High Lipid Accumulation Research Articles

A co-fermentation strategy with wood hydrolysate and crude glycerol to enhance the lipid accumulation in Rhodosporidium toruloides-1588

Wood hydrolysate has been regarded as sustainable and renewable substrate to produce microbial lipids, a potential feedstock for the biodiesel industry. Moreover, the major by-product of biofuel industries is crude glycerol but its implementation as a carbon source is still constrained due to the presence of impurities resulting in low biomass production and low lipid titer. Thus, this study investigates the effect of different carbon ratios of hydrolysate and crude glycerol on R. toruloides-1588. Hydrolysate to crude glycerol ratio of 60:40 resulted in maximum lipid accumulation of 49% (w/w), more than 90% of sugars and glycerol consumption. Further, scale-up to bench-scale fermenter resulted in 12% higher lipid accumulation (56.3% w/w, 0.15 g/L∙h) in 50% less time than flask fermentation. Hence, the ability of R. toruloides-1588 to flourish on different carbohydrates and accumulate high lipid content will be beneficial for the further development of biorefinery industries.

Enhanced cultivation and lipid production of isolated microalgae strains using municipal wastewater

Cultivation of microalgae in wastewater is strongly related to the selection of suitable species for a specific type of wastewater. Thus, this study presented the cultivation of isolated microalgae strains, Acutodesmus obliquus CN01 and Desmodesmus maximus CN06 using municipal wastewater, along with Chlorella vulgaris NIES-1269 as the control species. The highest growth rate of 0.23/day was achieved by D . maximus CN06, while all species exhibited excellent nutrient removal efficiencies. High removal of NH 3 -N was demonstrated by all strains and complete total phosphorus removal was observed to be fastest in A. obliquus CN01 at 3.8 mg P/gDCW.day, followed by D . maximus CN06 and C. vulgaris NIES-1269, respectively. Lipid productivity was found to be highest in D . maximus CN06 at 3.43 mg/L.day which majorly consisted of hexadecanoic (C16:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids. The extracted fatty acids indicated good potential to be applied for biodiesel production. This study has shown that cultivation of isolated microalgae strain in municipal wastewater is beneficial for high nutrient removals and lipid accumulation. • Tropically isolated microalgae strains were cultivated in municipal wastewater. • Complete total phosphorus removal by all microalgae strains. • Highest growth rate and lipid accumulation by Desmodesmus maximus CN06. • Possible utilization of extracted FAME for biodiesel production.

C1q/tumour necrosis factor-related protein-3 alleviates high-glucose-induced lipid accumulation and necroinflammation in renal tubular cells by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway.

Lipid accumulation and progressive necroinflammation play pivotal roles in the development of diabetic nephropathy. C1q tumour necrosis factor-related protein-3 (CTRP3) is an adipokine with pleiotropic functions in cell proliferation, glucose and lipid metabolism, and inflammation. However, the mechanism and involvement of CTRP3 in lipid metabolism and the necroinflammation of renal tubular cells remain unclear. Here, we report that CTRP3 expression decreased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in high glucose-stimulated HK-2 cells. We noted that the overexpression of CTRP3 or recombinant CTRP3 (rCTRP3) treatment prevented high glucose-induced lipid accumulation by inhibiting the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and increasing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and ATP-binding cassette A1. Moreover, the nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-like receptor protein 3-mediated inflammatory response and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein-dependent necroinflammation were inhibited by CTRP3 overexpression or rCTRP3 treatment in HK-2 cells cultured in high glucose. Furthermore, lipotoxicity-induced by palmitic acid was found to be involved in necroinflammation in HK-2 cells, and CTRP3 displayed the same protective effect. CTRP3 also activated the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, whereas adenine 9-β-D-arabinofuranoside, an AMPK inhibitor, replicated the protective effects of CTRP3. Besides, using kidney biopsies from patients with diabetes, we found that decreased CTRP3 expression was accompanied by increased lipid deposition, as well as the structural and functional injury of renal tubular cells. Our findings demonstrate that CTRP3 affects lipid metabolism and necroinflammation in renal tubular cells via the AMPK signalling pathway. Thus, CTRP3 may be a potential therapeutic target in diabetic renal injury.

