Highest Free Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Antibacterial, Antioxidant Activities and Phytochemical Constituents of Jatropha curcas L. Leaves

The study was carried out for investigation of antibacterial and antioxidant activities along with phytochemical analysis of leaf extracts of Jatropha curcas L. Extraction was done by using methanol and acetone solvents. Antibacterial activity was analysed by Agar well diffusion method against four human pathogenic bacteria, which included two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Streptomycin was taken as a standard and positive control. Both methanol and acetone leaf extracts showed higher inhibition against S. aureus (19.98 mm and 18.75 mm for methanol and acetone respectively, at 100 % conc.). Antioxidant activity was determined by using DPPH (2, 2- diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and Reducing power assay. BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) was used as standard for both methods. Highest free radical scavenging activity was shown by leaf extract with IC50 value of 200.84 μg/ml for methanol leaf extract, and for reducing power method, methanol leaf extract showed antioxidant activity with EC50 value of 714.6 μg/ml. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, carbohydrate and protein. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) results of leaf methanol extract showed 28 phytoconstituents with squalene [C30H50 (2,6,10,14,18,22-h Tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23- Hexamethyl)] (37.84%), as major compound and it possesses antioxidant, antitumour properties and also used in cosmetic dermatology. In conclusion, the particular study demonstrated the biological potency of leaf of J. curcas as antibacterial, antioxidant agent and provide support to its use as a traditional medicinal plant, and further investigations can be done to check its therapeutic potential by isolating the phytochemical constituents.

Probiotic characterization and comparison of broiler-derived lactobacillus strains based on technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution analysis

A total of 10 lactobacillus strains were isolated from broiler chickens and their probiotic properties including tolerance to gastrointestinal fluids and heat treatment, antimicrobial activity, adhesion capacity to intestinal cells, surface hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, antioxidative activity, and immunomodulatory effects on chicken macrophages were evaluated. The Limosilactobacillus reuteri (LR) was the most frequently isolated species, followed by Lactobacillus johnsonii (LJ) and Ligilactobacillus salivarius (LS). All isolates showed good resistance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions and antimicrobial activity against 4 indicator strains including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis LR 21 exhibited excellent performances on autoaggregation, hydrophobicity and adhesion capacity to Caco-2 intestinal cells. In the meantime, this strain also possessed considerable tolerance to heat treatment, which indicated great potential to be used in the feed industry. However, LJ 20 strain had the highest free radical scavenging activity compared with the other strains. Furthermore, qRT-PCR results revealed that all isolated strains significantly increased the transcriptional levels of proinflammatory genes and tended to induce the M1-type polarization on HD11 macrophages. Particularly, the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was adopted in our study to compare and select the most promising probiotic candidate based on in vitro evaluation tests.

Protective Effects of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus in Blue Light-Induced Macular Degeneration in A2E-Laden ARPE19 Cells and Retina of Balb/c Mice.

Natural products with significant antioxidant activity have been receiving attention as one of the treatment strategies to prevent age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) including oxo-N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (oxo-A2E) and singlet oxygen-induced damage, are believed to be one of the major causes of the development of AMD. To investigate the therapeutic effects of methanol extracts of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. (MED) against blue light (BL)-caused macular degeneration, alterations in the antioxidant activity, apoptosis pathway, neovascularization, inflammatory response, and retinal degeneration were analyzed in A2E-laden ARPE19 cells and Balb/c mice after exposure of BL. Seven bioactive components, including 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, ε-viniferin, asiatic acid, bergenin, ellagic acid, gallic acid and oleanolic acid, were detected in MED. MED exhibited high DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity. BL-induced increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and nitric oxide (NO) concentration were suppressed by MED treatment. A significant recovery of antioxidant capacity by an increase in superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) activity, SOD expression levels, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression were detected as results of MED treatment effects. The activation of the apoptosis pathway, the expression of neovascular proteins, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediated pathway, inflammasome activation, and expression of inflammatory cytokines was remarkably inhibited in the MED treated group compared to the Vehicle-treated group in the AMD cell model. Furthermore, MED displayed protective effects in BL-induced retinal degeneration through improvement in the thickness of the whole retina, outer nuclear layer (ONL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and photoreceptor layer (PL) in Balb/c mice. Taken together, these results indicate that MED exhibits protective effects in BL-induced retinal degeneration and has the potential in the future to be developed as a treatment option for dry AMD with atrophy of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.

