High Level Of Involvement Research Articles

Pre-school and primary teachers in the process of detecting child maltreatment in Andalusia (Spain) / El profesorado de Infantil y Primaria en el proceso de detección del maltrato infantil en Andalucía (España)

This study analyses teachers’ knowledge about child maltreatment in the family and explores their professional background in dealing with this problem. 227 pre-school and primary teachers from Andalusia (Spain) participated in the study. The majority of the teachers had never reported a case of child maltreatment during their professional background. These situations were experienced by the teachers with high levels of emotional impact, and both they and their schools showed high levels of involvement in cases identified. Three teacher profiles were identified, the group of trained teachers being the most capable of identifying more complex signs of child maltreatment, followed by those with more years of seniority. The process of detection and reporting of child maltreatment in the school setting is complex, and a wide range of elements need to be analysed conjointly.

Neurosurgical patients' preferences and experiences of involvement during hospitalisation.

There has been an increased focus on patient involvement in health care worldwide, with studies showing that involving patients in their treatment and care is associated with positive outcomes. However, there is a dearth of knowledge about inpatient preferences and experiences of involvement in neurosurgery in Scandinavian countries. This study aimed to identify inpatients' preferences regarding their involvement in their treatment and the extent to which they experienced being involved in their treatment and care during admission. A questionnaire survey was administered in a neurosurgical department. Patients' preferences and experiences regarding their involvement in their treatment and care were assessed using a validated questionnaire. One hundred patients were enrolled in the study. Eighty-two percent of them preferred sharing responsibility for their treatment with their doctor, 16% preferred leaving their treatment decisions entirely up to the doctor; and two percent preferred making the final decision about their treatment independently. The average participation score for information, communication, and participation was 4.08, suggesting that the patients experienced a high level of involvement in their care and treatment. Thirty patients reported preferences for changes during admission, while 25 suggested ideas for improvement. The patients mostly preferred shared decision-making about their treatment during hospitalization and generally reported high involvement in their treatment and care. The results showed a desire for improved information sharing and dialog among healthcare professionals, patients, and relatives.

Making the Case: Exploring the Role of Case Management in Relocation and Return Decisions in Choice Neighborhoods Initiative

Leveraging novel case management data, we present the first comprehensive investigation into the role of case management services in housing relocation and return decisions within the framework of the Choice Neighborhoods Initiative (CNI), the current place-based public housing revitalization program. Our study employs multinomial logistic (MNL) regression models to demonstrate that a higher level of involvement in case management services is correlated with an increased probability of moving to a higher-income neighborhood during the redevelopment process, as well as a greater likelihood of returning to the revitalized neighborhood afterward. By achieving these outcomes, case management services play a crucial role in enhancing the chances for original CNI residents to reap the benefits of neighborhood redevelopment—a matter of enduring concern among social scientists. These findings are contextualized with both sociodemographic and neighborhood characteristics associated with relocation and return decisions.

Lifelong Learning in Multi-Purpose Activity of Self-Employed and Employed Persons

Introduction. Managing the lifelong learning environment requires a certain understanding of the educational needs and demands of learners of different categories. However, there is not enough research devoted to the psychological aspects of non-formal and informal learning of working subjects. The aim of the study is to characterize the main forms of learning, inducing and sustaining motivation, engagement and self-regulation of learning among employed and self-employed individuals. Materials and Methods. The study used the methods of theoretical analysis of the problem, testing and survey with the use of educational experience diagnostics methodology and author's questionnaires based on the Informal Learning Questionnaire and Academic Motivation Scale. The empirical sampling encompassed 295 people, including 143 self-employed and 152 employed. Results. The results showed the diversity of forms of lifelong learning used by employed persons, as well as the polymotivated nature of this activity. It was found that professional and cognitive motives are the most pronounced among the employed and self-employed. Respondents are motivated to learning by the desire for self-improvement, professional development objectives, interest in the subject of training, the need for new knowledge and skills. It is proved that self-employed persons, compared to employed persons, have a higher level of involvement, self-regulation of learning and intrinsic motivation focused on professional and personal growth and diverse interests. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study expand scientific ideas about lifelong learning and for the first time demonstrate the specificity of involvement and motivation for learning individuals with different employment status. The materials of the article will be useful for researchers, specialists in human resources development, marketers of the education segment, and developers of additional educational programs.

