High Economic Value Research Articles

Tryptophan Promotes the Production of Xanthophyll Compounds in Yellow Abdominal Fat through HAAO.

Abdominal fat, which in the past was often regarded as waste and discarded, has in recent years been used as a fat source to produce meat by-products. Yellow abdominal fat has higher economic value. Therefore, improving the color of abdominal fat plays an important role in improving the appearance of meat products. This study aimed to identify the contributors and the regulatory network involved in the formation of yellow and white color in abdominal fat. We found that four xanthophyll compounds were significantly different in yellow and white abdominal fat chicken, including zeaxanthin, lutein, canthaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin. There were 551 different and 8 common metabolites significantly correlated with these 4 xanthophyll compounds. Similarly, a total of 54 common genes were identified in 4 common related pathways (Complement and coagulation cascades, Metabolic pathways, PPAR signaling pathway, Carbon metabolism) of the 8 common metabolites. The high expression of HAAO in the yellow abdominal fat group leads to the degradation of tryptophan and its intermediate 5-hydroxyindole, and subsequently to the formation of the four xanthophyll compounds. This process is also regulated by tyrosine, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), homogentisate 1, 2-dioxygenase (HGD), etc. Together, these findings show the effect of tryptophan on abdominal fat color, as well as a negative regulatory effect of HAAO and 5-hydroxyindole on the production of xanthophyll compounds involved in abdominal fat coloration.

3α-Hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-23,28-dioic Acid as a Phytogenic Chemical Marker for Authenticating Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms Monofloral Honey.

The monofloral honey from Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms (MH-Sco) are of high economic value due to their rarity and potential medicinal benefits. However, the limited investigations on the relationship of phytogenic components between the plant S. octophylla (P-Sco) and MH-Sco have an impact on MH-Sco authentication. Herein, the tentative phytogenic markers of MH-Sco were screened by comparing the metabolites of MH-Sco obtained by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)-based untargeted metabolomics with the identified phytogenic chemicals from P-Sco. Combined with the mass and NMR spectral information, 3α-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-23,28-dioic acid (HLEDA) was finally identified as the phytogenic marker of MH-Sco. A targeted ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS)-based method was established and validated based on the purified monomer standard to measure HLEDA levels in honey samples. HLEDA determined in MH-Sco was with the content from 0.303 to 0.440 mg/kg, while HLEDA was absent in honey samples from other botanical origins, indicating the reliability of HLEDA as a chemical marker in MH-Sco authentication. This study provides the theoretical basis and industry guidance for honey quality control for commercial consumption.

Response of Shoot Growth of Pterocarpus indicus willd. to The Addition of BAP and TDZ In Vitro

Pterocarpus indicus Willd. also known as redwood is a native Philippine species belonging to the Fabaceae family that has many uses and high economic value and highly exploited. However, it is not accompanied by good regeneration which causes this species to be categorized as endangered (IUCN v. 2021-1). The in vitro technique is an alternative to overcome this problem. This study aims to determine the response of P. indicus Willd. shoot growth to the addition of BAP and TDZ in vitro. The research was conducted from August to December 2023, at the Biotechnology Laboratory, KST BJ. Habibie Puspiptek Serpong, South Tangerang, Banten. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 9 treatments and 14 replications. The treatments consisted of: R0 = Control, R1 = BAP 0,25 ppm, R2 = BAP 0,5 ppm, R3 = BAP 0,75 ppm, R4 = BAP 1 ppm, R5 = TDZ 0,25 ppm, R6 = TDZ 0,5 ppm, R7 = TDZ 0,75 ppm, R8 = TDZ 1 ppm. The results showed that the concentration of BAP 0,5 ppm gave the best results in height of shoot and TDZ 0,25 ppm gave optimum results in the number of shoots compared to the control and other treatment concentrations.

Controlling Diseases in Porang Plants (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Using Endophytic Fungi In vitro

Porang is a bulbous plant which has great development prospect in Indonesia. Porang bulbs has huge potential product, however it hasn’t managed well and optimal. Nowadays Porang bulbs are widely used as raw material for making mannan flour which has high economic value and widely used in the food sector. The Sampling is taking location at trial garden of Teluk Dalam Agriculture Faculty of Mulawarman University, in Karang Tunggal Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. This research aims to identify key diseases affecting the Porang plants, investigate their causes, and evaluate the potential of endophytic fungi as biological control agents. Laboratory activities involve isolating and identifying endophytic fungi from healthy Porang plants and pathogenic fungi from diseased ones. The study employs a Completely Randomized Design for testing antagonistic properties. The result shows that the endophytic fungi which was isolated on porang plants from research location in trial garden of Teluk Dalam Agriculture Faculty of Mulawarman University, in Karang Tunggal Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. There are three types of endophytic fungi, namely: Gliocladium sp., Trichoderma, and Aspergillus flavus, whereas pathogen fungi which has been found attack Porang plants is Fusarium sp. and Colletotrichum sp. Those three endophytic fungi against two pathogenic fungi have a resistance level of Fusarium sp x endophytic fungi with an average of 42.58% and the magnitude of resistance is Colletotrichum sp x endophytic fungi with average of 40.05%.

