Highest Percentage Of Inhibition Research Articles

Kemampuan Kapang Dark Septate Endophyte dari Akar Tanaman Aren dalam Menghambat Ganoderma sp.

Ganoderma is a fungal pathogen that can cause rot disease at the base of plant stems. This disease threatens oil palm production, especially in Southeast Asia. Trichoderma sp. fungi can control Basal Stem Rot disease in Ganoderma boninense but are ineffective. One solution that can be done to inhibit the growth of Ganoderma sp. is by using Dark Septate Endophyte (DSE) fungi. Research on DSE isolated from sugar palm (Arenga pinnata Merr.) has not been widely studied. The sugar palm plant is related to the oil palm plant in the Arecaceae family. This study aims to analyze the potential of DSE fungi from the roots of the sugar palm plant in inhibiting the pathogenic fungi Ganoderma sp. The stages of this research were isolation and purification of DSE fungi from sugar palm roots, DSE antagonists against Ganoderma sp., and DSE volatile compounds against Ganoderma sp. The results of isolation and purification showed that there were 18 DSE isolates grouped based on morphological similarities in the form of DSE fungi colony colors, where there were ten fungi isolates representing ten different colony colors, namely, isolate A.3.1 (1); A.3.2 (2); A.4.1 (2); A.4.1 (3); A.4.2; A.5.2; A.5.3; A.6.1(a); A.6.2(a); A.6.4(a). A total of 8 fungi isolates were tested for antagonists and volatile compound testing on Ganoderma sp. The results of the antagonist test showed that DSE A4.1(2) had the highest percentage of inhibition with a value of 36.12%, and isolated A6.2 had the highest percentage of inhibition and the lowest with a value of 15.65%. The testing results for volatile compounds showed that the isolate of DSE A4.2 had the highest percentage of inhibition against Ganoderma sp. at 18.25%. In comparison, the lowest inhibition percentage was obtained from DSE A5.2 fungi isolate with a value of 0.43%.
 
 Keywords: dark septate endophyte, ganoderma, sugar palm (Arenga pinnata Merr.)

Synthesis, Characterization, and Investigation of Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activities of Novel Thiourea Derivatives of Naproxen.

The objective of this study was to synthesize seven novel thiourea derivatives of naproxen (8-14), examine the anti-inflammatory activity of the newly synthesized compounds, investigate the cytotoxic potential of both sets of synthesized compounds (1-7 and 8-14), and select the most promising anti-inflammatory and antitumor drug candidates. The results of the in vivo anti-inflammatory study clearly showed that compounds 8 and 9 were capable of decreasing paw edema, as evident from a high percentage of inhibition (44.83% and 49.29%, respectively). In addition, the results of in vitro enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated that neither of the newly synthesized compounds reached 50% inhibition of 5-LOX at concentrations lower than 100 µM. In terms of antitumor potential, derivatives 3 and 8 exhibited strong cytotoxic effects on the HeLa cell line, suggesting the involvement of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. According to the overall results obtained for both sets of synthesized molecules, derivatives 4 and 8 can be underlined as molecules with the strongest anti-inflammatory activity, while derivatives 3 and 8 are the most promising cytotoxic agents.

Nanocrystal engineering: Unraveling bioactivities and augmented photocatalytic degradation of ZnO and Cr-doped ZnO via green and chemical synthesis routes

