocatalysts for Efficient and Selective Nitrogen Oxidation.

Electrocatalytic nitrogen oxidation reaction (NOR) can convert nitrogen (N2) into nitrate (NO3-) under ambient conditions, providing an attractive approach for synthesis of NO3-, alternative to the current approach involving the harsh Haber-Bosch and Ostwald oxidation processes that necessitate high temperature, high pressure, and substantial carbon emission. Developing efficient NOR catalysts is a prerequisite, which remains a formidable challenge, owing to the weak activation/dissociation of N2. A variety of NOR electrocatalysts have been developed, but their NOR kinetics are still extremely sluggish, resulting in inferior Faradaic Efficiencies. Here, we report a high-entropy Ru-based perovskite oxide (denoted as Ru-HEP) that can function as a high-performance NOR catalyst and exhibit a high NO3- yield rate of 39.0 μmol mg-1 h-1 with a Faradaic Efficiency of 32.8%. Both our experimental results and theoretical calculations suggest that the high-entropy configuration of Ru-HEP perovskite oxide can markedly enhance the oxygen-vacancy concentration, where the Ru sites and their neighboring oxygen vacancies can serve as unsaturated centers and decrease the overall energy barrier for N2 electrooxidation, thereby leading to promoted NOR kinetics. This work presents an alternative avenue for promoting NOR catalysis on perovskite oxides through the high-entropy engineering strategy.

Mechanisms behind high N2O emissions from livestock enclosures in Kenya revealed by dual-isotope and functional gene analyses

Livestock manure contributes to global warming due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). In the arid and semi-arid lands of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), extensive pastoral grazing systems are common, with cattle grazing in the savanna during the day and kept in enclosures (called bomas in Kenya) during the night. Manure is usually not removed from bomas but left to accumulate, leading to excessive local nitrogen loads, making these bomas an overlooked N2O emission hotspot in SSA that is currently not accounted for in national and regional GHG budgets. Here, we present the first in-situ isotope measurements of N2O fluxes from 37 cattle bomas along an age gradient ranging from 0 to 5 years after boma abandonment in Kenya along with functional gene analysis of soil and manure samples. The isotopic composition of the emitted N2O from bomas suggests that on average 91 ± 8% N2O was produced via bacterial denitrification and/or nitrifier denitrification, with little variation across boma age class. We also found high levels of N2O reduction to N2 across all sample sites (81 ± 9%), indicating high levels of N2O consumption. The abundances of denitrification-related genes (nirK and narG) were significantly higher than those of nitrification-related genes (amoA: AOA and AOB) in the cattle manure samples taken from the bomas, corroborating N2O emissions largely being attributed to denitrification. Significant abundance of the reduction-related gene (nosZ) also corroborated the high potential for microbial N2O reduction in bomas. Thus, by combining dual-isotope and functional gene analysis, we were able to identify source processes that govern N2O emissions from these systems. More generally, making use of the manure by spreading it in the vicinity of the bomas or on dedicated forage plots could provide a win-win by enhancing savanna productivity while simultaneously mitigating GHG emissions.

Protecting archaeological collections in Capua Archaeological Museum (Italy): The importance of microclimatic monitoring and non-invasive diagnostic investigations

This study examines the importance of microclimatic monitoring and non-invasive diagnostic techniques in cultural heritage sites for the identification of critical environmental conditions and the development of appropriate conservation measures. In particular, the research focuses on the microclimate analysis in the 'Sala delle Madri' of the Archaeological Museum of Capua, Italy, which houses a collection of important Roman and Greek sculptures. The study reveals that the microclimatic conditions in the ‘Sala delle Madri’ are not constant throughout the monitored year and the environmental parameter are influenced by seasonal variations and natural phenomena. A preliminary diagnostic investigation has been performed on the sculptures located in this room to document the state of conservation of the sculptures and to plan a specific analytical protocol aimed to characterization of both original and restoration materials, verifying the influence of the microclimatic conditions, due to high temperatures and NO2 levels. Moreover, X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) was performed on two archaeological coins to characterize the alloy composition and to document corrosion products and to understand degradation phenomena. This research highlights the necessity for the implementation of conservation measures to mitigate the negative impact of environmental conditions and prevent further damage to the archaeological findings displayed at Capua Museum. This study therefore contributes to the wider awareness of the importance of preserving cultural heritage and the role of monitoring systems in achieving this goal.