Особливості використання документарних форм міжнародних розрахунків в Україні

The peculiarities of the use of documentary forms of international settlements by economic entities of Ukraine are analyzed, in particular, advantages and disadvantages, requirements for the use of documentary forms of international settlements, as well as the main directions of innovative approaches to improving their application. The prospects for the development of documentary forms of international settlements in Ukraine are outlined. The stages of decision-making regarding the use of a documentary letter of credit in the implementation of an export operation have been developed. This article analyzed the use of documentary forms of international settlements in Ukraine, which is an important and necessary factor in ensuring the effective and safe implementation of foreign economic activity, especially in conditions of increased volatility of the international environment. The advantage of documentary forms of international settlements is that they provide a high level of protection of the interests of the parties to the agreement. They allow you to avoid risks associated with non-payment of goods delivery, unreliable information about the condition and quality of goods, possible changes in prices or exchange rates and other potential problems. The use of documentary forms of international settlements also ensures trust between the parties by monitoring compliance with the terms of the agreement. However, using a documentary form of settlement can also be a complex and sometimes inconvenient process, as it requires some interaction with paper and compliance with certain procedures. In addition, this form of payment can be expensive due to commissions and other costs associated with banking transactions. Ukraine, as a state with a high level of involvement in international economic relations, actively uses documentary forms for international settlements. This is confirmed by the large number of banks offering this service and the growth of foreign trade volumes. Thus, the use of documentary forms of international settlements in Ukraine is beneficial and necessary to ensure the safety and efficiency of foreign economic transactions. However, it requires some discipline and additional costs. In general, the issue of the use of documentary forms of international settlements in Ukraine requires attention and resolution by improving the legal framework, passing certification courses, improving the qualifications of specialists, and increasing the number of banks that provide services for the use of documentary forms of international settlements. This will help ensure the safety and efficiency of foreign economic activity of Ukrainian companies.

What does your partner want? Using a gender equality lens to assess partner support and involvement in family planning in Uganda.

It is unclear if there are any differences in the ways men and women perceive partner support in the context of family planning. The USAID-funded Social and Behavior Change Activity (SBCA) in Uganda explored male versus female priorities in the decision-making considerations and preferred measures of partner support related to family planning. Data were from a cross -sectional nationally representative telephone survey of 1177 men and women aged 18-49 years old in sexual partnerships. Key measures included current family planning use (Are you or your partner currently doing anything to prevent or delay becoming pregnant?); family planning decision-making considerations (In your experience, which of the following are the three most important considerations as you make family planning decisions?); and preferred partner support (What level of involvement would you like to see from your partner in your family planning decisions?). Multivariable logistic regressions explored factors associated with decision-making priorities and preferred partner support, adjusting for sociodemographic confounders. Two-thirds (66%) of men and women wanted a high level of involvement from their partner, which was associated with higher odds of using family planning (aOR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.87-3.24). Specific ways partners could be involved included accompanying them to health services (39%), permitting them to get family planning services (26%), and jointly discussing family planning options (23%). Of note, more women wanted their partner to accompany them (45%) than men (33%) while more men (29%) wanted to jointly discuss options than women (15%). Social and behavior change interventions should operationalize partner support differently for men and women. Study findings were used to implement a health campaign that explicitly encouraged partner dialogue and support across the various life stages; empowering women with knowledge and skills to have honest conversations with their partners about birth spacing and timing.