Herein, we focused on the combined investigation of physicochemical traits and multifunctional bioactivity of ZnO and Cr-doped ZnO NPs synthesized by chemical and green synthesis methods. The green synthesis was accomplished by utilizing Azadirachta Indica leaf extracts which include the phytochemicals azadirachtin and nimbolide function as prominent therapeutic agents in diagnosis. The XRD and TEM analysis evidences all the prepared NPs exhibit hexagonal wurtzite structure, and the change in crystallinity of ZnO NPs with Cr substitution has been examined. The optical properties show that Cr inclusion effectively changes the optical band gap of pure ZnO NPs, confirming the quantum confinement effect. The synthesized NPs were employed to investigate photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (Rh B) dye in an aqueous environment under UV irradiation. The Rh-B dye effectively degraded within 180 min in the presence of synthesized nano catalyst at room temperature. Further, the synthesized NPs were subjected to investigate their bio-potency for microbicidal and cytotoxicity properties. The biosynthesized Cr-ZnO NPs exhibit significant cytotoxicity against A-549 lung cancer cells with the lowest IC50 value (21.79 µg/ml) and also demonstrate good antioxidant activity with the highest percentage of inhibition 81.23 % as measured by the DPPH scavenging assay in contrast to other NPs. In addition, the chemically synthesized Cr-ZnO NPs found the highest inhibition activity (90.78 %) for antidiabetic efficiency of Alpha-amylase enzyme assay and also shows significant antibacterial activities with a higher zone of inhibition (17 mm) against gram-positive Bacillus cereus over other samples. Thus, this study highlights ZnO NPs versatile attributes, paving the way for promising biomedical and environmental uses.

First record of Fusarium brachygibbosum as a causal agent of seed decay and damping-off disease on cotton in Iraq and Control using some bioagents

The results of the isolation and identification of pathogens accompanying the symptomatic seeds and seedlings of cotton showed that the most common fungus was Fusarium brachygibbosum. Molecular identification of the studied fungus was performed using the universal primers: the results of the genetic analysis revealed the identities of the fungus as follows: a 100% identity for F. brachygibbosum that was deposited at the GenBank under accession number ON738702.1. This fungus has shown high pathogenicity against cotton seeds and seedlings by severely reducing their Germination and growth and treating cotton seeds with the biological factors of Trichoderma spp. It revealed a high efficiency in reducing disease incidence and increasing cotton germination percentage. Trichoderma viride showed the highest ability to increase seed germination to 94.44%. In comparison, the lowest ability reached 77.77 % in Trichoderma pseudokoningii and Trichoderma reesei—the results of extracting toxins from the filters of Trichoderma spp. The study's use of trichodermin and Gliotoxin showed the presence of trichodermin and Gliotoxin in large quantities. The percentage of toxin inhibition was significant against the growth of pathogenic fungi. The highest percentage of inhibition was 86.1% for the isolate Trichoderma koningiopsis, and the lowest percentage was 66.65% for the isolate Trichoderma reesei. As for the effect of isolates of resistant fungus on the Pathogen in the field, the highest germination rate was 100%, and the inhibition rate was 0.00% when using the biological preparation prepared from the isolates (T. viride, T. pseudokoningii, T. koningiopsis and T. reesei). Keywords: Fusarium brachygibbosum; Trichoderma spp.; Trichodermin; gliotoxin; Biological control.

Structural Characterization, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Antimicrobial Activities of Citrus Limettarisso, Citrus Nobilis X Citrus Deliciosa and Citrus Maxima

Background: The pharmacological properties of citrus fruits have long been recognized in traditional medicine, with recent scientific studies corroborating their potential as sources of natural bioactive compounds. Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, and Citrus maxima, in particular, have garnered attention for their antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. Prior research has highlighted these species' capabilities, with various studies reporting on their significant health benefits. Objective: This study aims to evaluate and compare the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities of essential oils extracted from the peels of Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, and Citrus maxima, thereby contributing to the understanding of their potential therapeutic applications. Methods: Essential oils were extracted from the peels of the three citrus species using hydro distillation. The antioxidant activity was assessed through Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay. Antiglycation potential and alpha-amylase inhibition were evaluated for antidiabetic properties, while antimicrobial activity was determined using the Agar Well Diffusion Method. Results: Citrus limettarisso showed the highest TPC (301.4474 ± 2.930402 mg GAE/100g) and significant antioxidant activity (68.26347% DPPH scavenging). Citrus maxima exhibited a high TFC (143.8727 ± 5.454545 mg CE/100g) but lower TPC (115.8333 ± 3.553444 mg GAE/100g). Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa demonstrated considerable TPC (244.1667 ± 5.862774 mg GAE/100g) and TFC (50.17576 ± 0.457566 mg CE/100g). Antiglycation and alpha-amylase inhibition assays revealed Citrus limettarisso as the most potent antidiabetic agent with the highest inhibition percentages. All three species showed significant antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: The study confirms the substantial pharmacological potential of Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, and Citrus maxima, particularly in terms of their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Citrus limettarisso emerged as the most potent in most assays, underscoring its potential for therapeutic use. These findings support the use of these citrus species as natural sources of bioactive compounds for health and medical applications. It carries special importance for public health advancements.