Antioxidant activity and enzymatic of lichen substances: A study based on cyclic voltammetry and theoretical

The antioxidant activity of nine lichen substances, including methylatrarate (1), methyl haematommate (2), lobaric acid (3), fumarprotocetraric acid (4), sphaerophorin (5), subsphaeric acid (6), diffractaic acid (7), barbatolic acid (8) and salazinic acid (9) has been determined through cyclic voltammetry. The compounds 1–4 presented slopes close to the Nernst constant of 0.059 V, indicating a 2H+/2e− relation between protons and electrons, as long as the compounds 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 present slopes between 0.037 V and 0.032 V, indicating a 1H+/2e− relation between protons and electrons. These results show a high free radical scavenging activity by means of the release of H+, suggesting an important antioxidant capacity of these molecules. Theoretical calculations of hydrogen bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE), proton affinities (PA), and Proton Transfer (PT) mechanisms, at M06-2x/6-311+G(d,p) level complement the experimental results. Computations support that the best antioxidant activity is obtained for the molecules (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8), that have a carboxylic acid group close to a phenolic hydroxyl group, through hydrogen atomic transfer (HAT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) mechanisms. Additional computations were performed for modelling binding affinity of the lichen substances with CYPs enzymes, mainly CYP1A2, CYP51, and CYP2C9*2 isoforms, showing strong affinity for all the compounds described in this study.

Comparative Phytochemical Profiling (GC-MS and HPLC) and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Wild, in Vitro Cultured and Greenhouse Plants of Kaempferia grandifolia Saensouk and Jenjitt and Kaempferia siamensis Sirirugsa; Rare Plant Species in Thailand

Background Kaempferia grandifolia and Kaempferia siamensis are rare plant species in Thailand used for medicinal, food, and ornamental purposes. Objectives To compare the phytochemical profiles of leaf and rhizome extracts from wild, in vitro culture, and greenhouse plants of K. grandifolia and K. siamensis. Materials and Methods Leaf and rhizome were extracted and analyzed phytochemically by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), total phenolic contents (TPC), and total flavonoid contents (TFC). Antioxidant activities were examined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assays. Results The results of HPLC analysis showed that the main compounds found in all plants were p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and quercetin. GC-MS results revealed 38 compounds in K. grandifolia and 19 compounds in K. siamensis. Major constituents in the leaf and rhizome extracts were 9-octadecenamide, (Z)-, hexadecanamide, and octadecanamide. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of leaf extracts decreased from wild to in vitro cultured and greenhouse plants, respectively, whereas rhizome extract contents increased from wild to greenhouse plants. Antioxidant activities of rhizome extracts showed higher activity than leaf extracts in DPPH and ABTS assays. Conclusion The present research is the first report to study the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of these plants. Rhizome extracts of K. grandifolia and K. siamensis in greenhouse plants presented the highest phenolic and high free radical scavenging activity compared to rhizome extracts of wild plant. The phytochemical profiles of the compounds found in the K. grandifolia and K. siamensis extracts showed that these plants have potential for future health benefits.

Potential Anti-Sarcopenia Effect and Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Rice Protein Hydrolysate Prepared through High-Pressure Processing

Rice protein is a suitable alternative protein source for dairy protein in infant formulas on account of its unique nutrition and hypoallergenicity. Rice protein was isolated through enzymatic hydrolysis (Alcalase, papain, bromelain, Flavourzyme®) in combination with high-pressure processing (HPP) (400 MPa for 15 min at 25 °C) to enhance its functional properties and broaden its food processing applications. The effect of the HPP-treated rice protein hydrolysate on dexamethasone (DEX)-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes was also studied. The length of myotubes was observed under a light microscope, and periodic acid Schiff staining. The results showed that even though enzymatic hydrolysis and HPP treatment affected the color of the resulting rice protein, the protein content (3120.31 ± 42.15), branched chain amino acid (BCAA) content (15.12 ± 1.03), peptide content (31.25 ± 0.55), and amino acid composition of the rice protein were significantly increased. Moreover, the combined enzymatic and HPP treatment effectively overcame the problem of limited solubility and water-holding capacity. Rice protein produced through enzymatic and HPP treatment exhibited a higher free radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity. It also alleviated DEX-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 myotubes as indicated by the increase in myotube length. In short, the enzymatic and HPP treatment of rice protein not only overcame limitations, but also produced rice protein with high functionality in terms of antioxidant and therapeutic effects on muscle atrophy. The rice protein hydrolysate produced through enzymatic hydrolysis and HPP treatment showed the potential for use as an ingredient for functional foods in the nutraceutical industry.