Hepatic Alarmins and Mitochondrial Dysfunction under Residual Hyperlipidemic Stress Lead to Irreversible NAFLD.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a range of progressive disorders generated by excess lipid accumulation in the liver leading to hepatic steatosis and eventually fibrosis. We aimed to identify by high performance mass spectrometry-based proteomics the main signaling pathways and liver proteome changes induced by hypercholesterolemia in a rabbit atherosclerotic model that induced high accumulation of lipids in the liver. The effect of combined lipid-lowering drugs (statins and anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody) were used after the interruption of the hypercholesterolemic diet to identify also the potential mediators, such as alarmins, responsible for the irreversible NAFLD build up under the hyperlipidemic sustained stress. Proteomic analysis revealed a number of proteins whose abundance was altered. They were components of metabolic pathways including fatty-acid degradation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction indicated alteration at the mitochondrial respiratory chain level and down-regulation of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase. The expression of a majority of cytochromes (P4502E1, b5, and c) were up-regulated by lipid-lowering treatment. Long-term hyperlipidemic stress, even with a low-fat diet and lipid-lowering treatment, was accompanied by alarmin release (annexins, galectins, HSPs, HMGB1, S100 proteins, calreticulin, and fibronectin) that generated local inflammation and induced liver steatosis and aggressive fibrosis (by high abundance of galectin 3, fibronectin, and calreticulin). The novel findings of this study were related to the residual effects of hyperlipidemic stress with consistent, combined lipid-lowering treatment with statin and inhibitor of PCSK9.

Dissecting Enhanced Carbohydrate and Pigment Productivity in Mutants of Nannochloropsis oculata Using Metabolomics and Lipidomics.

Random mutagenesis is an effective strategy for enhancing cellular traits. In this study, we used the mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate to create fast-growing Nannochloropsis oculata mutants. When cultivated in a photobioreactor with a diel cycle, two mutants exhibited 2.2-fold higher carbohydrate productivity and 3.5-4.0-fold higher pigment productivity than the wild type, while one of them also showed 2.5-fold higher lipid productivity. A comprehensive physiological, metabolomic, and lipidomic study showed that the mutants had high levels of glucose-, galactose-, and xylose-based carbohydrates. Their high growth rate was attributed to increased chlorophyll a content, improved nitrogen assimilation, storage, and recycling, and low monogalactosyldiacyl glycerol/digalactosyldiacyl glycerol ratio, which was responsible for higher biomass productivity. The investigation revealed upregulation of lipid precursors, shedding light on high lipid accumulation. The derived algae strains are capable of increasing the biosynthesis of value-added storage molecules without impairing growth, rendering them promising candidates for commercial development in future biorefineries.

3-Oxoacyl acyl carrier protein reductase overexpression reveals its unprecedented roles in biofuel production and high-temperature tolerance in diatom

Due to its high lipid accumulation capability, Phaeodactylum tricornutum has attracted considerable attention as a promising candidate for biofuel production. However, the derived lipid cannot satisfy the industrial biofuel manufacturing requirements given its poor fatty acid characteristics. Genetic engineering, as a prospective approach, has been employed to overcome this bottleneck. Relevant research indicates that the fabG gene plays a crucial role in fatty acid biosynthesis in bacteria, but its significance in microalgae remains unclear. In this study, FabG was successfully introduced, transcribed, and overexpressed in P. tricornutum. FabG overexpression significantly enhanced lipid (1.49-fold) and fatty acid (1.31-fold) biosynthesis without altering growth and photosynthesis, and this method thus exhibits great potential in high-quality biodiesel production. Moreover, increased saturation of fatty acids (e.g., C16:0) and improved antioxidative activities enhanced the tolerance of transgenic P. tricornutum to high temperature stress. To conclude, this study reports a feasible approach for high-quality algae-based biofuel production via the unprecedented roles of FabG retrieved from diatom.

Effect of obesity on balance

To assess studies that look into whether obesity has an effect on balance. The goal of this review was to look at the latest studies on the impact of obesity on balance. A high lipid accumulation or extra fat mass level is classified as obesity. Obesity is a complicated disease that develops as a consequence of an interaction between genetic, environmental, and behavioural factors, and it is now more common than malnutrition. Obesity is linked to a number of medical issues, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, tumours, respiratory difficulties, and severe orthopaedic ailments which reduce the QOL. Obesity is also linked to postural instability, which is defined as the ability to keep or recover the centre of mass with reference to the support base. Computerized bibliographic databases were used to find journal papers published between 2011 and 2021. Systematic reviews and cross-sectional studies with high levels of evidence were included. There was a total of 30 studies chosen. Following the analysis of the studies, it was discovered that obesity had a negative impact on balance. According to previous research, bodyweight is a powerful predictor of postural equilibrium. Increased postural sway was linked to a higher body mass index (BMI).