Phytochemical investigation and antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa against multi-drug resistant bacteria

Emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial species is increasing at an alarming rate. This calls for an urge to search for new antimicrobial agents from natural sources. Curcuma longa rhizome is used in traditional medicine as a remedy for many infectious diseases. The rhizome extracted in different solvents is tested against hospital isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide anion scavenging methods. GC–MS analysis was performed to identify biologically active compounds present in the plant. All the plant samples inhibited bacterial growth with varying degree of inhibition observed for different bacterial strains. In general MRSA was more sensitive to most of the extracts with larger zones of inhibition and high percentage inhibition while A. baumannii was the most resistant with smaller zones of inhibition and low percentage inhibition observed for different plant samples. n-Hexane fraction of C. longa was the most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth with lowest MIC values (2.5 mg/mL). Antioxidant activity assays indicated strong antioxidant potential of n-hexane fraction in DPPH assay and of methanol fraction in superoxide scavenging assay. GC–MS analysis indicated ar-turmerone as the most abundant component of the plant (34.63 %). The non-polar fractions of the plant were particularly more effective against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Further purification and characterization of bioactive compounds, from active fractions of this plant, for their applications as antibacterial leads in pharmaceutical industries is recommended.

Efficacy of Different Fungicides and Trichoderma Isolates against Leaf Blight Disease of Piper longum, Tylophora indica and Hibiscus subdariffa under in vitro

Leaf blight of the medicinal plants (Piper longum, Tylophora indica and Hibiscus subdariffa) is one of the most significant diseases that severely damage these crops throughout the year in West Bengal .So, management of this disease is essential at now. A few chemical fungicides and trichoderma isolates were tested under in vitro against the disease-associated pathogens in order to identify efficient chemical fungicides and bio agents.It was found that the trichoderma isolates T-2 and T-3 were effective against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, whereas the isolates T-1 and T-2 were efficient in inhibiting the growth of the test pathogen better against Fusarium sp. and Sclerotium rolfsii.With a higher percentage of inhibition (77.60%), copper oxychloride was the most effective fungicide against Fusarium sp. Conversely, carbendazim and dithane m-45 were more effective against Sclerotium rolfsii and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, showing 78.33% and 77.93% of inhibition, respectively, and less effective against Fusarium sp at higher concentrations (400 ppm). To determine whether or not these chemical fungicides and trichoderma isolates are effective under in vivo, they will be tested in the field against the corresponding pathogens associated with the disease.

Secondary metabolite induced tolerance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4 in banana cv. Grand Naine through in vitro bio-immunization: a prospective research translation from induction to field tolerance

An innovative tissue culture mediated incorporation of metabolite-based biomolecule (Bio-immune) at in vitro stage itself in banana cv. Grand Naine was developed and validated for the production of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4 tolerant plantlets. The novel bio-immune formulation developed by us, exhibited a significant antifungal potency against Foc TR4 with a high percent inhibition (100%) at a 2.5% concentration of bio-immune on the 5th, 7th, and 9th DAI. Bio-immune integrated during in vitro shoot proliferation stage in banana cv. Grand Naine recorded significant enhancement in the growth of roots and shoots. Bio-immune (0.5%) fortified media produced 12.67 shoots per clump whereas control registered only 9.67 shoots per clump. Similarly, maximum root numbers (7.67) were observed in bio-immune plants which were significantly higher over control (5.0). The bio-immunized banana transplants recorded a higher survival rate (97.57%) during acclimatization as compared to the control (94.53%). Furthermore, evaluation of the bio-immunized plants in pot experiments revealed that unimmunized plants treated with FocTR4 (TF) exhibited mortality between 60 and 90 days. On the 90th day after planting, a high mean disease severity index (DSI) of 3.45 was observed with unimmunized plantlets while the bio-immunized plants (TFBI) and ICAR-FUSICONT treated plants (TFTR) showed substantially reduced DSI (0.20 and 1.00) compared to FocTR4 treated control (TF). Significant increases in polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase activities, and enhanced phenol contents were recorded in bio-immunized plants compared to unimmunized plants. Field experiments at two different locations in Bihar, India revealed that bunch weight, no. of hands/bunch, and no. of fingers/hand of bio-immune treated plants were significantly higher compared to the control.