A Study on Aphanamixis polystachya for evaluation of phytochemical and pharmacological properties

The present study was conducted to detect possible chemicals (phytoconstituents), and investigate antioxidant, antimicrobial and thrombolytic activities of the extract of Aphanamixis polystachya (stem bark). Phytochemical screening was carried out using the standard test methods of different chemical group. For investigating the antioxidant activity, two complementary test methods namely DPPH free radical scavenging assay and total phenolic content determination were carried out. For the evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activity, disc diffusion method, and to determine the thrombolytic activity, the method of Prasad et al., 2007 with minor modifications were used. The bark extracts were a rich source of phytochemicals. In DPPH free radical scavenging test, the Carbon tetra chloride soluble fraction showed the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value 19.86µg/ml. while compared to that of the reference standards ascorbic acid. Aphanamixis polystachya was also found as a good source of total phenolic contents. Moreover, the extracts revealed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity at the concentration of 400 µg/disc. By comparing with the negative control the mean clot lysis % was significant (p value <0.0009). Therefore, further studies are suggested to determine the active compounds responsible for the biological activities of the plant extracts.

Characterization of phytochemicals and determination of antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of the medicinal plant Ardisia solanacea

The present study was conducted to detect possible phytochemicals and evaluate antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the extract of Ardisia solanacea. Phytochemical screening was carried out using the standard test methods of different chemical group. For investigating the antioxidant activity, two complementary test methods namely DPPH free radical scavenging assay and total phenolic content determination were carried out. For the evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activity, disc diffusion method was used. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. In DPPH free radical scavenging test, the petroleum ether soluble fraction showed the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value 40.04 ?g/ml. while compared to that of the reference standards ascorbic acid. Ardisia solanacea was also found as a good source of total phenolic contents. Moreover, the extracts revealed moderate antimicrobial activity at the concentration of 400 ?g/disc. In cytotoxic activity test, the petroleum ether soluble fraction showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 0.703 ?g/ml) among all the fractions comparing with that of standard vincristine (0.544 ?g/ml). Therefore, further studies are suggested to determine the active compounds responsible for the pharmacological activities of the plant extracts.

Effect of different extraction solvents on the content of Thymoquinone content of Nigella sativa L. seeds using UV-Visible spectroscopy and evaluation of the free radical scavenging activity

To develop and validate HPLC and UV-visible spectroscopy methods for the determination of Thymoquinone (TMQ) content in different solvent extracts of N. sativa L. seed. The evaluation of the free radical scavenging effect of different solvent extracts of TMQ was investigated. Extraction of solvent was done by adding 20 mL of the solvent (hexane, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and water) to 1 g of blackseed and in a conical flask, respectively. The mixtures were then incubated in a water bath at 40°C for 2 and 4 h, respectively. The mixtures were then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C. The extracts were then quantitatively analyzed using HPLC and UV-visible spectrophotometry. The free radical scavenging activity of TMQ extracts was studied using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results obtained from HPLC indicate that TMQ extracted using hexane at 4 h (0.075 mg/mL, P <0.05) was significantly higher compared to other extraction solvents used. The results obtained from UV-vis spectroscopy analysis indicate that the methanol extract at 4 h (0.00957 mg/mL, P <0.05) was significantly higher compared to other extraction solvents used. Methanol extracts at 2 h showed the highest free radical scavenging activity (95.8%) compared to other extraction solvents. The results obtained show that hexane extracted the most TMQ at 4 h. Methanol extract demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging activity.

Wild Mushrooms: Potential Natural Sources of Antioxidant and Anti-Quorum Sensing Bioactive Compounds for Medical Applications.