Establishment and characterization of cell line from fin of Chinense bahaba (Bahaba taipingensis) and transcriptome analysis of its response to megalocytivirus SKIV-SD strain infection

The Chinese bahaba (Bahaba taipingensis) is an endangered fish species with high economic value, found in the southeastern sea of China. In this study, we established the first Chinese bahaba cell line, named BTF, derived from fin tissue. The primary cells were cultured for over 55 passages in L-15 medium with 15% FBS at 27 °C. These cells exhibited a fibroblast-like morphology with multipolar shapes. Karyotype testing revealed a chromosome number of 2n = 48. After thawing the cells that had been stored in liquid nitrogen for 10 months, their viability was >80%. The cell was separately transfected with EGFP-N3 plasmid and cy3 labeled scramble siRNA and clear fluorescence were observed. Moreover, the cells displayed sensitivity to megalocytivirus SKIV-SD strain, demonstrating a pronounced cytopathic effect (CPE) 24 h after infection. Transcriptome sequencing analysis of SKIV-SD infected cells revealed highly expressed genes significantly enriched in nucleic acid replication and protein translation-related pathways, such as Ribosome biogenesis, RNA polymerase, Nucleocytoplasmic transport, and DNA replication. In addition, the infected cells showed differential expression of immune-related genes such as cxcr4 and dr5, which are involved in virus infection. In conclusion, the BTF cell line, derived from the fin tissue of the Chinese bahaba, exhibits stable growth and can be stored in liquid nitrogen for extended periods. This cell line plays a crucial role in conserving the germplasm resources of Chinese bahaba and will serve as a valuable reference for establishing cell lines from other tissues of the Chinese bahaba. Furthermore, our findings suggest that this cell line holds significant potential for virology research, foreign protein expression, and in vitro biological studies of Chinese bahaba.

Activity Calculation and Vacuum Separation Theoretical Research concerning Ag–Cu, Ag–Sb and Cu–Sb Binary Alloys

The Ag–Cu–Sb system is a key component of lead anode slime and boasts an exceptionally high economic recovery value. In this work, six models, including the Molecular Interaction Volume Model (MIVM), Modified Molecular Interaction Volume Model (M-MIVM), Wilson equation, Miedema model, Regular Solution Model (RSE) and Sub-Regular Solution Model (SRSE), are used to calculate the predicted values of the activity and its deviations with experimental data for binary alloys in the Ag–Cu–Sb system for the first time. The result reveals that the overall means of the average relative deviation and average standard deviation of the M-MIVM are 0.01501 and 3.97278%, respectively, which are about two to six times smaller than those of the other five models, indicating the stability and reliability of the M-MIVM. In the meantime, the predicted data of the Cu–Ag binary alloy at 1423 K, Sb–Ag binary alloy at 1250 K and Sb–Cu binary alloy at 1375 K calculated from the M-MIVM are more reliable and pass the Herington test. Then, the separation coefficient–composition (β–x), temperature–composition (T–x–y) and pressure–composition (P–x–y) of the Cu–Ag, Sb–Ag and Sb–Cu binary alloys are plotted based on the M-MIVM and vacuum theories, showing that the Cu–Ag binary alloy is relatively difficult to separate and that high temperatures or high copper contents are detrimental to obtaining high-purity silver. Meanwhile, theoretical data of the T–x–y diagram are consistent with the available experimental data. These results can guide vacuum separation experiments and industrial production concerning Ag–Cu, Ag–Sb and Cu–Sb binary alloys.