Furnace-height FGR location impact of a cascade-arch-firing configuration in ameliorating low-NOx combustion and eliminating hopper overheating for a large-scale arch-fired furnace

This study analyses an alternative to the existing multiple-injection and multiple-staging combustion technique (MIMSCT) of large-scale arch-fired furnaces. The alternative approach is a cascade-arch-firing, low-NOx, and high-efficiency configuration (CLHC) with flue gas recirculation (FGR). The research is necessary as typical 600 MWe large-scale arch-fired furnaces produce high concentrations of NOx and have a high risk of overheating in their hoppers when firing low-volatile coals. Three furnace-height FGR locations were considered in descending order (i.e., FGR through (i) primary burners to mitigate fuel-NO (FGR-PB), (ii) tertiary air to restrain thermal-NO (FGR-TA), and (iii) auxiliary burners to reduce NO (FGR-AB)). Industrial-scale measurements and simulations were conducted in the existing MIMSCT furnace (which was used to verify simulations and compare with the subsequent CLHC furnace results), followed by numerical investigations of the CLHC furnace at the three FGR-locations. The FGR’s NO inhibition in the upstream zone decreased in the following order: FGR-PB > FGR-TA > FGR-AB. Initial combustion and NO generation in the reburning stage was most intense in the FGR-TA configuration (producing the highest NO amounts) whereas the FGR-AB configuration contributed the lowest amounts. As the FGR locations descended, burnout loss dropped a little, while NOx production was initially elevated and then descended. The FGR-PB was optimal among the three options, with a low NOx output of 604 mg/m3 (O2 = 6 %) and combustible level in fly ash of about 5 %. Compared to the MIMSCT, the CLHC not only enhanced the low-NOx environment and shortened the flame penetration but also improved combustion intensity and extended the overfire air penetration. This sharply reduced NOx without affecting burnout nor lowering apparent hopper temperatures. The above results demonstrate that a staged FGR consisting of primary FGR-PB and supplementary FGR-AB, is a promising solution to lower NOx while retaining high furnace burnout levels.

Effect of Carbon Source on Endogenous Partial Denitrification Process: Characteristics of Intracellular Carbon Transformation and Nitrite Accumulation

This study focused on the start-up and operating characteristics of the endogenous partial denitrification (EPD) process with different carbon sources. Two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) with sodium acetate (SBR1#) and glucose (SBR2#) as carbon sources were operated under anaerobic/oxic (A/O) and anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A/A/O) modes successively for 240 d. The results showed that COD removal efficiency reached 85% and effluent COD concentrations were below 35 mg/L in both SBRs. The difference was that faster absorption and transformation of sodium acetate was achieved compared to glucose (COD removal rate (CRR) was 7.54 &gt; 2.22 mgCOD/(L·min) in SBR1# compared to SBR2#). EPD could be started up with sodium acetate and glucose as carbon sources, respectively, and desirable high nitrite accumulations were both obtained at influent NO3−−N (NO3−-Ninf) increased from 20 to 40 mg/L with nitrate-to-nitrite transformation ratio (NTR) and specific NO3−-N deduction rate (rNa) of 88.4~90% and 2.41~2.38 mgN/(gVSS·h), respectively. However, at NO3−-N of 50~60 mg/L, both the NTR and rNa in SBR1# were higher compared to SBR2# (86.5% &gt; 83.9% and 1.58 &gt; 1.20 mgN/(gVSS·h), respectively). Hereafter, when NO3−-N was increased by 70~90 mg/L, lower NTR and rNa were observed in SBR1# than in SBR2# (72% and 78%, 1.16 and 1.32 mgN/(gVSS·h), respectively). Additionally, similar internal carbon transformations were observed to drive EPD for NO2−−N accumulation, especially for higher and faster carbon transformation with sodium acetate as carbon source compared to glucose. However, precise control of anoxic time as the peak point of nitrite (TNi,max) was still the key to achieve high NO2−−N accumulation.