This study was aimed at determining the antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of five wild mushroom extracts. Wild mushrooms of Auricularia auricula-judae, Termitomyces umkowaani, Trametes elegans, Trametes versicolor, and Microporus xanthopus were collected from Arabuko-Sokoke and Kakamega National Forests, in Kenya. Specimens were identified and extracted using chloroform (CHL), 70% ethanol (Eth), and hot water (HW) solvents. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the extracts were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Vero cell lines, respectively, while anti-quorum sensing activities were tested against Chromobacterium violaceum. All data were compared using relevant descriptive and inferential statistics at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. A total of 35 wild mushrooms were collected, identified, and classified into 14 genera. Among screened mycochemicals, fatty acids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and saponins were detected at higher concentrations. The highest free radical scavenging activities of A. auricula-judae, T. umkowaani, T. elegans, and T. versicolor were observed in 70% Eth extract with the percentage values of 76.40 ± 0.12%, 68.40 ± 0.01%, 62.40 ± 0.07%, and 66.40 ± 0.04%, respectively, whereas the HW extract of Microporus xanthopus showed free radical scavenging activity at 65.90 ± 0.02%. None of the extracts, at the tested concentrations (up to 1000 µg/mL), had shown cytotoxic activity against the Vero cell line. The HW extract of T. umkowaani and the 70% Eth extract of T. versicolor showed a statistically significant difference in the inhibitory activity of violacein production against C. violaceum at the concentration of 200 µg/mL. The antioxidant activity of wild mushrooms can help to tackle the diseases caused by free radicals. The anti-quorum sensing potential of wild mushrooms could also provide future alternatives to conventional drug therapies cost-effectively. Further detailed chemistry of the bioactive compounds and their possible mechanisms of action responsible for the observed antioxidant and anti-quorum sensing activities are needed.

Astaxanthin-loaded nanoparticles enhance its cell uptake, antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities in multiple cell lines

Astaxanthin is a natural carotenoid pigment, which provides many benefits to human health and nutrition. However, the human body has a low bioavailability of astaxanthin due to its poor solubility in the water phase. This study aimed to prepare astaxanthin nanoparticles using an emulsification/solvent evaporation method and then to evaluate bioavailability of nano-astaxanthin for biomedical applications. The results showed that the combinative use of cremophor RH40 as surfactants and polyethylene glycol–polylactic acid copolymer as an encapsulation agent generated well-defined astaxanthin nanoparticles with 5% astaxanthin content. These nanoparticles exhibited spherical morphology with average particle diameters of 90 nm. Nanoastaxanthin had high DPPH free radical scavenging activity and significantly improved cell uptake compared to the free astaxanthin. Astaxanthin nanoparticles showed no cytotoxicity against HT29, HepG2 and RAW264.7 cells up to a concentration of 500 μg/mL and event showed a more powerful cytoprotective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative HepG2 cell damage at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL. Besides that, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and glutathione peroxidase) and gene expressions of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 increased concentration-dependently, while the mRNA level of Keap1 significantly decreased in cells incubated with nanoastaxanthin compared to astaxanthin and control groups. Moreover, hepatocytes and murine RAW264.7 macrophages treated with nanoastaxanthin, but not with free astaxanthin, displayed to reduce cellular lipid accumulation compared with control cells via altering the expression of key genes in lipid metabolism (LDLR, CYP7A1, FAS, PPARα, CPT-1 and LXRα in HepG2 cells and ABCA1 and G1 in RAW264.7 cells). Our results highlight the great potential of nanoastaxanthin for applications in human health and nutrition.

Antioxidant and Phytochemical Potential of and Phytochemicals in Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne in Northern Thailand.

Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne is a vegetable local to Chiang Mai Province of Northern Thailand. This study aimed to analyze the antioxidant and phytochemical potential of G. inodorum found in Chiang Mai Province; antioxidant compounds of G. inodorum were tested via DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays, and total phenolic compound and total flavonoid contents were analyzed. Anti-inflammatory effects were focused on regarding pharmacological potential. The gymnemic acid level was analyzed by HPLC-UV, and other potential chemicals were analyzed by LC-QTOF/MS. The quantifications of gymnemic acid contents analyzed using HPLC-UV showed that the highest gymnemic acid concentrations were found in the air-dried and roasted 1-day-fermented leaf extracts (0.1258 ± 0.0157 μg/mg). The highest free radical scavenging activity via DPPH assay was found in baked leaf extract, with an IC50 of 8.99 mg/mL, and via ABTS assay in baked and roasted leaf extracts, with an IC50 of 1.05 mg/mL. FRAP assays showed the highest free radical scavenging activity for the baked leaf extract, with 0.0085 ± 0.008 mM Fe2+/g sample. The total phenolic contents of fresh G. inodorum leaf extracts obtained with ethanol, methanol and water were 0.19 ± 0.0004, 0.21 ± 0.0010 and 0.10 ± 0.0008 μg GAE/g, respectively. The total flavonoid contents of fresh G. inodorum leaf extracts obtained with ethanol, methanol and water were 74.56 ± 28.00, 71.88 ± 16.11 and 10.74 ± 3.63 μg QE/g, respectively. The LC-QTOF/MS analysis of the fresh G. inodorum leaf extract showed that 6-hydroxykaempferol 7-rutinoside was the most abundant compound. In the study, G. inodorum, a plant local to Northern Thailand, is shown to be a useful plant with high antioxidant and phytochemical potential properties.

Enzymatic Characterization, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Protease from Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Seed and Leaf Extracts

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) proteins are appreciated due to their high biological values, well balanced amino acid content and low content of anti-nutritional factors. The present study was undertaken to investigate enzymatic characterization, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of protease extract from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The chickpea seed and leaf samples collected from farmer’s field were used for protease enzyme extraction. The protein concentration was determined by Lowry method. Protease activity was assayed by using casein as a substrate. Optimization of the enzyme activity was made based on pH and temperature. The antioxidant activity was tested based on hydrogen peroxide, and DPPH free radical scavenging activities. The antimicrobial experiment was conducted based on disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The result of crude protein extracts and protease activity has demonstrated that significantly the highest protein concentration (74.53%) and protease activity (22. 20U/ml) in seed supernatant solution. The effect pH on protease activity demonstrated the optimum pH for the protease extract was > pH6. The effect of temperature on protease activity demonstrated that the optimum temperature for protease activity was around 40oC. Significantly the highest free radical scavenging activity of diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DPPH (40.65%) and HPSA (57.95%) were recorded for seed supernatant enzyme extract. The the strongest antibacterial activity with maximum zone of inhibition (22.35mm), minimum inhibitory concentration MIC (1.5µg/ml) and corresponding minimum bactericidal concentration MBC (2.5µg/ml) against S. aureus were recorded for leaf supernatant enzyme extract against Staphylococcus aureus. The highest dose of the enzyme extract (30µg/ml) revealed maximum antifungal activity with the highest zone of inhibition (18.25mm), MIC (1.5µg/ml) and corresponding minimum fungicidal concentration MFC (2µg/ml) was recorded for leaf supernatant against Candida albicans. The finding of the present study demonstrated that the supernatant enzyme extract has got higher biological activities including antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials.

Evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-ulcer activities of the ethanolic extract of Fumaria officinalis

Fumaria officinalis which belong to the Papaveraceae family is used to treat stomach-related ailments in Iraqi folk medicine. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-ulcer and antioxidant activities of a 70% ethanol extract of F. officinalis . Extracts of the aerial parts F. officinalis at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight and the standard drug, esomeprazole at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight were orally administered daily for 21 days after ulcer induction. The rats were sacrificed, and their stomachs were subjected to macroscopic and microscopic studies. The ethanolic extract showed a significant curative effect on ethanol-induced ulcer compared to the effects observed in the control and esomeprazole groups, especially at 400 mg/kg. Haematoxylin-eosin staining revealed remarkable improvement in gastric mucosal alteration, especially in rats treated with 400 mg/kg F. officinalis compared to the control. F. officinalis had high DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC 50 : 189.2 ± 0.31 µg/mL) compared to ascorbic acid (215.5 ± 2.41 µg/mL). Further, HPLC analysis of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of rutin, quercetin, ferulic, and p-coumaric acid in various quantities. In silico , rutin and quercetin were found to have the highest affinities of -9.4 and -7.6 kcal/mol, respectively with human H+/K+-ATPase α chain active sites, and the highest binding site energy values with Na+/K+-ATPase and pig gastric H+/K+- ATPase, respectively. Altogether, F. officinalis may be a potential candidate for the treatment of gastric ulcers. • Fumaria officinalis ethanolic extract treated ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. • Gastric ulcer healing mode of action of Fumaria officinalis involves inhibition H+/K+-ATPase, which is mediated mainly by rutin and quercetin. • In vitro antioxidant was assessed by DPPH, TPC and TFC assay. • HPLC analysis of ethanolic extract demonstrated the existence of flavonoids and phenolic acid in different quantities.