Attitudes of Generation Z Towards Sustainable Behaviour in Tourism

Young adults from generation z are ecologically active individuals with a high level of involvement in climate change, waste, and responsible consumption. Based on this statement, we decided to confirm or reject it for a selected sample of Slovak tourists. Our research objective is to find and assess the attitudes and preferences of tourists from generation z. We collected data based on a questionnaire with a sample of 118 respondents aged 18-24. The questionnaire aimed to identify responsible behaviour and focused on attitudes towards sustainable consumption decisions. It was evaluated based on a 5-point Likert scale. We used the Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson's, and Spearman's correlation coefficient and logistic regression to find and identify the results. Our results point to the behaviour and attitudes of 118 Slovak respondents of generation z, who are interested in sustainability and separation responsibility for the environment in tourism. Findings may significantly impact tourism. Identifying problems allows for understanding the motives of tourists' behaviour, which creates the basis for effective measures to reduce environmental impact. Identifying these attitudes makes it possible to create targeted awareness campaigns and contribute to a better understanding of tourists' preferences. These finding are also significant in raising awareness about travel's environmental impacts and supporting tourists' ecologically responsible behaviour, which can lead to more sustainable tourism development.

A narrative discourse analysis of soldier’s home by Ernest Hemingway: A micro and macro-structural narrative analysis

This article employs narrative discourse analysis to analyze Ernest Hemingway’s Soldier’s Home by using two narrative analysis frameworks that focus on the Macrostructure and Microstructure aspects of the story. The study aims to unveil the intricate structural and linguistic choices contributing to the meaning and impact of “Soldier’s Home” and the simple writing approach that Hemmingway utilized to write this story. This analysis has been chosen to explain and understand that stories are not merely a sequence of events but mirrors reflecting the intricacies of our psyche, inviting us to confront our fears, desires, and the enigmatic depths of human nature, and how lexical resources are deployed to express them. The analysis covers the story’s generic structure using Paltridge’s model of schematic structure, thematic nuances, psychoanalysis, and lexico-grammatical cohesion. Findings show that the writer follows a series of structural moves and uses a variety of narrative strategies such as a high level of involvement and a wide range of lexical and grammatical cohesive ties, which contribute to the creation of a well-formed text that has effectively achieved its purpose and made its intended effect. Keywords: Macrostructure; microstructure; narrative strategies; soldier’s home; storytelling.

PURCHASING TEAM INNOVATION CLIMATES AS ANTECEDENTS OF PURCHASING INVOLVEMENT IN OPEN INNOVATION

This study aims to enhance our understanding of the relationship between team innovation climate within the purchasing team and the level of purchasing involvement in open innovation (OI) initiatives. Previous research in psychology and management has documented the impact of team climate on innovation capacity. Furthermore, the purchasing function has been recognised as a bridge between internal and external resources in OI. However, to date, research has not examined the link between the team innovation climate and the role of the purchasing function in OI initiatives. To address this gap, we studied a sample of 258 purchasing teams across industries in France based on a self-audit and questionnaire using established team innovation climate scales. From our analyses, four dimensions of the purchasing team climate towards innovation emerge: the team cohesiveness, the team creativity, the leader support for innovation and the institutional support for innovation. We subsequently conduct regression and necessary condition analysis. Our results show that institutional support is both necessary and positively related to involvement. Moreover, purchasing’s ability to contribute to inbound OI is constrained by each of the four dimensions of the team innovation climate, to various extents. Our work thereby elucidates the individual elements and the collective impact of the team innovation climate that enable the exploitation of the innovative potential of suppliers through purchasing’s bridge function between external and internal innovation actors providing new insights into the human side of OI at team level. Managerial Highlights • Team innovation climate plays an important role in the management of open innovation. • Team innovation climate influences the purchasing team’s involvement in open innovation projects of its firm i.e. the way its open innovation is managed. • There are four dimensions affecting the purchasing team innovation climate: institutional support, team leader support, team creativity and team cohesiveness. • High levels of involvement of the purchasing function do not occur without at least medium levels of these four dimensions. • Only institutional support is directly and positively related to the increasing level of involvement of purchasing in open innovation initiatives.

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Influence of Medical Interpreters on the Healthcare Experiences of Hospitalized Spanish-Speaking Patients.