Pelatihan dan Pendampingan Pembuatan Briket Batok Kelapa yang Ramah Lingkungan dalam Rangka Pengembangan Ekonomi Kreatif di Kelurahan Samaenre

This community service aims to develop the creative economy in Samaenre Village through the use of organic waste in the form of coconut shells. The problem found was the large amount of coconut shell waste and the lack of knowledge and skills of the community in utilizing the waste into goods of high economic value. The choice of this topic is based on the importance of supporting economic growth through utilizing local resource potential. The results of this activity show that providing training and assistance in making coconut shell briquettes is able to increase public awareness about the potential of local resources, create new business ideas or business opportunities in that place, and can preserve the environment. In conclusion, this community service highlights the importance of exploring your potential and taking advantage of existing opportunities. By strengthening the understanding of awareness regarding utilization concerns in the surrounding environment, we will be able to advance the wheels of the local economy.

Forecasting Freight on Board for Gonggong Export in Batam Using Markov Chain

As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has great potential in the fisheries sector. As a free trade zone, Batam is important in exporting fishery products. One of the fishery export products in Batam City is gonggong snails. It is a favorite seafood item in Riau Islands Province and has high economic value. However, previous studies focused more on the content of gonggong snails and their industrial feasibility; there has been no specific research on the analysis of gonggong snail exports in Batam City, even though gonggong snails are one of Batam City's export products. In this research, we will forecast the freight on board (FoB) value for gonggong exports in Batam City using a discrete-time Markov chain with two states: above and below the moving average. There are several types of moving averages, including simple moving averages and weighted moving averages. An initial analysis will determine the moving averages' type and duration following the Gonggong export FOB data in Batam. The data used is the Gonggong export FoB data for Batam City from January 2020 to November 2023. Based on this data, the transition probability matrix will be calculated based on the number of export transitions below and above the Weighted Moving Average 6 (WMA 6) value. Limiting probability from the Markov chain will be used to predict the long-term FOB value of fishery product exports up to steady-state conditions. It was found that steady-state conditions would be reached after 17 months, with a probability of FOB exports below WMA6 of 55.06% and FOB exports above WMA6 of 44.94%.

Analisis Pengaruh Keterbukaan Impor Ekspor Terhadap Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) DKI Jakarta 2018-2022

The economic development of a region involves examining its Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). The index number method of openness used in this study aims to determine the level of economic openness of a region. This research utilizes secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) for the period 2018–2022. The research findings indicate that the average export index is 105.0% per-year, indicating an increase in value of exports by 5.0% per-year, the average import index is 87.4% per-year, indicating a decrease in the value of imports by 12.6% per year. Average net export index is 122.9% per-year, indicating an increase in the value of exports by 22.9% per-year. DKI Jakarta demonstrates a strong economic growth rate with an increase in GRDP of 3.1% per-year, as well as showing stable economic activity indicators with an average GRDP index of 103.1% per-year. GDP is directly influenced by exports, an increase in GRDP does not necessarily increase the value of exports. DKI Jakarta has a high economic value, emphasizing the importance of diversifying different types of exports to expand trade networks and enhance competitiveness. The government should reduce dependence on imported goods and increase local production in certain fields..

Validating the feasibility of the method of ensemble learning combined with FT-MIR for the discrimination of wild Paris polyphylla var. Yunnanensis from different geographical sources

As a widely used medicinal plant with high economic value, Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (PPY), is mainly distributed in south-western China. Since different growing environments have a strong influence on the PPY quality, efficient means are needed to discriminate its origin source. The traditional machine learning model uses a single learner to classify and discriminate the samples, but it is difficult to apply its advantages to play for complex data samples. Ensemble learning can integrate the advantages of multiple learners to improve the model performance. In this experiment, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), Random Subspace Method (RSM), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models were used to discriminate wild PPY from different origins, and then verify the feasibility of ensemble learning in discriminating them from different geographical sources. At the same time, the results of preprocessing the spectral data with multiplicative scattering correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV), and derivative operations (first, second and third derivatives) and their combination methods were compared. The results show that the combined preprocessing greatly improves the model performance. The RSM has the most stable performance with an accuracy of more than 85%. Indicating that the ensemble learning combined with Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) has the feasibility of discriminating the wild PPY of different geographical origins.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Micropropagation of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) in Commercial-Scales