Impact of Branched Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Muscle Lipid Accumulation and Mitochondrial Metabolism

Cross talk between branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs; valine, leucine and isoleucine), mitochondrial metabolism and lipid accumulation have been shown to occur in several tissues, including skeletal muscle. In fact, defects in BCAA metabolism and their degradation networks coexist with defects in lipid metabolism in insulin resistant muscle. Here, we hypothesized that the relationship between BCAAs and lipid metabolism is due to the ability of BCAAs to modulate mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and lipid accumulation in the muscle. Mice (C57BL/6N) were randomly assigned to a low‐fat diet (LFD; 10% fat kcal), LFD supplemented with BCAAs (LFBA; 150% BCAA), high‐fat diet (HFD; 60% fat kcal) or HFD supplemented with BCAAs (HFBA; 150% BCAA) for 12 or 26 weeks (n = 8‐11 per group). Following the dietary treatments, leg muscle tissue were collected and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, under feeding and overnight fasting conditions. Lipid accumulation was evaluated by analyzing muscle triglycerides, Oil‐Red‐O staining, and gene expression profiles. Mitochondrial metabolism and BCAA degradation were evaluated using a combination of gas‐chromatography/mass‐spectroscopy based targeted metabolomics and western blot analysis. Levels of BCAAs in the muscle showed significant correlations to their corresponding keto‐acids (p ≤ 0.01). However, supplementation of BCAAs did not affect the levels of mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates or amino acids in the muscle. Further, mitochondrial proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation also remained similar between non‐supplemented and BCAA supplemented muscle. Muscle tissue from HFD mice had higher lipid accumulation (mg/g ± SEM) (LFD; 8.22 ± 0.91, HFD; 11.03 ± 1.08; p ≤ 0.05), compared to their LFD counterparts. Interestingly, BCAA supplementation for 12‐weeks along with the HFD blunted muscle lipid accumulation (LFBA; 8.62 ± 1.12, HFBA; 9.76 ± 0.75), which was also evidenced from Oil Red‐O staining of the muscle (p = 0.07). A similar lowering of lipid accumulation (p ≤ 0.05) was evident between the HFD vs. HFBA groups, following 26‐weeks on the diets, as quantified by Oil Red‐O staining. Further, the expression of genes involved in lipid accumulation/synthesis Srebp1c (p ≤ 0.05) and Acc1 (p ≤ 0.1) were lower in the 12‐week LFBA vs. their LF counterparts, under fed conditions. Taken together, our results show that BCAAs have the ability to blunt muscle lipid accumulation without altering mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in the muscle.

NITROGEN STARVATION INDUCED LIPID ACCUMULATION BY Chlorococcum infusionum (EAU-10) AS POTENTIAL RENEWABLE SOURCE OF LIPID FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Microalgae are organisms effective of accumulating high quantity of industrially important lipids with promising characteristics as an excellent feedstock for biodiesel production. This study assess the possibility of using a green microalga, Chlorococcum infusionum (EAU-10) for biodiesel production by evaluating the growth characteristic, lipid yield and fatty acid profile of the microalga cultivated at varying concentrations of nitrogen source (0.375 - 1.50 g L-1 NaNO3). High lipid accumulation was observed in nitrogen-starved cultivation condition (0.375 g L-1 NaNO3) after 23 days of growth. Maximum biomass concentration of Chlorococcum infusionum (EAU-10) under nitrogen starved condition is 0.577 ± 0.003 g L−1 with 21.26% oil content per dry weight of algal biomass and lipid productivity of 22.08 mg L−1 day−1. Nitrogen starvation caused an increase in the total oil content and a decrease in biomass production of the microalga. Profiling of fatty acids of the obtained algal biodiesel shows methyl palmitate (C16:0) and methyl nonadecanoate (C19:0) contribute to almost 70% of Chlorococcum infusionum (EAU-10) fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) profile. Overall, a total of 74.58% of saturated fatty acid (SAFA) methyl ester content is present in the algal lipid, which is exceedingly high in contrast to other similar studies. Analysis of C. infusionum FAME profile in relation to some important fuel properties showed that the algal oil has the potential to produce biodiesel with excellent fuel qualities.