Introduction: The perspective of hospitalized patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) in US hospitals interacting with language-discordant healthcare providers remains understudied. Our goal is to examine the inpatient experiences of Spanish-speaking patients and offer suggestions to improve patient satisfaction. Methods: A survey was administered to Spanish-speaking patients using interpreters during their admission to medicine at an urban, academic hospital. Qualitative thematic analysis of responses was conducted. Results: Thirty-six patients completed the survey. Despite limited use of interpreters, the majority of patients rated interpretation services as excellent, reported high level of involvement in care and respect of their opinions, and preferred video remote interpreting and in-person interpreters. Language barrier and cost affected patients' comfort level requesting health care services. The mean patient satisfaction score was 9.64. Patients suggested an increase in bilingual personnel, improved access to interpreters, specifically in-person. Conclusion: Although highly satisfied, patients reported inconsistent use of interpretation services in the inpatient setting and suboptimal access. Hospitals should strive to provide language-concordant care and patient-centered interpretation. Patients' understanding of their health care rights needs better assessment to ease the inpatient experience. Further research is needed to estimate the regard for autonomy by Spanish-speaking patients in their own care.

Exploring Latinx and non-Latinx families’ experiences of dual language Catholic schools: A national survey of parent engagement and satisfaction

ABSTRACT Parent involvement is often cited as an essential component of effective dual language bilingual education (DLBE), yet we have limited understanding of the ways parents participate in DLBE or how parent experiences differ between Latinx and non-Latinx families, who often have different reasons for enrolling their children in bilingual programs. Addressing these gaps, this article presents findings from a national survey of parent engagement and satisfaction for Latinx and non-Latinx parents whose children attend DLBE programs in Catholic schools. Findings revealed that parents viewed their involvement as important, although they reported being more involved in participation-oriented activities (e.g. volunteering in the classroom) than engagement-oriented activities (e.g. co-developing academic initiatives). Latinx parents reported similar or higher levels of involvement than non-Latinx parents in all areas except for school leadership. Parent satisfaction was extremely high, with Latinx parents expressing slightly higher satisfaction than non-Latinx parents. While parents were largely satisfied with school communication, many reported that certain communication was only available in English. These findings led researchers to conclude that high levels of reported satisfaction, particularly from Latinx parents, might obscure equity issues and that DLBE schools must look beyond satisfaction to understand parent experiences and to cultivate more equitable parent engagement.

An Overview of Juvenile Delinquency Among High School Students in the City of Ambon

Adolescence is a period that is vulnerable to negative influences and is very vulnerable and unstable in acting, one of the things that is prone to occur is juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is a manifestation of social problems in adolescents that arise as a result of certain social neglect. The level of juvenile delinquency is increasing and is becoming a concern for society, including in the city of Ambon. Ambon City is the capital of Maluku Province and has the highest crime rate in Maluku Province. Ambon City is the capital of Maluku Province. This research aims to provide a general overview and outline further implications that can impact various aspects of social life and education. This research uses a descriptive quantitative approach. The research subjects were 137 students from 8 high schools in the city of Ambon who were recruited through purposive sampling, namely with the criteria of students who, according to the school's assessment, were naughty. The questionnaire used was prepared based on aspects and factors of juvenile delinquency. The results found that male adolescents have a higher level of involvement in delinquency than girls, and this tends to occur in the age range of 15-16 years. The most common forms of delinquency are playing late at night and cheating on exam, while difficult economic factors (92%) are the main factors influencing juvenile delinquency. It is hoped that future research can develop correlation research by adding variables that can be linked to juvenile delinquency, such as family factors or juvenile delinquency and academic achievement.

Patient and Public Involvement in Technology-Related Dementia Research: Scoping Review.