Chemical compositions and antifungal activity of Corymbia citriodora, Cupressus macrocarpa, and Syzygium cumini extracts: GC–MS and HPLC analysis of essential oils and phenolic compounds

AbstractThis study was undertaken to explore the content and the chemical constituents of the essential oils (EOs) and methanol leaf extracts (MLEs) from Corymbia citriodora, Cupressus macrocarpa, and Syzygium cumini. Chromatographic analyses of GC–MS and HPLC were used. The EOs and MLEs were prepared at concentrations of 0, 6, 12, 25, and 50 mg/L, while the extract was prepared at concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/L. Sapwood blocks of Pinus sylvestris in the dimension of 0.5 × 2 × 2 cm were prepared and autoclaved at 121 °C, and each wood block received 100 µL of the prepared concentrations from the EOs and MEs. The bioactivities of wood-treated EOs or MEs were measured against the growth of Fusarium solani MW947256. By GC–MS, the main compounds in the EOs from C. citriodora were citronellal, citronellol, p-cymene, spathulenol, and isopulegol with values of 23.95, 9.80, 9.32, 9.29, and 5.38%, respectively, in Cup. macrocarpa leaves were sabinene (11.94%), 4-terpinenol (11.34%), citronellol (9.59%), citronellal (9.85%), p-cymene (7.67%), spathulenol (5.24%), γ-terpinene (5.05%), camphor (4.31%), and limonene (3.2%), and in S. cumini leaves were trans-β-ocimene (19.11%), α-pinene (18.79%), caryophyllene (9.30%), (Z)-β-ocimene (8.16%), and limonene (6%). By HPLC, the most abundant phenolic compounds in the methanol extract from C. citriodora benzoic acid (8.11 μg/g), and gallic acid (7.96 μg/g), from Cup. macrocarpa were syringic acid (7.59 μg/g), catechol (6.85 μg/g), and gallic acid (6.78 μg/g), and from S. cumini were cinnamic acid (10.66 μg/g), caffeic acid (9.87 μg/g), and ellagic acid (8.76 μg/g). The highest percentages of inhibition (65.71% and 35.71%) against the growth of F. solani were seen in the wood treated with Cup. macrocarpa EOs at 50 and 25 mg/L, respectively. The maximum level of inhibition was seen (92.85%) when S. cumini MLEs at a dose of 4000 mg/L was applied to wood samples, followed by Cup. macrocarpa MLEs (70.00%) compared to the positive control of azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (1000 mg/L), which caused 100% inhibition to F. solani. The findings indicated that bioactive chemicals present in the extracts and EOs from these trees have strong antifungal properties.

Encapsulation of Jeruju Leaves Ethanol Extract (Acanthus ilicifolius L.) and It's Antiinflammatory Activities Against Carrageenan-Induced Mice

Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) leaves ethanol extract contains flavonoids that function as an antiinflammatory source. So it is necessary to research to increase the utilization of ethanol extract of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves (A. ilicifolius L.) in encapsulations to increase the stability of antiinflammatory chemical compounds. Concentrated dyestuff extracts are often unstable, so they need to be converted into solid form, and one technique that can be done is encapsulation. Encapsulation aims to protect sensitive components of the material and reduce the degradation of active compounds in the material. The research method begins with preparing samples to be extracted with ethanol solvent, extract phytochemical screening tests, validation determination tests for the analysis method of ethanol extract levels of jeruju leaves, encapsulated formulations, encapsulated physics and chemical properties test and anti-inflammatory tests. In this research, the secondary metabolite compounds contained in the ethanol extract of Jeruju Leaves were flavonoids, phenolics, steroids, and saponins. The determination of the validation of the analysis method of ethanol extract levels of jeruju leaves was obtained by measurement using a UV-vis spectrophotometer and obtained extract levels of 1367,831 mg/g. This research used maltodextrin coating material for encapsulation formulation because it has low viscosity in many ratios, high solubility, has no taste. The freeze-dryer method was used in this study because it produces better drying quality than other drying methods. The physical property test was carried out by analysis using FTIR and SEM while the chemical properties of encapsulation obtained the highest yield proportion of 58.81%, and the highest solubility proportion of 98.76%. Anti-inflammatory testing is carried out using male mice as test animals. Anti-inflammatory testing in mice based on the Rat hind paw oedema method. The average percent inhibition of each dose administered is calculated based on the data results. The high average percent inhibition obtained for Diclofenac Na is 80%. In the research Encapsule 1:12, the 120 mg/KgBW dose had a significant percentage of inhibition of 75.55%, with Na Diclofenac dose of 10 mg/KgBW being 80%.

Anti-Inflammatory Property of Costus afer Ker Gawl Ethanol Leaf Extract in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats

Costus afer Ker Gawl is an indigenous plant, commonly called a ginger lily, spiral ginger, or bush cane, it has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-inflammatory activity of C.afer leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Protein denaturation and erythrocyte stabilization assays were used to evaluate in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, and alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition was used to evaluate in vitro anti-diabetic activity. 60 male Wistar rats were used for the two inflammatory models: the 30 rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n=5) for carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma models respectively: Group I: normal, group II: control(untreated), group III: 10mg/kg b.w diclofenac sodium (standard), group IV, V and VI were given 50, 100, 250 mg/kg b.w Costus afer ethanol leaf extract (CAELE) in each of the two models. The study showed that in protein denaturation assay, CAELE and Diclofenac had 56.69% and 80.82% respectively at the highest concentration, erythrocyte stabilization had 80.40% CAELE and 94.88% Diclofenac sodium at the highest dose in a dose-dependent manner. Alpha amylase and alpha-glucosidase showed an increase in percentage inhibition activity at 65.44% and 43.72% respectively against acarbose (standard) at 56.01%. However, in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, the concentration exhibited high percentage inhibition (77.82%) comparable to the standard drug at 91.28%, and reduction in paw thickness was also observed in the carrageenan model in a dose-dependent manner respectively. This study showed that CAELE at different concentrations showed anti-inflammatory activity in diabetic conditions.

Plant-Disease-Suppressive and Growth-Promoting Activities of Endophytic and Rhizobacterial Isolates Associated with Citrullus colocynthis.

This study was conducted to investigate the antagonistic potential of endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial isolates obtained from Citrullus colocynthis in suppressing Fusarium solani and Pythium aphanidermatum and promoting the growth of cucumber. Molecular identification of bacterial strains associated with C. colocynthis confirmed that these strains belong to the Achromobacter, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Sphingobacterium, Bacillus, Sinorhizobium, Staphylococcus, Cupriavidus, and Exiguobacterium genera. A dual culture assay showed that nine of the bacterial strains exhibited antifungal activity, four of which were effective against both pathogens. Strains B27 (Pantoea dispersa) and B28 (Exiguobacterium indicum) caused the highest percentage of inhibition towards F. solani (48.5% and 48.1%, respectively). P. aphanidermatum growth was impeded by the B21 (Bacillus cereus, 44.7%) and B28 (Exiguobacterium indicum, 51.1%) strains. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the strains caused abnormality in phytopathogens' mycelia. All of the selected bacterial strains showed good IAA production (>500 ppm). A paper towel experiment demonstrated that these strains improved the seed germination, root/shoot growth, and vigor index of cucumber seedlings. Our findings suggest that the bacterial strains from C. colocynthis are suppressive to F. solani and P. aphanidermatum and can promote cucumber growth. This appears to be the first study to report the efficacy of these bacterial strains from C. colocynthis against F. solani and P. aphanidermatum.