Effects of light intensity and photoperiod on growth, lipid accumulation and fatty acid composition of Desmodesmus subspicatus LC172266 under photoautotrophic cultivation

Microalgae oil accumulation in their natural growing states hardly reaches the quantities needed to replace fossil-derived diesel. Therefore, for algae to be used as biofuel feedstock, their growths are manipulated with the aim of achieving high cell density and high lipid accumulation. Two major factors affecting microalgal biomass and lipid productivity are light intensity and photoperiod. In the present study, Desmodesmus subspicatus was grown photoautotrophically under varying light intensities and photoperiods with a view to assessing the growth, lipid accumulation potential and fatty acid composition. Whereas the optimal light intensity for biomass production of the microalga was 5000 lx, that for lipid productivity was 3500 lx. At 5000 lx and 18: 6 h light/dark cycle, biomass yield, lipid content and lipid productivity were highest, at values of 1.92 ± 0.03 g/L, 53% and 118.80 ± 2.04 mgL-1day -1 respectively. The major fatty acid of the alga was oleic acid irrespective of light changes. The quantities of lipid accumulated and the properties of the fatty acid methyl esters showed that Desmodesmus subspicatus LC172266 is an ideal feedstock for biodiesel production.

Altering the fatty acid profile of Yarrowia lipolytica to mimic cocoa butter by genetic engineering of desaturases

BackgroundDemand for Cocoa butter is steadily increasing, but the supply of cocoa beans is naturally limited and under threat from global warming. One route to meeting the future demand for cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) could be to utilize microbial cell factories such as the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica.ResultsThe main goal was to achieve triacyl-glycerol (TAG) storage lipids in Y. lipolytica mimicking cocoa butter. This was accomplished by replacing the native Δ9 fatty acid desaturase (Ole1p) with homologs from other species and changing the expression of both Ole1p and the Δ12 fatty acid desaturase (Fad2p). We thereby abolished the palmitoleic acid and reduced the linoleic acid content in TAG, while the oleic acid content was reduced to approximately 40 percent of the total fatty acids. The proportion of fatty acids in TAG changed dramatically over time during growth, and the fatty acid composition of TAG, free fatty acids and phospholipids was found to be very different.ConclusionsWe show that the fatty acid profile in the TAG of Y. lipolytica can be altered to mimic cocoa butter. We also demonstrate that a wide range of fatty acid profiles can be achieved while maintaining good growth and high lipid accumulation, which, together with the ability of Y. lipolytica to utilize a wide variety of carbon sources, opens up the path toward sustainable production of CBE and other food oils.

Abstract P5-02-05: Optimizing the differentiation of the 3T3-L1 MBX mouse cell line to mature and obese adipocytes for in vitro breast cancer studies

