High Level Of Variability Research Articles

Utilization of Phytochemical and Molecular Diversity to Develop a Target-Oriented Core Collection in Tea Germplasm

Tea has received attention due to its phytochemicals. For the direct use of tea germplasm in breeding programs, a core collection that retains the genetic diversity and various phytochemicals in tea is needed. In this study, we evaluated the content of eight phytochemicals over two years and the genetic diversity through 33 SSR (simple sequence repeats) markers for 462 tea accessions (entire collection, ENC) and developed a target-oriented core collection (TOCC). Significant phytochemical variation was observed in the ENC between genotypes and years. The genetic diversity of ENC showed high levels of molecular variability. These results were incorporated into developing TOCCs. The TOCC showed a representation of the ENC, where the mean difference percentage, the variance difference percentage, the variable rate of coefficient of variance percentage, and the coincidence rate of range percentage were 7.88, 39.33, 120.79, and 97.43, respectively. The Shannon’s diversity index (I) and Nei’s gene diversity (H) of TOCC were higher than those of ENC. Furthermore, the accessions in TOCC were shown to be selected proportionally, thus accurately reflecting the distribution of the overall accessions for each phytochemical. This is the first report describing the development of a TOCC retaining the diversity of phytochemicals in tea germplasm. This TOCC will facilitate the identification of the genetic determinants of trait variability and the effective utilization of phytochemical diversity in crop improvement programs.

Determining species diversity and functional traits of beetles for monitoring the effects of environmental change in the New Zealand alpine zone

Alpine invertebrate populations are expected to be highly sensitive to a changing climate because temperature plays an important role in their development, reproduction, and survival. However, high levels of rarity and endemism make it particularly challenging to measure climate effects on this group because interpretation of monitoring data is undermined by high levels of spatial turnover and inter-sample variability. Functional traits may overcome this monitoring challenge by allowing generalisation across taxa based on characters that respond consistently to a changing environment.Here we evaluate whether functional traits respond more consistently and sensitively to changes in environmental conditions at different sites than species diversity metrics. Temperature and physical structure in Chionochloa grassland plots was manipulated using Open-Top-Chamber and fertility treatments, respectively. Pitfall traps were used to sample beetles from four years (2013–2016) during the austral summer at two different altitudes in Takahe Valley, Fiordland.Natural variation between years and sites had a stronger influence on the beetle community compared with temperature and nutrient treatments. The presence of complex interactive effects between treatments, different sites, and different years, indicates that the impact of changes to temperature and nutrient levels are context-specific and that landscape-level variations have a large role on structuring beetle communities.The responses of alpine beetle communities to climate change are likely to be complex, however, trait-based measures may comprise a more sensitive method for detecting generalisable change because they can be pooled over sets of species that appear rarely in the data.

Evaluation of Target Motion Surrogate Suitability for Cardiac Radioablation of Ventricular Tachycardia