Attenuation of CFA-induced arthritis through regulation of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant mechanisms by Solanum nigrum L. leaves extracts.

Solanum nigrum L. is a popular traditional medicine for various inflammatory conditions including rheumatism and joint pain. The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritic mechanism of Solanum nigrum L. Four extracts were prepared using n-hexane, methanol, chloroform, and water. The anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity was carried out with 100, 200, and 300mg/kg body wt. PO of each extract by the hot plate and carrageenan-induced paw oedema methods, respectively. The anti-arthritic study was performed with chloroform and aqueous extracts (300mg/kg) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Paw size (mm), ankle joint diameter (mm), and latency time (sec) were recorded on day 0 and every 4th day till 28days. The hematological, inflammatory, and oxidative biomarkers were estimated. Results showed that significant analgesia (p < 0.05) and reduction in paw inflammation were achieved with all extracts. The highest percent inhibition in Carrageenan-induced inflammation was achieved with 300mg/kg of chloroform (72.19%) and aqueous (71.30%) extracts, respectively. In the CFA model, both extracts showed a significant reduction in paw size and ankle joint diameter (p < 0.05). The RT-qPCR analysis revealed the upregulation of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10, and down-expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, cycloxygenase-2, nuclear factor-κB, prostaglandin E synthase 2, and interferon-γ. A significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels was observed. Hence, it is concluded that Solanum nigrum L. leaf extracts regulate the expression of inflammatory markers and improve oxidative stress resulting in the attenuation of CFA-induced arthritis.

Antioxidant activity and efficacy of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) oil on pathogenic and alteration microorganisms of attiéké

Attiéké, the most widely consumed cassava product in Côte d'Ivoire, has a short shelf life. This is largely due to microbial contamination. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the antioxidant activity and effectiveness of Garcinia kola seed oil against pathogenic and spoilage strains of attiéké. This was possible through an extraction of Garcinia kola oil by maceration in hexane. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was assessed using an agar diffusion method. The antioxidant activity of Garcinia kola oil was assessed using the DiPhenyl Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test and the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) test. Garcinia kola oil showed significant antioxidant potential. A high percentage of DPPH radical inhibition was observed, with an IC50 of 2.57 mg/mL. Iron-reducing power was highest when the oil was used at a concentration of 100 %. Garcinia kola oil was able to inhibit the bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli at a concentration of 100, 50 and 25 % respectively from 22 ± 0.05 to 16 ± 0.00 mm and 20 ± 0.05 to 14 ± 0.08 mm and Salmonella typhimurium (12 ± 00 mm) at a concentration of 100 %. Candida albicans (20 ± 0.07 to 18 ± 0.01 mm), Aspergillus flavus (28 ± 1.41 to 16 ± 0.00 mm) and Aspergillus niger (21 ± 1.01 to 15 ± 0.02) were inhibited at concentrations ranging from 100 to 12.5 %. Bacillus cereus, on the other hand, was resistant to Garcinia kola oil. Based on the findings of this study, Garcinia kola seed oil could be used to extend the shelf life of attiéké.

Membrane Stabilization, PhospholipaseA2, Albumin Denaturation, Protease Inhibition, as Viable Mechanisms for the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel Leaves