Abstract White adipocytes are considered an endocrine organ. Present in breast tissue, they crosstalk in a paracrine manner with breast cells, secreting signals into the tumor microenvironment to drive cancer development as well as metastasis. 3T3-L1, a mouse fibroblast cell line, is widely used as an in vitro experimental model of white adipocytes for fat cell and cancer cell interaction studies. 3T3-L1 can be differentiated from the fibroblast cell line to adipocytes using a pharmacological cocktail of dexamethasone, methyl-3-isobutyl xanthine (IBMX) and insulin. Recently, ATCC has derived a clone from 3T3-L1 (ATCC CL-173), 3T3-L1 MBX, which has been claimed to have close to 100% differentiation. This 3T3-L1 MBX cell line has been recommended as a more suitable model for obesity research. However, there are few reported results describing their optimized differentiation conditions and/or any fat-cancer cell interactions. The current study has explored and optimized the concentrations of the differentiation cocktail for 3T3-L1 cells (ATCC CL-173) to differentiate its cloned derivative 3T3-L1 MBX. In the pharmacological cocktail, rosiglitazone was added as the 4th component as a prodifferentiative agent. Furthermore, the study has documented the differentiation of 3T3-L-MBX in the presence of the above-mentioned pharmacological cocktail with fatty acid combinations (palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid), to determine its applicability as an in vitro experimental model of obese adipocytes. The optimized concentrations of fatty acids that yielded the highest cell viability of 3T3-L1 MBX was determined using MTT assay. Additionally, the optimized combination of fatty acids was confirmed using oil-red-o adipogenesis staining. The adipocytokine levels of all the above mentioned in-vitro adipogenesis phases was evaluated using a mouse adipokine array kit as well as comparing the level of adipocytokines with those of fat tissue harvested from 6 month and 12 months old obese C3Hhej mice. Lastly, the study evaluated viability of three types of breast cells (non-tumorigenic, low metastatic, and highly metastatic) in the presence of conditioned medium collected from in-vitro 3T3-L1 MBX differentiated mature and obese adipocytes using an Annexin V-FITC assay kit. The study has found 3 days differentiation cycle of 3T3-L1 MBX with the addition of specific concentration of IBMX (0.5 mM), dexamethasone (1 µM), insulin (10 µg/ml) and rosiglitazone (2 µM) to be promising for its maximum differentiation. Further, 3T3-L1 MBX differentiated in presence of fatty acid were characterized to have higher lipid accumulation and adipokine secretion than the normally differentiated adipocytes. Citation Format: Noshin Mubtasim, Dr. Lauren Gollahon. Optimizing the differentiation of the 3T3-L1 MBX mouse cell line to mature and obese adipocytes for in vitro breast cancer studies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-02-05.

Mitochondria-Dependent Oxidative Stress Mediates ZnO Nanoparticle (ZnO NP)-Induced Mitophagy and Lipotoxicity in Freshwater Teleost Fish.

Due to many special characteristics, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used all over the world, leading to their wide distribution in the environment. However, the toxicities and mechanisms of environmental ZnO NP-induced changes of physiological processes and metabolism remain largely unknown. Here, we found that addition of dietary ZnO NPs disturbed hepatic Zn metabolism, increased hepatic Zn and lipid accumulation, downregulated lipolysis, induced oxidative stress, and activated mitophagy; N,N,N',N'-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN, Zn2+ ions chelator) alleviated high ZnO NP-induced Zn and lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and mitophagy. Mechanistically, the suppression of mitochondrial oxidative stress attenuated ZnO NP-activated mitophagy and ZnO NP-induced lipotoxicity. Taken together, our study elucidated that mitochondrial oxidative stress mediated ZnO NP-induced mitophagy and lipotoxicity; ZnO NPs could be dissociated to free Zn2+ ions, which partially contributed to ZnO NP-induced changes in oxidative stress, mitophagy, and lipid metabolism. Our study provides novel insights into the impacts and mechanism of ZnO NPs as harmful substances inducing lipotoxicity of aquatic organisms, and accordingly, metabolism-relevant parameters will be useful for the risk assessment of nanoparticle materials in the environment.

Environmental relevant herbicide prometryn induces developmental toxicity in the early life stages of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) and its potential mechanism.

Triazine herbicides have been widely detected in marine environments because of their extensive usage in agriculture, but their impact on marine organisms is unclear. In this study, marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) embryos were exposed to 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000μg/L prometryn, one of the most detected triazine herbicides, to investigate its potential effects. The results showed that 1, 10, 100, and 1000µg/L prometryn not only induced yolk sac shrinkage and heart malformations, but also significantly delayed the hatching time and increased the heart rate and hatching failure rate of embryos. Moreover, 1, 10, 100, and 1000μg/L prometryn caused obvious malformations and decreased the body length of the newly hatched larvae. After 21 d of exposure, increased larval death rate, decreased body length and width, and higher lipid accumulation were observed in the larvae from all prometryn groups. Furthermore, prometryn exposure upregulated the expression levels of cardiac development-related genes GATA, COX, ATPase, SmyD1, EPO, FGF8, NKX2, and BMP4 in the larvae. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 10μg/L prometryn upregulated 604 genes, and the topmost pathways of differentially expressed genes were the complement and coagulation cascades and AMPK signaling pathways. qPCR results confirmed that prometryn exposure significantly increased the expression levels of the complement and coagulation cascade genes f2, f5, c3, and c5. This study demonstrated that environmentally relevant concentrations of prometryn induced significant toxicity in the early life stages of marine medaka. Therefore, the health risks of herbicides to marine organisms are of great concern.

