High-cost Items Research Articles

Cost of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease in Spain According to Disease Severity.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been associated with great healthcare and non-healthcare resource consumption. The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of AD in Spain according to disease severity from a societal perspective. A self-administered questionnaire was designed by the researchers and completed by the informal caregivers of patients with AD, reporting data on themselves as caregivers and on the AD patients for whom they care. The patients' sociodemographic and clinical data, their healthcare and non-healthcare resource consumption in the previous 12 months, and the impact of the disease on labor productivity were compiled. Data collected on informal caregivers included sociodemographic data and the impact of caring for a person with AD on their quality of life and labor productivity. Costs were estimated by multiplying the number of consumed resources by their unit prices. The cost of informal care was assessed using the proxy good method, and labor productivity losses were estimated using the human capital method. Costs were estimated by disease severity and are presented per patient per year in 2021 euros (€). The study sample comprised 171 patients with AD aged 79.1 ± 7.4 years; 68.8% were female, time from diagnosis was 5.8 ± 4.1 years, diagnosis delay was 1.8 ± 2.3 years, and the mean Cumulative Illness Rating Scale-Geriatric (CIRS-G) total was score 8.2 ± 6.0. According to disease severity, 14% had mild cognitive impairment or mild AD, 43.9% moderate AD, and 42.1% severe AD. The average annual cost per patient was €42,336.4 in the most conservative scenario. The greatest proportion of this cost was attributed to direct non-healthcare costs (86%, €36,364.8), followed by direct healthcare costs (8.6%, €3647.1), social care costs (4.6%, €1957.1), and labor productivity losses (less than 1%, €367.4). Informal care was the highest cost item, representing 80% of direct non-healthcare costs and 69% of the total cost. The total direct non-healthcare cost and total cost were significantly higher in moderate to severe disease severities, compared to milder disease severity. AD poses a substantial burden on informal caregivers, the national healthcare system, and society at large. Early diagnosis and treatment to prevent disease progression could reduce this economic impact.

Vulnerability of Smart Grid-enabled Protection Relays to IEMI

Abstract. The electricity sector has been undergoing transformations towards the smart grid concept, which aims to improve the robustness, efficiency, and flexibility of the power system. This transition has been achieved by the introduction of smart electronic devices (SEDs) and advanced automatic control and communication systems. Despite the benefits of such modernization, safety issues have emerged with significant concern by experts and entities worldwide. One of these issues is known as Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI), where offenders employ high-power electromagnetic sources to maliciously disrupt or damage electronic devices. One of the possible gateways for IEMI attacks targeting the smart grids is the microprocessor-based protection relays. On the one hand, the malfunctioning of these devices can lead to equipment damage, including high-voltage equipment (e.g., power transformers), which represent one of the most high-cost items of energy infrastructure. On the other hand, a possible misleading triggering of these devices could cause cascading effects along the various nodes of the power system, resulting in widespread blackouts. Thus, this study presents the possible recurring effects of IEMI exposure of a typical protection relay used in smart grid substations as part of the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system. For this purpose, a test setup containing a smart grid protective unit, a monitoring box, and the device's wiring harness is exposed to radiated IEMI threats with high-power narrowband signals using a TEM waveguide and horn antennas. The effects during the test campaigns are observed by means of an IEMI-hardened camera system and a software developed to real-time monitor the device's fibre optic communication link, which is established according to the IEC 60870-5-105 protocol. The results revealed failures ranging from display deviation to various types of protection relay shutdown. Moreover, the consequences of the identified failures in a power substation are discussed to feed into a risk analysis regarding the threat of IEMI to power infrastructures.

The health care and societal costs of inherited retinal diseases in Australia: a microsimulation modelling study.

To estimate the health care and societal costs of inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) in Australia. Microsimulation modelling study based on primary data - collected in interviews of people with IRDs who had ophthalmic or genetic consultations at the Children's Hospital at Westmead or the Save Sight Institute (both Sydney) during 1 January 2019 - 31 December 2020, and of their carers and spouses - and linked Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) and Pharmaceutical Benefits Schedule (PBS) data. Annual and lifetime costs for people with IRDs and for their carers and spouses, grouped by payer (Australian government, state governments, individuals, private health insurance) and type (health care costs; societal costs: social support, National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS), income and taxation, costs associated with caring for family members with IRDs); estimated annual national cost of IRDs. Ninety-four people (74 adults, 20 people under 18 years; 55 girls and women [59%]) and 30 carers completed study surveys (participation rate: adults, 66%; children, 66%; carers, 63%). Total estimated lifetime cost was $5.2 million per person with an IRD, of which 87% were societal and 13% health care costs. The three highest cost items were lost income for people with IRDs ($1.4 million), lost income for their carers and spouses ($1.1 million), and social spending by the Australian government (excluding NDIS expenses: $1.0 million). Annual costs were twice as high for people who were legally blind as for those with less impaired vision ($83 910 v $41 357 per person). The estimated total annual cost of IRDs in Australia was $781 million to $1.56 billion. As the societal costs associated with IRDs are much larger than the health care costs, both contributors should be considered when assessing the cost-effectiveness of interventions for people with IRDs. The increasing loss of income across life reflects the impact of IRDs on employment and career opportunities.