Technology-related research on people with dementia and their carers often aims to enable people to remain living at home for longer and prevent unnecessary hospital admissions. To develop person-centered, effective, and ethical research, patient and public involvement (PPI) is necessary, although it may be perceived as more difficult with this cohort. With recent and rapid expansions in health and care-related technology, this review explored how and with what impact collaborations between researchers and stakeholders such as people with dementia and their carers have taken place. This review aims to describe approaches to PPI used to date in technology-related dementia research, along with the barriers and facilitators and impact of PPI in this area. A scoping review of literature related to dementia, technology, and PPI was conducted using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, and CINAHL. Papers were screened for inclusion by 2 authors. Data were then extracted using a predesigned data extraction table by the same 2 authors. A third author supported the resolution of any conflicts at each stage. Barriers to and facilitators of undertaking PPI were then examined and themed. The search yielded 1694 papers, with 31 (1.83%) being analyzed after screening. Most (21/31, 68%) did not make clear distinctions between activities undertaken as PPI and those undertaken by research participants, and as such, their involvement did not fit easily into the National Institute for Health and Care Research definition of PPI. Most of this mixed involvement focused on reviewing or evaluating technology prototypes. A range of approaches were described, most typically using focus groups or co-design workshops. In total, 29% (9/31) described involvement at multiple stages throughout the research cycle, sometimes with evidence of sharing decision-making power. Some (23/31, 74%) commented on barriers to or facilitators of effective PPI. The challenges identified often regarded issues of working with people with significant cognitive impairments and pressures on time and resources. Where reported, the impact of PPI was largely reported as positive, including the experiences for patient and public partners, the impact on research quality, and the learning experience it provided for researchers. Only 4 (13%) papers used formal methods for evaluating impact. Researchers often involve people with dementia and other stakeholders in technology research. At present, involvement is often limited in scope despite aspirations for high levels of involvement and partnership working. Involving people with dementia, their carers, and other stakeholders can have a positive impact on research, patient and public partners, and researchers. Wider reporting of methods and facilitative strategies along with more formalized methods for recording and reporting on meaningful impact would be helpful so that all those involved-researchers, patients, and other stakeholders-can learn how we can best conduct research together.

Determining rural farmers' income: A case of mushroom farming in North Central Nigeria

The study appraised the involvement of rural farmers in mushroom farming as a paradigm shift for economic development in North Central, Nigeria. The study used 389 respondents sampled through multi-stage sampling technique from three States and the Federal Capital Territory. Descriptive statistics and t-test were used to analyse the data collected. Results showed that the farming of mushroom in the study area was dominated by males, who were married and were well educated. They were young and active with an average household size of 5 persons. The farmers had high levels of involvement in mushroom production and the average income earned by the farmers before and after adding mushroom to their crops were N360,539.58 and N426,092.55, respectively. It was found that mushroom farming attracted a reasonable amount of income because about N65,552.97 was the difference in the average income earned by the farmers after adding mushroom to their crop production activities. Several coping strategies like formation of cooperative groups and engagement of extension agents in training farmers on input use were very important strategies that could help boost mushroom production and the respondents also acknowledged that income generated from mushroom production can help them to alleviate their poverty levels. The study recommended that farmers that are into mushroom production should be encouraged to form cooperative groups so that they can be able to pull their resources together and build a strong base for information sourcing and dissemination as well as getting financial support for their farming activities.

Disaster Knowledge, Skills, and Preparedness among Emergency Medical Services in Saudi Arabia.

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) workers are critical to effective disaster response. Therefore, it is important to understand their knowledge, skills, and preparedness for disasters. This study investigated factors influencing EMS workers' disaster knowledge, skills, and preparedness in the Saudi Arabian context. The study also sought to identify challenges to disaster preparedness among Saudi Arabian EMS workers. A descriptive cross-sectional survey using The Disaster Preparedness Evaluation Tool was distributed to EMS workers in military and government hospitals across 3 Saudi Arabian cities. Responses were recordedon a 6-point Likert scale where higher scores indicated higher knowledge, skills, or preparedness. The results were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. 272EMS workers participated in this study. EMS workers reported a moderate level of knowledge (3.56), skills (3.44), and preparedness (3.73) for disasters. Despite this, EMS workers reported a high level of involvement in regular disaster drills (M = 4.24, SD = 1.274) and a strong interest in further disaster education opportunities (M = 5.43, SD = 1.121). Participants also reported a high skill level with the triage principles used in their workplace during a disaster (M = 4.06, SD = 1.218). The study findings revealed a significant positive correlation between disaster preparedness levels and age, years of experience, education level, and the facility worked in. EMS workers have moderate disaster knowledge, skills, and preparedness levels. Knowledge, skill, and preparedness have a significant relationship on the EMS workers' demographics. These findings demonstrate the need to invest in preparing Saudi Arabian EMS workers to effectively respond to bioterrorism disasters.