Noninvasive cardiac radioablation is increasingly used for treatment of refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT). In light of potential late toxicity, attempts to limit normal tissue exposure are important, including managing motion of the target. A complex interplay between cardiac and respiratory motion exists for cardiac radioablation, which has not been studied in depth. The objectives of this study were to estimate target motion during abdominal compression and respiratory gated deliveries and to investigate the quality of either implanted cardiac device (ICD) lead tip or the diaphragm as a gating surrogate. Eleven patients underwent CT simulation in preparation for cardiac radioablation with a respiratory 4D-CT (r4DCT) and a breath-hold ECG-gated cardiac 4D-CT (c4DCT). During r4DCT and treatment, abdominal compression was employed to minimize respiratory motion. The target trajectory was measured separately for each patient on the r4DCT and c4DCT using rigid registration of each 4D phase to the reference (0%) phase and the resulting 3D displacements. The same strategy was also used to measure the motion of the ICD lead tip and diaphragm. The target trajectories were used to estimate motion ranges for free breathing and exhale (40%-60%) gated delivery. Surrogate quality was estimated as the correlation between the surrogate and target motion magnitudes. Mean (range) target motion across patients from r4DCT was LR 3.9 (1.7-6.9), AP 4.1 (2.2-5.4), SI 4.7 (2.2-7.9) mm. Mean (range) target motion from c4DCT was LR 3.4 (1.0-4.8), AP 4.3 (2.6-6.5), SI 4.1 (1.4-8.0) mm. For abdominal compression free breathing (ACFB), inclusive of both respiratory and cardiac-induced motion, mean (range) margins would be LR 4.5 (3.1-6.9), AP 4.8 (3-6.5), SI 5.5 (2.3-8.0) mm. For an exhale-gated approach inclusive of cardiac-induced motion, mean (range) margins would be LR 3.6 (1.1-4.8) mm, AP 4.3 (2.6-6.5) mm, and SI 4.2 (2.2-8.0) mm. The correlation between the motions of the surrogates (ICD lead and diaphragm) and target showed a high level of inter-patient variability with residual error from linear prediction of 1 mm to 6 mm. Respiratory 4DCT measured target motion is of similar magnitude to that measured on cardiac 4DCT, implying respiratory gating alone may not benefit all patients similarly. If respiratory gating is used, surrogate quality should be evaluated on a patient specific basis. Both the ICD lead tip and the diaphragm show inter-patient variation in target/surrogate motion correlation.

Assessment of Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to reveal genetic diversity among Tamarix ecotypes

Tamarix is an important genus of Tamarieaceae family, known for its medicinal importance. Its taxonomy is tricky, and a few molecular makers are available for species identification. The present study was designed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 21 Tamarix specimens collected from Thal desert, Punjab, Pakistan. Ten Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) and six Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers were used. Results revealed that ISSR markers produced 131 bands, of which 116 were polymorphic (88.5%) with a mean Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value of 0.34. The SSR markers yielded 30 amplified bands, of which 24 were polymorphic (80.28%) with mean PIC value of 0.35. Cluster and factorial analysis revealed a high level of genetic variability among tested Tamarix ecotypes. Dissimilarity index indicated a genetic variability among tested specimens ranging from 0.00 to 0.77. The ISSR analysis reflected that Tamarix specimens stemming from Kalurkot and Bhakkar region revealed the highest dissimilarity level with respect to the rest of the specimens.

Donors of effective genes for scald resistance in barley

Background. One of the most harmful diseases of barley in all areas of its cultivation is scald. The causal agent Rhynchosporium commune Zaffarano, B.A. McDonald & A. Linde (formerly – Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) J.J. Davis) is characterized by a high level of variability, which leads to the emergence of new pathotypes and the loss of resistance of a number of cultivars. Most barley cultivars recommended for cultivation are highly affected by the pathogen. The aim of the study was to find new donors of effective barley resistance genes to R. commune.Materials and methods. Resistance to the fungus was tested in 99 accessions of barley landraces from 18 countries under laboratory and field conditions. The experiments employed isolates and clones of R. commune isolated from plants collected in Leningrad Province. Plant resistance was scored using point scales. Genetic control of fungal resistance was studied in the selected accessions using hybridological analysis.Results and conclusions. We identified 3 accessions of barley landraces, which retained high resistance to the fungus for six years of study in the field under inoculation with different populations of R. commune. Accessions k-31504 (Macedonia), k-31505 (Ethiopia) and k-31503 (India) are protected by R. commune resistance genes, which differ from each other, are not allelic to the previously identified effective Rrs9 gene, and manifest themselves throughout all stages of barley ontogenesis. Each of accessions k-31504 and k-31505 incorporates 2 recessive pathogen resistance genes; k-31503 carries 3 recessive resistance genes.