Background: The body uses inflammation as a defence mechanism to eliminate harmful stimuli like germs, damaged cells, or irritants and to initiate the healing process. However, the ongoing discovery of several medicinal plants and the testing of their bioactivity to produce information that will assist doctors and patients in making informed decisions prior to employing them have established.&#x0D; Aims: The study valuate the phosphatelipase A2, membrane stabilization, albumin denaturation, protease inhibition, and platelete aggregation activities as viable mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel leaf (MERVL).&#x0D; Methodology: The anti-inflammatory effect of (MERVL) was ascertained using the phosphate lipaseA2, membrane stabilization model, albumin denaturation, protease inhibitor, assay.&#x0D; Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Pharmacology Lab, Enugu State of University of Science and Technology Agbani Nigeria, between March 2021 and August 2021.&#x0D; Results: MERVL inhibited hypotonicity-induced haemolysis by 27.14, 41.10 and 65.70%, at the concentration of 0.4, 0.8 and, 1.0 mg/mL respectively.The highest percentage of inhibition (67.70%) was noticed at the highest concentration of the MERVL. These results were almost analogous to the standard drug (indometacin) used as it exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of albumin denaturation. Protease activity was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased at all concentrations which follow the similar tendency as standard drug used. The results showed that MERVL has anti-inflammatory activities.

Exploring the biological activity of organotin carboxylate complexes with 4-sulfosalicylic acid

ABSTRACT. 4-Sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) was used as a ligand to prepare new triphenyltin and dimethyl-tin complexes by condensation with the corresponding organotin chloride salts. The complexes were identified by different techniques, such as infrared spectra (tin and proton), magnetic resonance, and elemental analyses. The 119Sn-NMR was studied to determine the prepared complexes' geometrical shape. Two methods examined the antioxidant activity of (SSA) and prepared complexes; Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and CUPRRAC methods. Tri and di-tin complexes gave high percentage inhibition than ligands with both methods due to tin moiety; the triphenyltin carboxylate complex was the best compared with the others. Also, antibacterial activity was assessed by using the agar ditch method against (Escherichia coli) and (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The complexes gave high activity in inhibition than the ligand derived. Also Triphenyltin carboxylate complex showed higher antibacterial activity than the dimethyltin complex against two types of bacteria (Escherichia coli) and (Staphylococcus aureus).&#x0D; KEY WORDS: Antioxidant activity, Antibacterial activity, Sulfosalicylic acid, Tri phenyl tin chloride, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria&#x0D; Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(6), 1435-1442. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i6.11

Effect of functionalization of raw materials on the quality of instant chocolate drink with sensory, physicochemical and anti-diabetic parameters

The cocoa bean is a component of the cocoa pod, which is frequently used as an ingredient in foods and drinks. Numerous healthy substances, such as polyphenols, which act as antioxidants, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive agents, are found in cocoa beans. The goal of this study is to create a useful instant beverage that acts as an antidiabetic. This study involved the creation of a combined instant chocolate powder and cocoa liquid. According to the findings, the Forastero variety processed cocoa powder had the highest total polyphenol content, namely 425.179 pm 0.01 mg GAE/g and the lowest polyphenol content was owned by Kalla cocoa, namely 172.768 pm 2.93 mg GAE/g. The formulation’s overall polyphenol content ranged from 3.125 pm 1.89 to 150.446 pm 17.04 mg GAE/g. The highest inhibition percentage with the lowest IC50 value was found in the formulation A31 sample and the lowest inhibition percentage with the highest IC50 value was in the formulation B32 sample. The higher the value of the total polyphenol content of the cocoa powder sample, the higher the percentage of inhibition of alpha-amylase activity. The physicochemical analysis is carried out by measuring the color. The color change in cocoa powder is due to changes in the structure of the cocoa anthocyanin-type polyphenols during the fermentation, drying and roasting processes. The sensory analysis of the ranking method showed the best formulations of B23 and B33, according to the panelists.

Active and phenolic compounds in Spirogyra sp. PDNA1 is an antibiotic for some bacteria and fungi