Aim: Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is renowned as a popular spice used to flavor dishes around the world and is also an agricultural export commodity that brings high economic value to many countries. However, traditional propagation methods by seed, cuttings, layering, and grafting reveal many limitations such as the low multiplication coefficient, the low survival rate of seedlings, and especially when there is an outbreak of disease, the ability to control the disease source is exceedingly difficult, leading to the spread of disease. Therefore, an alternative method through apical meristem micropropagation has been applied to contribute to sustainable and disease free pepper cultivars. Propagation by apical shoot meristem gives high propagation efficiency, good and uniform seedling quality, and can be propagated in large numbers in a brief period. Methodology: This study is conducted to contribute to optimizing the process of micropropagation of pepper plants to meet the needs of producing excellent quality seedlings, serving the Vietnamese pepper industry. The two steps in the micropropagation sequence studied in this project are shoot formation and bud cluster multiplication. In this study, we investigate the effects of BA (6-Benzylaminopurine) and NAA (α-Naphthalene acetic acid) in shoot formation. Regenerated shoots were then cultured in MS media supplemented with different combinations of Kinetin (6-Furfurylaminopurine) and NAA in bud cluster multiplication experiment. Results: The results showed that the apical shoot meristem cultured on MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and 2.0 mg L-1 BA was the optimal medium for shoot formation rate (100%). Besides, MS culture medium supplemented with Kinetin 1.5 mg L-1 + NAA 0.5 mg L-1 produced superior results in bud cluster multiplication compared with other treatments (8, 20 buds) after 8 weeks (about 2 months). Conclusion: BA, Kinetin and NAA give important rules on micropropagation of black pepper in commercial-scale.

Performance of The Trigona,Sapiens Honey Agribusiness Developed By Communities Around The Laiwoi KPH Forest Area In Amonggedo District, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province

The Trigona sp bee is a type of biodiversity that has high economic value and is a leading commodity for Non-Timber Forest Products (HhBk), which is developed by the community around the KPH Laiwoi forest area, Amonggedo District, Konawe Regency. The community and government of Amonggedo Baru sub-district, Mataiwoi Village, Puasana Village, and Amonggedo District have formed farmer groups and Gapoktan to cultivate Trigona sp bees. as a sector of economic improvement for society. This community partnership activity was conducted in Mataiwoi Village and Amonggedo Baru Village, Amonggedo District, Konawe Regency. The method used in this survey research is the Agribusiness Technology Transfer Approach. Data was collected through observation and interview methods. Based on the community profile above, the problem of research on the performance of the Trigona Honey Agribusiness developed by the community around the KPH Laiwoi Forest area, Amonggedo District, Konawe Regency is presented in detail as follows: 1. The performance of the Trigona, sp Honey Agribusiness is determined by human factors, capital, processing tools and machines, honey management methods and technology, markets, and non-economic environmental factors carried out using a Technology Transfer approach to the Trigona—Sp Honey Bee Agribusiness subsystem. The community around the KPH Laiwoi Forest Area, Amonggedo District, Konawe Regency developed them. 2. Trigona, sp honey bee production management developed by the community is moving the colony from the primary habitat on a dead tree to an artificial habitat in artificial STUP boxes with a start-up of 20 boxes per group

Microbiota in different digestive tract of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) are related to their functions.

Paddlefish has high economic and ecological value. In this study, microbial diversity and community structure in intestine, stomach, and mouth of paddlefish were detected using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the diversity and richness indices decreased along the digestive tract, and significantly lower proportion of those were observed in intestine. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla. In top 10 phyla, there was no significant difference in mouth and stomach. But compared with intestine, there were significant differences in 8 of the 10 phyla, and Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes increased significantly, while Proteobacteria decreased significantly. There was no dominant genus in mouth and stomach, but Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and uncultured_bacterium_o_Bacteroidales was predominant in intestine. In conclusion, the species and abundance of microbiota in the mouth and stomach of paddlefish were mostly the same, but significantly different from those in intestine. Moreover, there was enrichment of the dominant bacteria in intestine.

Building Value Assessment and Protection Model under Catastrophe Risk

In recent years, with the change in the global environment, the frequency of catastrophes has been increasing, which poses a great threat to people's property and life safety. Many landmark buildings have high historical or economic value, and it is important to assess the value of these buildings and develop conservation plans. To evaluate the value of the building, this article first established the POT model to evaluate the risk of the building location. Then, based on the EWM-AHP method, we selected the first-level indicators and the second-level indicators to establish the value evaluation model of the building and used the logic function to establish the protection model through data fitting. According to the comprehensive analysis of the risk assessment and the value assessment of the building, the building protection measures are divided into three types: unprotected, reinforced, and relocated. It is applied to the church of San Marco in Venice, and it is concluded that the area needs to be reinforced. The establishment of the model is of great significance to the evaluation and protection of buildings.