Infliximab Pricing in International Economic Evaluations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease to Inform Biologic and Biosimilar Access Policies: A Systematic Review.

In an effort to reduce public drug expenditures, Canadian and other jurisdictional drug plans have mandated the use of lower cost, but similarly effective, biosimilars in patients with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease or require a nonmedical switch for established patients. This switch has created concerns for patients and clinicians who want to maintain the ability to make treatment decisions and remain with the original biologic.It is customary for economic evaluations to assess the robustness of results to variations in high-cost items such as medications. In the absence of economic evaluations of biosimilars, examining biologic drug price in sensitivity analysis provides insight into the cost-effectiveness of biosimilar alternatives. A total of 31 economic evaluations of infliximab for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease varied the infliximab price in sensitivity analysis.The infliximab price deemed to be cost-effective within each study ranged from CAD $66 to CAD $1,260 per 100-mg vial. A total of 18 studies (58%) demonstrated an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio above the jurisdictional willingness-to-pay threshold. If policy decisions are based on price, then originator manufacturers could consider reducing the price or negotiating alternative pricing models to enable patients with inflammatory bowel disease to remain on their current medications.

Defending Against Copycat Packaging: The Role of Design from a Consumer’s Perspective

Copycat packaging involves a type of imitation strategy in which the appearance of a market leader’s packaging design is simulated by a low-cost alternative. Previous literature has focused on reactive strategies against copycat packaging, primarily involving litigation and packaging design changes; however, very little attention has been assigned to the role of packaging design as a proactive strategy for mitigating against copycat packaging. To address this issue, this study examined the role of design in mitigating copycat packaging from a consumers’ perspective. We conducted an exploratory study of 37 semi-structured interviews to understand how consumers respond to the design components on visually similar packaging across a range of FMCG products. We found that packaging design cues have the greatest impact on purchasing decisions in cases where consumers have no familiarity with a brand, but less influence when consumers are already familiar with a brand. Consumers rank the importance of packaging design features differently depending on the product category. For high-cost items, consumers rank structural design as the most important feature, whereas colour is considered the most important for low-cost products. We end the paper by discussing the implications for brand managers and outline strategies for minimising the occurrence of copycat packaging. Keywords: copycat, packaging design, similarity, packaging strategy, consumer evaluation

Surgical Residents' Awareness of the Costs of Common Operating Room Supplies.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education mandates that residency programs incorporate cost awareness into patient care. This presents a challenge for surgical residents because they must understand operating room costs in addition to other expenses. Trainees' understanding of operating room supply costs is not well understood. A survey was distributed to surgical residents (N = 73) at an urban, university-based residency program. Residents estimated the costs of 21 single-use operating room items. Descriptive statistics and a regression analysis were calculated. The response rate was 62%. Respondents accurately estimated costs for a median of 7/21 items, with error ranging from 26% to 5438%. They substantially underestimated the three highest-cost items. Increasing post-graduate year did not improve estimation accuracy (β = .233, P = .138). Residents have a poor understanding of single-use item costs, and this does not improve with post-graduate training, suggesting inefficiencies. There is opportunity to educate residents and ultimately decrease surgical health care costs.

Pre-processing of e-waste in Canada: Case of a facility responding to changing material composition

The tracking of electronic waste (e-waste) flows through and within pre-processing facilities plays a crucial role in determining the fate of resources contained in e-waste. This study maps material and economic flows of e-waste through manual and mechanical processes at the pre-processing facility using material flow analysis. Both daily and annual material flows were accounted for, and daily flow outputs were also translated into economic flows. Each day the facility mainly processed printers and peripheral devices, laser cartridges, and refurbishable flatscreen displays. The main material outputs were glass, mixed plastics, and computer and communication wires containing copper. The most valuable products were refurbished goods and the highest revenue material was copper, whereas the highest cost item was glass from cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, due to its lead content. From 2016–2018 the facility received fewer CRT displays due to both global e-waste trends, by selling and trading CRTs to other Ontario pre-processors in exchange for flatscreen displays. This approach helped the facility to capitalize new specialized equipment for the processing of flat screens and reduced downstream leaded glass processing costs. The changing product and material profile of e-waste in Canada, and globally, needs advanced technological solutions by the pre-processors to maximize resource recovery in economically feasible manner. • The main products processed by the facility comprised IT & Telecommunication items. • The facility experienced a change in material and product profiles of incoming e-waste. • Investment in hi-tech equipment by the facility increased profits and gave competitive edge. • The most profitable products and materials were refurbished goods and copper. • The highest cost item was glass from cathode ray televisions due to lead content.