Mitochondrial DNA diversity and population structure of Laodelphax striatellus across a broad geographic area in China

The small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus Fallén (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a crucial devastating rice pest in East Asia. To effectively control this pest, we investigate the genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and genetic structure of 49 populations in China based on a 596 bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtDNA COI) gene. Overall, 83 haplotypes were detected in 1253 mtDNA COI sequences. High levels of genetic variability (Hd = 0.756 ± 0.009, π = 0.00416 ± 0.00011) and genetic differentiation (F ST = 0.262, p < .001) were observed. Bayesian inference phylogenetic and median-joining haplotype network analyses indicated no obvious geographical distribution pattern among haplotypes. Hierarchical AMOVA and SAMOVA revealed no genetically distinct groups and lack of obvious phylogeographic structure. Isolation by distance (IBD) analysis results demonstrated no correlation between genetic differentiation and geographic distance. Finally, the demographic history of SBPH examined by neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analyses illustrated a sudden population expansion at the large spatial scale in China.

An empirical study on the underutilized medicinal genus Kaempferia from India revealed cytological and genetic variability

The genus Kaempferia L., consisting of aromatic and ornamental species found in east and south-east Asia, have profound ethno-medicinal usages as antimicrobial and anticancer agents, attributable to presence of novel cyclohexane derivatives, flavonoids and di-terpenes. Represented by only 7 species in India, a comprehensive genetic study of Kaempferia from the country is lacking. We present here a study of 4 species of this genus from India, namely, K. rotunda, K. galanga, K. elegans and K. angustifolia. Cytological analyses revealed distinct inter-specific ploidy and consequent somatic chromosome number variations (2n = 22 to 2n = 54). High inter- and intra-chromosomal variability was observed with chromosome lengths ranging from 0.87 to 6.63 µm, constriction types varying from median to sub-median range and different secondary constrictions, along with contrasting values of asymmetry indices. RAPD and ISSR analyses of 8 accessions produced 1,398 polymorphic bands, their sizes ranging from 100 to 2000 bp; percentage polymorphism varying from 84 to 100%. UPGMA dendrogram generated using the polymorphic fragments showed Jaccard's similarity coefficient value varying between 0.07 and 0.93, producing 3 separate clusters for the studied Kaempferia species. ITS, matK and rbcL loci sequence analyses also confirmed high level of inter-specific variability of Kaempferia. Genetic variation revealed in this study could indicate chemotypic differences in Kaempferia and will direct our future research for a wider cytogenetic and phytochemical investigation including all the Indian species that would open up avenues for judicious exploitation of these medicinally important plants.

The complete genome sequence of a divergent grapevine virus I isolate naturally infecting grapevine in Greece

A significant number of new members of the genus Vitivirus have been identified recently, mainly due to the advent of high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Grapevine virus I (GVI), which was identified in New Zealand in 2018, is one of these viruses. RNAseq HTS analysis of a Greek grapevine (cv. Daphnia), revealed the presence of a GVI-like isolate (D2-1/19). Sequence analysis confirmed the classification of D2-1/19 as GVI. However, both sequence and phylogenetic data exhibited high levels of variability between D2-1/19 and the previously characterized GVI isolates. This study provides the full-length sequence of a divergent GVI isolate, adding knowledge to the limited information available about this recently identified virus.

Culturing Ancient Bacteria Carrying Resistance Genes from Permafrost and Comparative Genomics with Modern Isolates.