OPTIMIZATION OF FERMENTATION PARAMETERS FOR HIGH YIELD PRODUCTION OF LIPIDS AND BIODIESEL FROM CUTANEOTRICHOSPORAN CURVATUM BRV096

In the rapid growing world, need for biofuels has much increased due to the increasing cost and scarcity of the conventional fossil fuels.Biodiesel contains a mixture of fatty acids methyl esters which are derived from triacylglycerols. Oleaginous yeasts are considered as a potential source for the high lipid accumulation. The current research work focuses on the extraction of lipids from Cutaneotrichosporan curvatum BRV096 and optimization of its fermentation parameters for high lipid accumulation. Various fermentation parameters viz. carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, pH, inoculum percentage and harvesting time were optimized. Shake ask batch trial taken with all the optimized parameters showed high biomass weight (61.2±3.4 g/L), lipid content (30.1±3.8 g/L) and lipid percentage (49.1±2.2). Total lipids extracted were analysed by using FTIR spectroscopy conrmed the presence of carbonyl and methyl groups which reveals the feasibility of conversion into biodiesel. Transesterication of lipids were carried out and biodiesel quality parameters i.e., viscosity (4.42 mm2/sec), specic gravity (0.869), cloud point (18.9oC), cetane number (60.4) and iodine number (12.7) were assessed. Research results obtained shows that optimized parameters can be efciently used in the high lipid production from oleaginous yeasts.

Enhanced lipid production in Scenedesmus obliquus via nitrogen starvation in a two-stage cultivation process and evaluation for biodiesel production

The present study amalgamated the high lipid accumulation of Scenedesmus obliquus CCAP 276/3A and a FAME profile suitable for biodiesel production by optimization of nitrate concentration in a flat panel photobioreactor. In the proposed two-stage cultivation process, the nitrogen replete stage I was aimed at maximizing the biomass concentration, followed by a nitrogen deprived stage II for enhancing lipid production. Maximum lipid content was obtained when Scenedesmus obliquus was cultivated for 5 days under nitrogen limited stage II with nitrate concentration of 0.1 g/L. Lipid content ramped up from 33.1% (DCW) in control conditions to 45.1% (DCW) under the identified optimal conditions. The critical properties of biodiesel derived from this lipid were estimated based on the FAME composition; the results established the suitability of Scenedesmus obliquus CCAP 276/3A as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The present study provides important insights into the nitrogen response behavior of Scenedesmus obliquus which can help steer future schemes of lipid enhancement in algae.

Isolation and characterization of an effective biofuel producing oleaginous Cutaneotrichosporon curvatum BRV096

Globally, demand for the fuels is increasing day by day leading to the depletion of fuel resources and increase in the fuel prices. Need for an alternative cost effective and eco- friendly fuel has become the first priority. In this scenario, oleaginous microbes were introduced which have a remarkable ability to accumulate lipids when compared to the plant sources. Among all the oleaginous microbes, yeast is proven to be showing high lipid accumulation i.e. up to 60% of its total cell weight. In the current research work, potent high lipid accumulating yeast was isolated from the soil samples collected from the municipal dump yard. Out of the 96 microbial isolates, 12 potent strains were screened which were further purified and stored in refrigerator at 4oC. Among all the microbial strains, BRV096 showed high dry cell weight and lipid accumulation (52±2.8 g/L and 23±2.9 ml/L) followed by BRV007 (48±2.7 g/L and 18±3.8 ml/L). BRV096 was studied morphologically by using Scanning electron microscope which revealed the structure as oval. Budding cells are typical characteristics of the yeast. 18 S rRNA sequencing was carried out and the obtained DNA sequence data was searched in BLASTn which showed 99.9% similarity with Cutaneotrichosporon curvatum. With a motto to assess the fatty acid methyl esters composition, FAME analysis was carried out which revealed the composition as palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 71.16%), oleic acid (C18:1, 17.26%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, 11.58%). The fatty acids methyl esters profile produced by Cutaneotrichosporon curvatum BRV096 showed similarity with the biodiesel profile. Current research results states that Cutaneotrichosporon curvatum BRV096 can be effectively used in the production of biodiesel.