Green algae are a biological source rich in phenolic compounds and potentially inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Spirogyra sp. PDNA1 is one of the most types of green algae found in freshwater. Because of the increasing resistance of most bacteria and fungi to available antibiotics, a continuous search is required for the most effective, economical, and environmentally friendly alternatives. There are 30 compounds were identified, including alkaloids, phenols, and esters, and the highest percentage was oleic acid, with a retention time of 21.949 min and a concentration of 32.89%. The highest percentage of inhibition showed on the bacteria for the methanolic algal extract was against Salmonella typhi (22.5 mm), while the lowest percentage of it was against Bacillus cereus (10 mm). The hexane extract had the highest inhibition percentage against Salmonella typhi (19.5 mm) and the lowest inhibition percentage against Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 mm). It was also noted that the effect of the methanolic extract was highest against Trichoderma asperallum (22 mm) and the lowest percentage of inhibition against Candida albicans (7 mm), while the hexane extract recorded the highest percentage of inhibition against Candida albicans (15 mm) and the lowest percentage of inhibition was against the fungus Aspergillus Niger with inhibition diameter (8 mm). Phenols were identified by HPLC technology. The phenolic compounds included Rutin, Gallic acid, Tannic acid, Quercetin, and Kaempferol, where the highest percentage of Rutin was in the phenolic methanolic extract (240.99) ppm, Kaempferol (7.2124) ppm, while the phenolic hexane extract had the highest percentage of Rutin (19.606) ppm, Kaempferol (10.997) ppm. The phenols showed the highest inhibition rate of the phenolic-methanolic extract against (Klebsiella pneumoniae) (30) mm and the least inhibition against (Escherichia. coli) (11) mm while the phenolic hexane extract has the highest inhibition to (Salmonella typhi) (27) mm and the lowest effect was against (Escherichia coli) (10) mm. The antifungal effect of the phenolic methanolic extract recorded the highest percentage against (Candida albicans) (30) mm and had the lowest effect on Mucor racemosus (18) mm, while the phenolic hexane extract had the highest effect with Candida albicans (22.5) mm, and the least inhibition percentage was in Mucor racemosus with (11) mm. Therefore, the study aimed to isolate and identify the effective compounds of the methanolic and hexanoic extract of this algae, and active phenolic compounds were detected using GC-MS and HPLC technology.

Isolation and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Cocoa Mucilage and Meat: Exploring Their Potential as Biopreservatives for Beef

The aim of this study was to characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from cocoa mucilage and beef and evaluate their inhibitory effect in vitro against pathogenic bacteria, as well as determine their effect on beef quality. For the antagonist assay, 11 strains of LAB were selected and tested against pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. The pathogenic bacteria were cultured in a medium, and a previously reactivated LAB bacterial pellet was added. After incubation, halos were observed around the bacterial colonies of the pathogenic strains, indicating inhibition by the LAB. It was identified that the LAB strains used belonged to the genus Lactobacillus, and the CCN-5 strain showed high percentages of inhibition against Salmonella sp. (58.33%) and E. coli (59%). The effectiveness of LAB application methods (immersion, injection, and spraying) did not present statistical differences. Furthermore, no significant changes in the physicochemical characteristics of beef were observed after the application of LAB. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of cocoa mucilage, as a biological control agent through LAB application, for beef biopreservation due to its ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

PATHOGENITY TESTING OF THE MUSHROOMS Trichoderma spp. SOME PLANTATION LAND IN CONTROLLING Fusicoccum sp DISEASE OF TOBACCO PLANT

Trichoderma is a soil saprophytic fungus that is naturally parasitic and attacks many types of plant disease-causing fungi or has a broad spectrum of control. This study aims to obtain superior isolates of the antagonist fungus Trichoderma sp from several plantations. This study used a non-factorial completely randomized design consisting of seven treatments with three replications. The treatments tested were: No Treatment (To); Trichoderma sp isolate from Langkat rubber (T1) Trichoderma sp isolate from Palm Oil Langkat (T2), Trichoderma sp isolate from Cocoa Langkat (T3), Trichoderma sp isolate from Percut oil palm (T4), Trichoderma sp isolate from Karo Coffee (T5), Trichoderma sp isolates from Karo cocoa (T6) Parameters observed were identification of the fungus Trichoderma sp., pathogenicity test on tobacco plants and percentage of pathogen inhibition. The results of both macroscopic and microscopic identification of Trichoderma sp isolates from rubber plantations in Langkat area (T1) showed that the highest percentage of inhibition and pathogenicity tests against Pussicoccum sp disease of tobacco plants showed negative results (no necrotic spots).