Long considered to be a consequence of human antibiotics use by deduction, antibiotic resistance mechanisms appear to be in fact a much older phenomenon as antibiotic resistance genes have previously been detected from millions of year-old permafrost samples. As these specimens guarantee the viability of archaic bacteria, we herein propose to apply the culturomics approach to recover the bacterial content of a Siberian permafrost sample dated, using the in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclide chlorine36 (36Cl), at 2.7 million years to study the dynamics of bacterial evolution in an evolutionary perspective. As a result, we cultured and sequenced the genomes of 28 ancient bacterial species including one new species. To perform genome comparison between permafrost strains and modern isolates we selected 7 of these species (i.e., Achromobacter insolitus, Bacillus idriensis, Brevundimonas aurantiaca, Janibacter melonis, Kocuria rhizophila, Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans and Paracoccus yeei). We observed a high level of variability in genomic content with a percentage of shared genes in the core genomes ranging from 21.23% to 55.59%. In addition, the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) comparison between permafrost and modern strains for the same species did not allow a dating of ancient strains based on genomic content. There were no significant differences in antibiotic resistance profiles between modern and ancient isolates of each species. Acquired resistance to antibiotics was phenotypically detected in all gram-negative bacterial species recovered from permafrost, with a significant number of genes coding for antibiotic resistance detected. Taken together, these findings confirm previously obtained data that antibiotic resistance predates humanity as most of antimicrobial agents are natural weapons used in inter-microbial conflicts within the biosphere.

Assessing the influence of culture on craft skills: A quantitative study with expert Nepalese potters.

Studies have documented that traditional motor skills (i.e. motor habits) are part of the cultural way of life that characterises each society. Yet, it is still unclear to what extent motor skills are inherited through culture. Drawing on ethnology and motor behaviour, we addressed this issue through a detailed description of traditional pottery skills. Our goal was to quantify the influence of three kinds of constraints: the transcultural constraints of wheel-throwing, the cultural constraints induced via cultural transmission, and the potters' individual constraints. Five expert Nepalese potters were invited to produce three familiar pottery types, each in five specimens. A total of 31 different fashioning hand positions were identified. Most of them (14) were cross-cultural, ten positions were cultural, five positions were individual, and two positions were unique. Statistical tests indicated that the subset of positions used by the participants in this study were distinct from those of other cultural groups. Behaviours described in terms of fashioning duration, number of gestures, and hand position repertoires size highlighted both individual and cross-cultural traits. We also analysed the time series of the successive hand positions used throughout the fashioning of each vessel. Results showed, for each pottery type, strong reproducible sequences at the individual level and a clearly higher level of variability between potters. Overall, our findings confirm the existence of a cultural transmission in craft skills but also demonstrated that the skill is not fully determined by a cultural marking. We conclude that the influence of culture on craft skills should not be overstated, even if its role is significant given the fact that it reflects the socially transmitted part of the skill. Such research offers insights into archaeological problems in providing a representative view of how cultural constraints influence the motor skills implied in artefact manufacturing.

Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic evaluation of the genus Asaccus Dixon and Anderson, 1973 (Reptilia: Phyllodactylidae) in Iran

The Iranian species of the phyllodactylid geckos of the genus Asaccus are found only in the valleys of the Zagros Mountains, a region which represents an important area of endemism in western Iran. Recently, many relict species have been described from the central and southern parts of the Zagros Mountains, which were previously known as A. elisae. The recent descriptions of species within this complex suggest that diversity within the genus may be higher than expected and that its taxonomy and systematics should be revised. In the present study, phylogenetic relationships within the genus Asaccus were evaluated using two mitochondrial and one nuclear gene. Genetically, the genus shows high levels of variability. The molecular phylogeny of the genus suggests the presence of three main clades along the Zagros Mountains with the southern population (from the Hormozgan province) and one clade (A. sp8 and A. sp9) being sister taxon to A. montanus from UAE. The remaining samples are separated into two reciprocally monophyletic groups: the northern (Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Ilam provinces) and the central (Lorestan, Khuzestan, Kohgilouye-Bouyer Ahmad and Fars provinces) Zagros groups. The results of the present study suggest that populations attributed to A. elisae in Iran correspond to distinct lineages with high genetic distances. In brief, our results suggest that the genus needs a major taxonomical revision The Arabian origin of the genus has not been confirmed, because two populations from Zagros were located within the A. montanus, A. gallagheri and A. platyrhynchus clade. Further morphological analyses are needed to systematically define each genetic lineage as a new taxon.