Berberine Reduces Lipid Accumulation by Promoting Fatty Acid Oxidation in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells of the Diabetic Kidney.

Abnormal lipid metabolism in renal tubular epithelial cells contributes to renal lipid accumulation and disturbed mitochondrial bioenergetics which are important in diabetic kidney disease. Berberine, the major active constituent of Rhizoma coptidis and Cortex phellodendri, is involved in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of berberine on lipid accumulation in tubular epithelial cells of diabetic kidney disease. We treated type 2 diabetic db/db mice with berberine (300 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. Berberine treatment improved the physical and biochemical parameters of the db/db mice compared with db/m mice. In addition, berberine decreased intracellular lipid accumulation and increased the expression of fatty acid oxidation enzymes CPT1, ACOX1 and PPAR-α in tubular epithelial cells of db/db mice. The mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c oxidase activity, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial ATP production in db/db mice kidneys were significantly improved by berberine. Berberine intervention activated the AMPK pathway and increased the level of PGC-1α. In vitro berberine suppressed high glucose-induced lipid accumulation and reversed high glucose-induced reduction of fatty acid oxidation enzymes in HK-2 cells. Importantly, in HK-2 cells, berberine treatment blocked the change in metabolism from fatty acid oxidation to glycolysis under high glucose condition. Moreover, berberine restored high glucose-induced dysfunctional mitochondria. These data suggested that berberine alleviates diabetic renal tubulointerstitial injury through improving high glucose-induced reduction of fatty acid oxidation, alleviates lipid deposition, and protect mitochondria in tubular epithelial cells.

The Impact of Chronic Electronic Cigarette Use on Alveolar Macrophage Lipid Content: Case Report.

While acute respiratory distress following electronic cigarette (e-cig) use has been described, the effects of chronic e-cig use on lung health are currently unknown. Acute e-cigarette/vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) has been highlighted recently in numerous cases across the United States. Numerous EVALI case reports highlight alterations in alveolar macrophages, justifying investigation of this key immune sentinel of the lung in habitual e-cig users. After informed consent, we performed a bronchoscopy on a 25 year asymptomatic woman who reported daily e-cig use. To evaluate for evidence of abnormal lipid homeostasis, we performed histologic and Oil Red O stain evaluation of alveolar macrophages obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Our analyses demonstrate a prevalence of cells with high lipid accumulation in multiple, discrete cytoplasmic foci. We found a high lipid laden macrophage index within alveolar macrophages isolated from a chronic e-cig user. At the ultrastructural level, we found membrane-bound compartments filled with material of various densities segregated along curved phase separation lines reminiscent of suspensions of immiscible fluids. We found a unique ultrastructural pattern in alveolar macrophages isolated from a chronic e-cig user that is unlike any other previously reported in aspiration syndromes and may represent a defining diagnostic feature of chronic e-cig use.

Dual nutrient heterogeneity modes in a continuous flow photobioreactor for optimum nitrogen assimilation to produce microalgal biodiesel

The impact of different nitrogen sources on the microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, was studied in a newly developed microalgal-bacterial photobioreactor via a dual nutrient heterogeneity mode. The mechanisms of nitrogen transformation and valorisation were unveiled, and subsequently, optimized via dual nutrient heterogeneity feeding modes comprising of various NH4+-N and NO3−-N concentrations. The nitrogen-assimilation mechanism from the microalgal-bacterial consortium was found to reduce microalgal growth inhibition, stemming at high NH4+-N concentrations. Accordingly, the total nitrogen removal efficiency was enhanced from 40.91% to 96.38% accompanied with maximum microalgal biomass production of up to 792 mg/L at a balanced or higher NH4+-N loading from mixed nitrogen environment. The harvested microalgal biomass contained high lipid accumulation of approximately 30% when fed with optimum NH4+-N and NO3−-N loadings at 60 and 58 mg/d, respectively. At this mixed nitrogen species loadings, high unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were attained. Indeed, the major FAME species (97%–100%) fell within the C16-18 range, signifying biodiesel characteristics conformity to the requirements for quality biodiesel application. Therefore, the dual heterogeneity modes of balanced NH4+-N and NO3−-N loadings into photobioreactor could offer effective microalgal nitrogen assimilation for sustainable wastewater treatment and microalgae-based biodiesel production simultaneously.