Application Of The Value Engineering Concept On Building Construction Projects In Malinau Regency In Facing The Covid-19 Pandemic

This study uses data in the form of planning and implementation data for the construction of the Malinau District Arts Building. Data development is carried out by conducting Value Engineering analysis starting from the project information collection stage, followed by function analysis using the Law of Pareto. The method used to analyze the function is F.A.S.T diagram (Function Analysis System Technique) and Cost to Worth. Followed by the creativity stage to come up with new alternative designs that can minimize project costs. The selected design will be evaluated at the evaluation stage, then the development stage will be carried out to obtain cost savings on the type of work that has been analyzed by VE in detail. From the data analysis at the planning stage, the savings reached Rp. 642,220,790, while in the construction phase, savings of Rp. 491,286,382, in 80% of the jobs with the highest cost items.

Application Of The Value Engineering Concept On Building Construction Projects In Malinau Regency In Facing The Covid-19 Pandemic

This study uses data in the form of planning and implementation data for the construction of the Malinau District Arts Building. Data development is carried out by conducting Value Engineering analysis starting from the project information collection stage, followed by function analysis using the Law of Pareto. The method used to analyze the function is F.A.S.T diagram (Function Analysis System Technique) and Cost to Worth. Followed by the creativity stage to come up with new alternative designs that can minimize project costs. The selected design will be evaluated at the evaluation stage, then the development stage will be carried out to obtain cost savings on the type of work that has been analyzed by VE in detail. From the data analysis at the planning stage, the savings reached Rp. 642,220,790, while in the construction phase, savings of Rp. 491,286,382, in 80% of the jobs with the highest cost items.

PRODUCT DESIGN SIMPLIFICATION TO INCREASE COMPETITIVENESS WITH A VALUE ENGINEERING APPROACH TO THE WASTAFEL FLEAN INDUSTRY

The strength of international competitiveness encourages companies to do optimization. Therefore, the increase in productivity which improves competitiveness must be done. The purpose of this study is to look for the best solution to optimize designs with the best value and cheapest engineering approach that can be executed on the sink faucet production. After a value engineering, obtained high-cost items such as components with brass/metal, local and imported material. Then look for alternative designs with cost criteria, namely Life Circle Cost (LCC) and the Initial Cost as well as with zero one non-cost criteria matrix and pairs matrix. The result obtained a design that qualifies for the product by replacing the faucet's construction and dimensions but still meets the requirements of comfort, functionality, and safety in use. With this alternative earned savings of 19.6% of the total cost.

PCN340 Direct and Indirect Costs Associated with Unresectable Advanced or Metastatic (ADV/MET) Gastric Cancer (GC), Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer (GEJC) and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC) for Patients and Their Caregivers

Living with cancer creates financial burden on patients and their caregivers. Our study explored direct and indirect costs for patients with ADV/MET GC, GEJC and EAC and their caregivers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in France, Germany, the UK, the US, Japan and China (Apr–Oct 2019) in patients with ADV/MET GC/GEJC/EAC , their caregivers and their physicians. Costs were converted into GBP (£) for analysis. 995 patients and 536 non-professional caregivers (NPCs) were included. Median patient/NPC age was 66/60 years. At initial diagnosis, 30% and 41% of patients/NPCs were working full- or part-time. Following diagnosis, at data capture, 8% and 37% of patients/NPCs were working full- or part-time. Data was available for 73% (n=215) of patients working at initial diagnosis, who reported an annual income reduction of £34,792 (SD: £13,740). Of patients with data, still working at data capture (n=63), 41% suffered an income reduction. A mean reduction of 85% in monthly working hours was experienced by the 43 patients who reported working hours at initial diagnosis/data capture. Patients paid a mean total of £346.20 out of pocket costs/month; the highest cost items were prescription/non-prescription cancer medications (£156.70), housekeeper/cleaner (£32.90) and tests such as blood tests and scans (£29.90). Costs varied by country. Of NPCs working at the patient’s initial diagnosis, with data (n=220), 9% experienced an average annual income reduction of £20,269 (SD: £19,107). 21% of 177 NPCs working at data capture experienced an income reduction since patient diagnosis. 34% of 525 NPCs provided financial support to patients (mean £358/month). Financial support was most commonly provided for transportation/travel (78%) and medication (59%). 97% of 532 NPCs were not reimbursed for their caregiver role. Whilst patients experienced the greatest direct and indirect financial impact, caregivers also suffered from financial burden due to ADV/MET GC/GEJC/EAC.