Genetic Diversity and Inter-Trait Relationships among Maize Inbreds Containing Genes from Zea diploperennis and Hybrid Performance under Contrasting Environments

Accurate estimation of genetic variability present in tropical maize inbreds with varying reactions to Strigahermonthica infestation is essential for efficient and sustainable utilization to ensure increased genetic gain in a breeding program. Thirty-six early maturing maize inbred lines and 156 single cross hybrids were evaluated under Striga-infested and non-infested conditions in Nigeria during the 2014 and 2015 cropping seasons. Under Striga infestation, grain yield ranged from 1134 kg ha−1 for TZEI 26 × TZEI 5 to 5362 kg ha−1 for TZdEI 173 × TZdEI 280. The average yield reduction of the hybrids under Striga infestation was 44% relative to the performance under non-infested environments. Using 4440 high-quality DArT markers, clustering and population structure analyses separated the inbred lines into three distinct groups based on the genetic distance indicating high level of genetic variability among the lines. The base index of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) identified 50% of the inbred lines as Striga resistant. The genetic diversity study provided an opportunity for selecting divergent parents for tagging candidate genes and quantitative trait loci for marker-assisted introgression of Striga resistance genes into early maturing tropical maize breeding populations. The most reliable secondary trait for indirect selection for grain yield under Striga infestation was the ear aspect.

High levels of inherent variability in microbiological assessment of bronchoalveolar lavage samples from children with persistent bacterial bronchitis and healthy controls.

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is widely regarded as providing "gold standard" samples for infective lower respiratory tract disease. Current approaches have been adopted empirically without robust assessment and hence carry many assumptions that have not been tested. Many of these uncertainties were highlighted in the ATS pediatric bronchoscopy guidelines. This study was designed to explore some of these issues. BAL was undertaken via an endotracheal tube in 13 subjects aged less than 6 years with persistent bacterial bronchitis and five healthy controls. Aliquots of the same pooled BAL sample were sent to two accredited laboratories. one producing semiquantitative results and the other quantitative results. For five patients potentially pathogenic bacteria were grown by one laboratory but not the other, while in three more there were discrepancies in the organisms reported. Despite being symptomatic and off antibiotics, only 3 of 13 patients were reported to have a pathogen at a density of more than 1 × 104 colony forming unit. There was at best a poor correlation between semiquantitative and quantitative data. Potential pathogens were cultured in two of five control samples. The results suggest that the results from conventional microbiological assessment of BAL samples can be highly variable and that the proposal that a discrete cut-off is of value in patients with chronic endobronchial infection is probably invalid.

ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ РАСТЕНИЙ В ЦЕНОПОПУЛЯЦИЯХ TULIPA BIEBERSTEINIANA SCHULT. ET SCHULT. (LILIACEAE) В УСЛОВИЯХ КАЛМЫКИИ

В статье приведены данные по изучению изменчивости морфологической структуры растений в популяциях Tulipa biеbersteiniana Schult. et Schult. (Liliaceae), произраставщих в пределах двух крупных геоморфологических структур Республики Калмыкия – Прикаспийской низменности и Долине Маныча. В Долине Маныча видовая популяция № 1 произрастала в составе разнотравно-злакового (Poaceae-Mixteherbosa) сообщества и ценопопуляцию № 2 в составе разнотравно-типчаково-полынкового (Artemisia austriaca-Festuca valesiaca-Mixteherbosa) сообщества, произрастающих на лугово-каштановых почвах. В Прикаспийской низменности видовая популяция № 3 входила в состав эфемерово-луковичномятликового (Poa bulbosa-Ephemerosa) сообщества; ценопопуляцию № 4 в состав эфемерово-луковичномятликово-лерхополынное (Artemisia lercheana-Poa bulbosa-Ephemerosa) сообщества, которые произрастают бурых пустынно-степных солонцеватых почвах.Растения из ценопопуляций T. biеbersteiniana, произрастающих в Долине Маныча, имели большие значения признаков, чем ценопопуляции с Прикаспийской низменности. В ценопопуляциях T. biеbersteiniana наибольшее значение всех признаков растений отмечали в 2017 году, наименьшее – в 2016 году, что свидетельствует о более благоприятных для роста и развития растений погодных условиях в этот год.В ценопопуляциях T. biеbersteiniana девять морфологических признаков, характеризующих вегетативную и генеративную сферу растений варьрировали в 2016 на высоком и среднем уровнях изменчивости, в 2017 году – преимущественно на высоком уровне изменчивости.