TOPICAL DELIVERY OF EXTRACTIVE PHYTOCONSTITUENTS OF SOYABEAN SEEDS FOR MANAGEMENT OF PSORIASIS

The aim of the present study was to evaluate antipsoriatic activity of extractive phytoconstituents of the seeds of Glycine max (soyabean). Oxidative stress is considered as one of the important etiopathological factors in development and exacerbation of psoriasis. Isoflavones, the most important phytoestrogens present in soyabean, possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which make them vital phytoconstituents for management of psoriasis. The prepared extracts of soyabean seeds were evaluated for physicochemical properties and presence of phytoconstituents. On the basis of phytochemical screening and total phenolic content (TPC) of various extracts prepared, ethanolic extract (EE-S), hydroalcoholic extract (HAE), water extract (WE) and petroleum ether extract (PEE) were selected for further evaluation of antioxidant efficacy. Ethanolic extract of soyabean (EE-S) showed highest free radical scavenging activity and hence further formulated as conventional gel. The developed formulation was evaluated for physicochemical characteristics such as spreadability, in vitro release study and in vivo study for determination of efficacy in reducing psoriatic lesions in Wistar rats using photodermatitis model.

Phenolic furanochromene hydrazone derivatives: Synthesis, antioxidant activity, ferroptosis inhibition, DNA cleavage and DNA molecular docking studies

Twenty-four phenolic furanochromene hydrazone derivatives were designed and synthesized in order to evaluate structure–activity relationships in a series of antioxidant-related assays. The derivatives have varying substitution patterns on the phenol ring, with some compounds having one, two or three hydroxy groups, and others containing one hydroxy group in combination with methoxy, methyl, bromo, iodo and/or nitro groups. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH free radical scavenging and CUPRAC assays. Compounds containing ortho-dihydroxy and para-dihydroxy patterns had the highest free radical scavenging activity, with IC50 values ranging from 5.0 to 28 μM. Similarly, derivatives with ortho-dihydroxy and para-dihydroxy patterns, together with a 4-hydroxy-3,5‑dimethoxy pattern, displayed strong copper (II) ion reducing capacity, using Trolox as a standard. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) coefficients for these derivatives ranged from 1.75 to 3.97. As further evidence of antioxidant potential, greater than half of the derivatives reversed erastin-induced ferroptosis in HaCaT cells. In addition, twenty-three of the derivatives were effective at cleaving supercoiled plasmid DNA in the presence of copper (II) ions at 1 mM, with the 3,4‑dihydroxy derivative showing cleavage to both the linear and open circular forms at 3.9 uM. The interaction of the phenolic furanochromene derivatives with DNA was confirmed by molecular docking studies, which revealed that all the derivatives bind favorably in the minor groove of DNA.

Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Syzygium cumini Linn and Investigation of Their Pharmacological Activities.