Копендіум некласичних міфопрактик Дж. Р. Р. Толкіна: міфо-логічний аналіз

Background. The relevance of our research is indicated by the high level of involvement of John Ronald Reuel Tolkien's creative compendium in shaping and constructing modern culture. Over the past twenty-three years of the 21st century, a significant number of projects have articulated and realized their own interpretations of J. Tolkien's mythology. It is enough to mention Peter Jackson's film trilogies, "The Lord of the Rings" (2001-2003) and "The Hobbit" (2012-2014), a series of video games in various genres by Chris Cornell, William Gordon, and Jill Eckhart, such as "The Lord of The Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth" (2004, 2006), Eric Gewirtz's "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest" (2009), John Fleming, Lucas Riting, and Ruf Tomandi's "The Lord of the Rings: War in the North" (2011), among others. Method. Our research's method is based on the mytho-logic method, which involves interpreting myth in the context of its logic and structure (in the interpretation of "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Silmarillion"). Results. An interpretation of "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Silmarillion" in harmony with the logic of myth through its axioms and laws has been carried out, demonstrating the mythic nature of these texts through their full compliance with the axioms and laws of myth logic. The interpretation of "The Lord of the Rings" through structural analysis of selected narrative variants has been articulated. Twelve main mythemes have been identified and their significance for the mythic narrative has been argued. The images of Gollum, Sméagol, Faramir, and Frodo have been interpreted through a mythic matrix, where the first represents the unconscious Shadow of any subject, the second is a subject attempting to contend with it, the third is a subject that conquers it, and the fourth is a sum of the Hero's image, one who has no "simple life" in a "simple world." Conclusions. We consider our mytho-logic to be a valid method for interpreting myths of any spatial and temporal category. It is worth noting that mytho-logic, like any non-classical humanities method, is not purely ideal and does not have all the answers. Any interpretation is an interpretation, neither worse nor better, but the question here lies in the substantiation of conclusions. We deem our research to be substantiated, although unfinished, as new mythemes of "The Lord of the Rings" can and should be explored, new combinations of these mythemes interpreted differently, and explanations offered. This demonstrates the inexhaustibility of meanings in myth, non-classical approaches, and mytho-logic as a method.

Virtual idols vs online influencers vs traditional celebrities: how young consumers respond to their endorsement advertising

PurposeThis study aims to examine how young consumers perceive the advertising effectiveness of endorsements by virtual idols and how endorsements by virtual idols differ from endorsements by real human celebrities such as traditional celebrities and online influencers.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental study was conducted with 400 randomly selected young respondents in China in December 2022. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used to test how the type of celebrity endorser and level of product involvement influence the persuasiveness of advertising aimed at young adults. Among 400 respondents, the average age was 21.5 years. A total of 193 male and 207 female respondents participated in the experiment.FindingsYoung consumers find virtual idols, online influencers and traditional celebrities attractive. Although virtual idols are the least credible among the three types of celebrity endorsers, young consumers tend to be more convinced by their endorsements of products with low levels of consumer involvement than those with high levels of involvement. Among the three types of celebrity endorsements, young consumers find traditional celebrities the most effective. In addition, young consumers’ attitudes toward celebrity endorsers mediate the impact of celebrity endorsers’ attractiveness and credibility on their attitudes toward the advertisements. The perceived level of product involvement moderates the transfer of meaning from the attitude toward the celebrity endorsers to the attitude toward the advertisement.Practical implicationsFirst, when choosing celebrity endorsers to advertise products targeting young consumers, marketing communication practitioners should give priority to the endorsers’ perceived credibility, as young consumers have a variety of views about them that can significantly affect their attitudes toward the advertisement. Second, real human celebrity endorsers are more effective than virtual idols in celebrity endorsements. However, virtual idols may be suited for use in advertisements to promote products with low involvement levels, such as soft drinks.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first experimental study to attempt to analyze the effectiveness of virtual idols in advertising aimed at young consumers. This is also the first comparative study to introduce virtual idols as celebrity endorsers in product advertising and to compare their effectiveness with that of the two other types of commonly discussed celebrity endorsers, traditional celebrities and online influencers.