Seasonal Dynamic of CDOM in a Shelf Site of the South-Eastern Ligurian Sea (Western Mediterranean)

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is the fraction of the Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) mainly absorbing UV and blue radiation, influencing water optical properties, light availability for primary production, and water-leaving radiance. In open seas, phytoplankton is the main source of organic carbon and CDOM. Despite this, the direct or indirect phytoplankton role in CDOM production is not yet fully clarified. From studies about the relationship between CDOM and phytoplankton biomass as Chlorophyll a (Chl) in the epipelagic layer, positive correlations have been highlighted with regional differences and high levels of variability. Seven years of seasonal dynamic and vertical distribution of CDOM in the Ligurian Sea continental shelf waters have been analyzed in order to evidence the main environmental and/or biological factors determining CDOM dynamic, focusing on the CDOM/Chl relationship. CDOM optical properties (absorption at 440 nm, aCDOM (440), and spectral slope, S) allowed to distinguish different pools and to debate their origin. Four different pools were characterized and two of them were directly or indirectly related to phytoplankton biomass and taxonomic composition. Nevertheless, CDOM/Chl confirm a high level of variability These findings suggest some inputs to improve Mediterranean satellite estimates of Chl and CDOM, such as the seasonal differentiation of optical properties, especially S and CDOM/Chl relationships.

Benefit-Risk Assessment of Vaccines. Part I: A Systematic Review to Identify and Describe Studies About Quantitative Benefit-Risk Models Applied to Vaccines.

IntroductionUnderstanding the balance between the benefits and risks of vaccination is essential to ensure informed and adequate public health decision making. Quantitative benefit–risk models (qBRm) represent useful tools to help decision makers with supporting benefit–risk assessment throughout the lifecycle of a medical product. However, few initiatives have been launched to harmonise qBRm approaches, specifically for vaccines.ObjectivesThe aim of this paper was to identify publications about qBRm applied to vaccines through a systematic literature review, and to describe their characteristics.MethodsMedline, Scopus and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge databases were searched to identify articles in English, published from database inceptions up to December 2019. The search strategy included the combination of three key concepts: ‘benefit–risk’, ‘modelling’ and ‘vaccines’. Data extracted included the modelling context and the methodological approaches used.ResultsOf 3172 publications screened, 48 original publications were included. Most of the selected studies were published over the past decade and focused on rotavirus (15), dengue (10) and influenza (6) vaccines. The majority (30) of studies reported analyses related to high-income countries. The methodology of the studies differed, particularly in modelling techniques, benefit–risk measures, and sensitivity analyses. The present work also pointed out a high level of variability in the quality of reporting across studies, with particular regard to input parameters and methodological approaches.ConclusionsThis review provides an extensive list of qBRm applied to vaccines. Discrepancies across studies were identified during our review. While the number of published qBRm studies is increasing, no reporting guidance for qBRm applied to vaccines is currently available. This may affect decision makers’ confidence in the results and their benefit–risk assessment(s); therefore, the development of such reporting guidance is highly needed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s40264-020-00984-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Evaluation of the effects of hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) administration as a constant rate infusion on plasma colloid osmotic pressure in hypoabluminemic dogs.