STATUS PEMANFAATAN IKAN KAKAP (Lutjanus spp.) BERBASIS DATA PANJANG IKAN DI PERAIRAN TAMAN NASIONAL TAKA BONERATE

Snappers (Lutjanus spp.) are the most common reef fish caught in Taka Bonerate National Park due to its high economic value and primarily targeted species. Without proper management measures, intensive fishing activities might result in unsustainable fish stocks. Therefore, in order to maintain sustainable utilization, it is important to understand the stock status of snapper fisheries. This study aimed to analyze the snappers' stock status in Taka Bonerate National Park's waters. Data were collected from January to December 2022 at three small-scale fisheries landing sites. The results showed that snappers are classified as slow-growing species with growth rates for species L. bohar, L. quinquelineatus, L. gibbus respectively 0,12, 0,39, and 0,35 per year to reach their respective asymptotic lengths of 83,41 cm, 29,5 cm, and 46,80 cm. The stock status of L. gibbus and L. bohar were indicated at overfished status where the exploitation rate (E) was > 0.5 and the SPR was < 0.3, hence a proper management measures is required. Furthermore, the species of L. quinquelineatus has a value of E is 0.5 and SPR is at 0.3, indicating that the utilization level of this species was at an optimal level. Keywords: Snapper, Taka Bonerate, Fisheries Management.

Analisis Penjualan Produk Aspal Kilang Minyak Pertamina RU IV Cilacap Dengan Metode Statistik

The development of road infrastructure such as highways, toll roads, airports, ports, bridges and other infrastructure requires an average of 1.2 million tons of asphalt per year. Under these conditions, the need for domestic asphalt is very large. Asphalt products are one of the petroleum derivative products that have high economic value and are the main raw material in infrastructure development. This research focuses on Pertamina RU IV Cilacap Oil Refinery Asphalt products with 60/70 penetration specifications that have been adapted to the needs and conditions of Indonesia with a tropical climate and are one of the superior products at PT Patra Trading. The purpose of this study is to analyze the simultaneous and partial significant effects using quantitative methods, namely statistical models on SPSS software version 25.0. The parameters used as research variables in the questionnaire to support this research are product excellence, product application, and product quality. Product excellence is a factor that makes a product have value and advantages in the eyes of customers, product application is the process of using products to meet customer needs, and product quality is the ability of a product to meet specifications to increase customer satisfaction. The results showed that the variables of product excellence X1 and product application X2 had a simultaneous effect on the product quality parameter Y based on the F (Simultaneous) test which serves to measure the goodness of fit of the regression equation or determine whether all the independent variables contained in the equation jointly affect the dependent variable by producing a significance value of 0.00 <0.05. Based on the T test (Partial) which serves to test how far the influence of one independent variable individually in explaining the variation in the dependent variable by producing a T-count value of 8.157> T-table 2.02 with a significant level of 0.000 < 0.05 or a significant value smaller than 0, 05 which indicates that there is a significant and partial influence on the Product Excellence variable X1 on Product Quality Y and T-count 6,528> T-table 2.02 with a significant level of 0.000 <0.05 or a significant value smaller than 0.05 there is a significant and partial influence on the Product Application variable X2 on Product Quality Y. Based on the coefficient of determination test which serves to measure how much variation in the independent variable can explain the dependent variable which shows the independent variable Product Excellence X1 and Product Application X2 affect the dependent variable Product Quality by 91.9%.

Diversity of orchid types in the Oeluan Tourism Forest, Bijeli Village, Noemuti District, North Central Timor Regency

Indonesia as a mega biodiversity country has a variety of fauna and flora. One of the floras that is often found in Indonesia is orchids. Orchids have high economic value and are able to balance the ecosystem in their habitat. This study was aimed at determining the diversity of orchid species in the Oeluan tourism forest. The current study employed a quantitative descriptive study by using the transect and the purposive sampling method. The research was conducted in February at the Oeluan Tourism Forest. The results of this study indicated that there were four terrestrial orchid genera and three epiphytic orchid genera. The analysis of the diversity index of orchid species in the Oeluan tourism forest resulted in the diversity index of (H’) 1.0438 in the medium category. The measured environmental factors at the study site were an average soil pH of 7, an average humidity of 76.33% and an average air temperature of 27.400C. The diversity of orchid species in the Oeluan tourism forest, bijeli village, Noemuti district, North Central Timor regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, was included in the medium category.