Factors Associated with Male Partner Involvement in Maternity Care in Mbeya, Tanzania.

Male partner involvement in maternity care is critical to improving neonatal and maternal health by reducing maternal mortality, particularly in settings where males play a significant role in decision-making. This study aimed to assess factors associated with male partners involvement in maternity care in Mbeya, Tanzania. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among men in Mbeya City, Tanzania, from April to June 2021. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information from participants. Male involvement level was measured as low, moderate or high. X2 test and multinomial logistic regression models were applied to determine association between male involvement levels and related factors. A total of 201 males participated in the study. The overall level of male involvement during antenatal care, labour and delivery and postnatal care indicated that 44 (21.7%) had a high level of involvement, 116 (58%) had a moderate level of involvement and 41 (20.3%) had a low level of involvement. Demographic and health facilities factors indicated a significant association with male partner level of participation (P<.001). The likelihood of a man accompanying the partner was significantly associated with staff attitude and the time spent at the health facility (AOR 1.726 at 95% CI 1,394-2.136 P<.001). Findings indicated a generally moderate level of male partner involvement as a critical concern that can accelerate the decline in maternal mortality and improve maternal health. Enhancing the male-friendliness of health facilities in terms of infrastructure, organisation of services and staff attitudes, as well as educating the community, particularly men, to sensitise them to the negative attitudes toward male participation in maternity care, can increase male participation.

An analysis of parental involvement during Zoom-mediated heritage language instruction

Linguistic diversity has been increasing rapidly in Australian and New Zealand societies, and according to the most recent census (ABS, 2022) more than one in five Australian households speak a language other than English. Fostering bilingualism is important at all levels of education because it plays a crucial role in identity development (Caldas, 2006) and enhances academic performance (Han, 2012; Lindholm-Leary, 2016; Yurtsever et al., 2023). The home environment is obviously crucial for bilingual development (Mak et al., 2023) but broader community engagement is also needed. With heritage language communities often distributed broadly across contexts such as Australia and New Zealand, technology mediated language learning approaches (e.g., Zoom) hold strong potential in systematic efforts to promote bilingualism. A key element of effective online education is the quality of involvement of stakeholders, and in the case of online heritage language education involving young learners, parental involvement is crucial (El Nokali et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2023). To date, however, the involvement of parents in online heritage language education has not been adequately researched. The current research analyzes the parental involvement of six parent-child dyads during six Zoom-mediated lessons of Farsi as a heritage language. The aim of the research is to systematically describe the way parents interact with their children during these Zoom-mediated lessons and to establish a preliminary taxonomy of these behaviors. Such taxonomies can then be applied as a reference point for longer-term efforts to enhance parent involvement in online heritage language learning programs. The primary data source was the recorded screen videos of six parent-child dyads for six 45-minute online Farsi lessons. Learners’ work samples and parent interviews were also collected as additional data sources. The qualitative study employed various techniques to ensure rigor and reliability such as constant comparison, coding schemes and thematic analysis. These techniques helped researchers to identify recurring categories of parental involvement evident during the entirety of the online lessons. Analysis entailed enumeration and description of the type, frequency and duration of the various parental involvement behaviors that were evident in the videos. Behaviors included binary types, such as physical presence or absence and on-screen facial presence or absence. A range of more complex verbal and nonverbal behaviors were also salient in the data: nodding, gesturing, gaze orientation, screen pointing, reorienting learning materials and devices and so on. Different parents demonstrated varied levels of interaction with three main stakeholders: the facilitator, other parents and the learners. Differences in behaviors evident among the parents enabled a categorization of those who exhibited low, moderate or high levels of involvement with the online lessons. Through analysis of the results and the literature we suggest a preliminary taxonomy of parent involvement behaviors that occurred during online language learning. This model provides a useful reference point for future research, at all levels of education, that seeks to understand the dynamics of stakeholder involvement in complex online learning environments.