To evaluate the effects of 2 constant rate infusions of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 on plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in hypoalbuminemic dogs. Prospective, randomized clinical trial. A total of 24 client-owned dogs. Hypoalbuminemic euvolemic dogs (albumin<20g/L[<2g/dL]) with normal perfusion parameters requiring IV fluid therapy were enrolled. In addition to crystalloid, HES 130/0.4 was administered as a constant rate infusion over 24hours at 1mL/kg/h (group 1, n=15) or at 2mL/kg/h (group 2, n=9), in order to support plasma COP. Before infusion, a blood sample was collected to perform CBC, serum electrophoresis, and serologic tests for some infective diseases. Plasma COP, albumin concentration, PCV, and total plasma protein concentration were evaluated serially at baseline (T0) and then at 6, 12, and 24hours after the start of infusion, and a multilevel model was performed for these parameters to detect statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. Twenty-four dogs were included. No statistically significant differences in COP werefound between the 2 groups; however, a high level of variability has been identified within the single individual. Among the other laboratory analyses, PCV was significantly decreased in group 1 at T12 and T24 compared with T0 (P<0.001) and total plasma protein concentration was significantly increased in group 2 at T12 and T24 compared with T0 (P<0.008). No significant effect on plasma COP was found following infusion with HES 130/0.4 at doses of 1mL/kg/h and 2mL/kg/h for 24hours to hypoalbuminemic dogs. The administered concomitant dose of crystalloids, underlying disease, and small sample size were all potential confounding factors.

Conservation recommendations for Oryza rufipogon Griff. in China based on genetic diversity analysis

Over the past 30 years, human disturbance and habitat fragmentation have severely endangered the survival of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) in China. A better understanding of the genetic structure of O. rufipogon populations will therefore be useful for the development of conservation strategies. We examined the diversity and genetic structure of natural O. rufipogon populations at the national, provincial, and local levels using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Twenty representative populations from sites across China showed high levels of genetic variability, and approximately 44% of the total genetic variation was among populations. At the local level, we studied fourteen populations in Guangxi Province and four populations in Jiangxi Province. Populations from similar ecosystems showed less genetic differentiation, and local environmental conditions rather than geographic distance appeared to have influenced gene flow during population genetic evolution. We identified a triangular area, including northern Hainan, southern Guangdong, and southwestern Guangxi, as the genetic diversity center of O. rufipogon in China, and we proposed that this area should be given priority during the development of ex situ and in situ conservation strategies. Populations from less common ecosystem types should also be given priority for in situ conservation.

Genetic diversity of spring common barley varieties at hordein loci

Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the varieties of hordein loci of spring barley suitable for cultivation in Ukraine. Methods. To identify the genotype by the loci of the hordein, we used the method of separating the hordeins in polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) in acidic medium by the Brzezinski method with modifications. Results. In 26 varieties of spring barley, genotypes were identified by the hordein loci of Hrd A, Hrd B and HrdF. Differences between alleles of storage protein loci were found in the frequency with which they were distributed among varieties. Conclusions. Found a high level of allelic variability. In barley varieties there is a tendency for the distribution of certain alleles of loci of hordein storage proteins of barley: Hrd A (A2,A4, A12,A18, A23, A32), Hrd B (B1, B5, B6, B8, B17, B19, B21,B29, B35,B67, B164, ), Hrd F (F1, F2, F3, F0).&#x0D; Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L., spring barley, storage proteins, hordeins, alleles.

Variability of valuable features of spring soft wheat samples of the VIR collection in arid conditions of the Astrakhan region

During the period of 2016-2018, 200 samples of spring soft wheat from the VIR collection, of different ecological and geographical origin in the conditions of rain-fed agriculture in the Astrakhan region, were studied. A high level of variability in the weight of grain from the ear and its lake level, plant height and productive bushiness, grain yield in the conditions of this area was determined. Selected samples-with high adaptive capacity, precocity and high productivity-will be recommended for further selection work.&#x0D;