This study was conducted to isolate and identify the endophytic fungi from the bark and leaves of the Syzygum cumini plant and investigate the pharmacological activities of endophytic fungi along with plant parts. After isolation, endophytic fungi were identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular identification. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities were studied by a disc diffusion method, free radical scavenging DPPH assay, and brine shrimp lethality bioassay, respectively. A total of eight endophytic fungi were isolated and identified up to the genus level based on morphological characteristics and confirmed by molecular identification techniques. Among the eight isolates, three isolates were identified as Colletotrichum sp. (SCBE-2, SCBE-7, and SCLE-9), while the rest of the isolates belonged to Diaporthe sp. (SCBE-1), Pestalotiopsis sp. (SCBE-3), Penicillium sp. (SCBE-4), Phyllosistica sp. (SCLE-7), and Fusarium sp. (SCLE-8). The presence of flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, and isocoumarins was assumed by the preliminary screening of the fungal and plant extracts by a thin-layer chromatographic technique under UV light. Fungal extracts of Pestalotiopsis sp. Penicillium sp. were found sensitive to all test bacteria, but only extracts from the leaf and bark showed significant antifungal activity along with their antimicrobial activity. Penicillium sp. The fungal extract showed the highest free radical scavenging activity (2.43 μg/mL) near that of ascorbic acid (2.42 μg/mL). Some fungal extracts showed cytotoxic activity that, in general, suggests their probable abundance of biological metabolites. This is the first approach to investigate the endophytic fungi of Syzygium cumini Linn. in Bangladesh, to find the pharmacological potential of endophytes, and to explore novel compounds from those endophytes.

Euphorbia granulata Forssk: Evaluation of antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis induction in breast cancer cells

• Euphorbia granulata extract (EGE) is rich in phenolic compounds. • EGE can inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation via apoptosis. • EGE can reduce cell viability of breast cancer cells. • EGE can be a potent anticancer agent. Euphorbia is one of the six largest genera of flowering plants. The Euphorbia species are widely distributed throughout the world. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the phenolic compounds profile, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis induction of Euphorbia. granulata extract (EGE) on breast cancer cells. In this experiment, we used HPLC analysis to attain the phenolic and flavonoid compound profile. The total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC) were evaluated by classic procedures. Besides, the antioxidant activity of the extract was assessed. MTT assay was performed and caspase-3 activity was also measured to detect the effect of E. granulata on the MCF-7 cell line. Rutin with the amount of 6.40 µg/mg extract was identified as the main component in EGE. The extract was rich in TPC and showed high free radical scavenging activity (IC 50 = 22.96 ± 0.84 μg/mL). Based on MTT assay results, EGE exhibited anti-proliferative activity on MCF-7 cells with the IC 50 value of 25.17 ± 0.95 µg/mL. EGE also affected MCF-7 cells by reducing cell viability via the induction of apoptosis. So, the treatment of the cells by EGE exhibited an increase in caspase-3 activity. These findings indicated that EGE has a rich source of phenolic compounds and the extract can be a potent anticancer agent in inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cells and probably other cancer cells.

Melatonin: Potential avenue for treating iron overload disorders.

Iron overload as a highly risk factor, can be found in almost all human chronic and common diseases. Iron chelators are often used to treat iron overload; however, patient adherence to these chelators is poor due to obvious side effects and other disadvantages. Numerous studies have shown that melatonin has a high iron chelation ability and direct free radical scavenging activity, and can inhibit the lipid peroxidation process caused by iron overload. Therefore, melatonin may become potential complementary therapy for iron overload-related disorders due to its iron chelating and antioxidant activities. Here, the research progress of iron overload is reviewed and the therapeutic potential of melatonin in the treatment of iron overload is analyzed. In addition, studies related to the protective effects of melatonin on oxidative damage induced by iron overload are discussed. This review provides a foundation for preventing and treating iron homeostasis disorders with melatonin.

FTIR- and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS-Based Metabolomics of Sonchus arvensis Extracts and Evaluation of Their Free Radical Scavenging Activity

Sonchus arvensis, known as sowthistle, belongs to Asteraceae and contains numerous phenolic acids and flavonoids that exhibit antioxidants. The type of extraction solvent will affect biological activity level, resulting in different metabolite profiles that metabolomics approaches can evaluate by fingerprint analysis using FTIR spectrophotometry and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. Furthermore, the FTIR spectra and the metabolite profile of UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS were grouped using principal component analysis (PCA). This study aimed to clustering S. arvensis extracts based on different extracting solvents using the FTIR spectra and the detected metabolites and evaluate the free radical scavenging activity. The 50% ethanol extract gave higher free radical scavenging activity and more metabolites than the ethanol p.a. and water extracts. It indicates that the free radical scavenging activity is affected by the metabolites contained in the extract. Using a combination of the FTIR spectra and the peak area of the identified metabolites, S. arvensis extract can be grouped according to the extracting solvent. Thus, the extracting solvent affects the composition of the metabolites, resulting in different free radical scavenging activity levels.