Genetic analysis of health traits and their associations with longevity, fertility, production, and conformation traits in Holstein cattle

Health traits have high economic values in dairy cattle breeding, which can cause considerable financial loss through involuntary culling. In this study, fourteen health traits were analysed, including five composite health traits: reproductive disorders, udder health (UH), digestive disorders, metabolic disorders, locomotory diseases (LD), and nine independent health traits: gestation disorders and peripartum disorders, irregular estrus cycle and sterility, metritis (ME), mastitis (MA), abomasal displacement (AD), enteritis (EN), and ketosis, claw diseases (CD), laminitis complex. This study analysed variance components for health traits through both single and bivariate repeatability animal models. All health traits showed low heritability, ranging from 0.001 to 0.025. Most of the health traits in five categories showed negative genetic correlations, ranging from −0.012 (CD and EN) to −0.634 (ME and EN). Strong positive genetic correlations appeared within the same category, ranging from 0.469 (EN and AD) to 0.994 (UH and MA, LD and CD). Furthermore, approximate genetic correlations were evaluated between health traits and routinely collected traits (longevity, fertility, production, and conformation). In general, the low to moderate approximate genetic correlations were estimated between health traits and routinely collected traits. The estimated correlations between health traits and longevity, fertility, production, and conformation traits could provide an indirect reference for disease−resistance breeding in Holstein cattle.

Proteomic characterization of the different stages of seed germination in Cupressus gigantea

Abstract Seed germination is a pivotal period of plant growth and development. This process can be divided into four major stages, swelling absorption, seed coat dehiscence, radicle emergence and radicle elongation. Cupressus gigantea, a tree native to Tibet, China, is characterized by its resistance to stresses such as cold, and drought, and has a high economic and ecological value. Nevertheless, given its unique geographic location, its seeds are difficult to germinate. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the mechanisms involved in seed germination in this species to improve the germination efficiency of its seeds, thereby protecting this high-quality resource. Here, our findings indicate that seed germination was enhanced when exposed to a 6-h/8-h light/dark photoperiod, coupled with a temperature of 20°C. Furthermore, the application of exogenous GA3 (1 mg/ml, about 2.9 mM) stimulated the germination of C. gigantea seeds. Subsequently, proteomics was used to detect changes in protein expression during the four stages of seed germination. We identified 34 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 13 at the radicle pre-emergence stage, and 17 at the radicle elongation stage. These DEPs were classified into eight functional groups, cytoskeletal proteins, energy metabolism, membrane transport, stress response, molecular chaperones, amino acid metabolism, antioxidant system and ABA signalling pathway. Most of them were found to be closely associated with amino acid metabolism. Combined, these findings indicate that, along with temperature and light, exogenous GA3 can increase the germination efficiency of C. gigantea seeds. Our study also offers insights into the changes in protein expression patterns in C. gigantea seeds during germination.

Gymnosperms demonstrate patterns of fine‐root trait coordination consistent with the global root economics space

Abstract Gymnosperms encompass a diverse group of mostly woody plants with high ecological and economic value, yet little is known about the scope and organization of fine‐root trait diversity among gymnosperms due to the undersampling of most gymnosperm families and the dominance of angiosperm groups in recent syntheses. New and existing data were compiled for morphological traits (root diameter, length, tissue density, specific root length [SRL] and specific root area [SRA]), the architectural trait branching ratio, root nitrogen content [N] and mycorrhizal colonization. We used phylogenetic least squares regression and principal component analysis to determine trait–trait relationships and coordination across 66 species, representing 11 of the 12 extant gymnosperm families from boreal, temperate, subtropical and tropical biomes. Finally, we compared the relationship between family divergence time and mean trait values to determine whether evolutionary history structured variation in fine‐root traits within the gymnosperm phylogeny. Wide variation in gymnosperm root traits could be largely captured by two primary axes of variation defined by SRL and diameter, and root tissue density and root nitrogen, respectively. However, individual root length and SRA each had significant correlations with traits defining both main axes of variation. Neither mycorrhizal colonization nor root branching ratio were closely related to other traits. We did not observe a directional evolution of mean trait values from older to more recently diverged gymnosperm families. Synthesis. Despite their unique evolutionary history, gymnosperms display a root economic space similar to that identified in angiosperms, likely reflecting common constraints on plants adapting to diverse environments in both groups. These findings provide greater confidence that patterns observed in broad syntheses justly capture patterns of trait diversity among multiple, distinct lineages. Additionally, independence between root architecture and other traits may support greater diversity in below‐ground resource acquisition strategies. Unlike angiosperms, there were no clear trends towards increasingly thin roots over evolutionary time, possibly because of lower diversification rates or unique biogeographic history among gymnosperms, though additional observations are needed to more richly test evolutionary trends among gymnosperms.