Marketing System of Small Scale Broiler in Selected Areas of Tangail District

The study was attempted to explore the small scale broiler farming of Tangail district. Bhuapur, Ghatail, Kalihati, Shakhipur, Delduar and Basail Upazilas were selected purposively for this study. Primary data were collected through face to face interview with the respondents of broiler farmers during February to July, 2016. Secondary data were collected from the BBS, poultry production and marketing reports, journals, DAM, DLS and MS theses. A total of 30 broiler farm owners and 54 intermediaries were selected by applying purposive sampling technique. In the production and marketing system of broiler, many intermediaries were involved such as Bepari, Paiker, Wholesaler and Retailer. Marketing of broiler, produced in Tangail district, was moved from producers to the consumers through four separate chains. The average production cost of farmer for 500 birds was BDT 54781.25, and marketing cost of paiker, wholesaler and retailer were BDT 1230, BDT 1310 and BDT 440, respectively. However, beparies received highest marketing cost which was BDT 1370/500 birds. Transportation was found as the highest cost item which was 37.96%, 39.02% and 40.46%, in case of bepari, paiker, and wholesalers, respectively, but there was no transportation cost of retailer. Broiler farmers sold 90% of their broiler to paiker/bepari and remaining 10% to retailer (distance paiker) sold directly. Paikers sold 85.63% of their broilers to retailers and 14.34% to retailers through wholesalers. Consumer purchases100% of broiler from the retailers in the study areas. Broiler producers did not get fair price due to lack of economic storage facilities, existence of stronger middlemen, inadequacy of veterinary care and services, inefficient transportation facilities, and lack of proper marketing information. It could be concluded that institutional credits, timely supply of inputs and stable price of broiler should be ensured along with the provision of transport and market facilities.
 Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(2): 243-254, August 2020

Delivering a primary-level non-communicable disease programme for Syrian refugees and the host population in Jordan: a descriptive costing study.

The Syrian conflict has caused enormous displacement of a population with a high non-communicable disease (NCD) burden into surrounding countries, overwhelming health systems’ NCD care capacity. Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) developed a primary-level NCD programme, serving Syrian refugees and the host population in Irbid, Jordan, to assist the response. Cost data, which are currently lacking, may support programme adaptation and system scale up of such NCD services. This descriptive costing study from the provider perspective explored financial costs of the MSF NCD programme. We estimated annual total, per patient and per consultation costs for 2015–17 using a combined ingredients-based and step-down allocation approach. Data were collected via programme budgets, facility records, direct observation and informal interviews. Scenario analyses explored the impact of varying procurement processes, consultation frequency and task sharing. Total annual programme cost ranged from 4 to 6 million International Dollars (INT$), increasing annually from INT$4 206 481 (2015) to INT$6 739 438 (2017), with costs driven mainly by human resources and drugs. Per patient per year cost increased 23% from INT$1424 (2015) to 1751 (2016), and by 9% to 1904 (2017), while cost per consultation increased from INT$209 to 253 (2015–17). Annual cost increases reflected growing patient load and increasing service complexity throughout 2015–17. A scenario importing all medications cut total costs by 31%, while negotiating importation of high-cost items offered 13% savings. Leveraging pooled procurement for local purchasing could save 20%. Staff costs were more sensitive to reducing clinical review frequency than to task sharing review to nurses. Over 1000 extra patients could be enrolled without additional staffing cost if care delivery was restructured. Total costs significantly exceeded costs reported for NCD care in low-income humanitarian contexts. Efficiencies gained by revising procurement and/or restructuring consultation models could confer cost savings or facilitate cohort expansion. Cost effectiveness studies of adapted models are recommended.

A cost-of-illness analysis of \u03b2-Thalassaemia major in children in Sri Lanka \u2013 experience from a tertiary level teaching hospital

BackgroundSri Lanka has a high prevalence of β-thalassaemia major. Clinical management is complex and long-term and includes regular blood transfusion and iron chelation therapy. The economic burden of β-thalassaemia for the Sri Lankan healthcare system and households is currently unknown.MethodsA prevalence-based, cost-of-illness study was conducted on the Thalassaemia Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Kandy Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka. Data were collected from clinical records, consultations with the head of the blood bank and a consultant paediatrician directly involved with the care of patients, alongside structured interviews with families to gather data on the personal costs incurred such as those for travel.ResultsThirty-four children aged 2–17 years with transfusion dependent thalassaemia major and their parent/guardian were included in the study. The total average cost per patient year to the hospital was $US 2601 of which $US 2092 were direct costs and $US 509 were overhead costs. Mean household expenditure was $US 206 per year with food and transport per transfusion ($US 7.57 and $US 4.26 respectively) being the highest cost items. Nine (26.5%) families experienced catastrophic levels of healthcare expenditure (> 10% of income) in the care of their affected child. The poorest households were the most likely to experience such levels of expenditure.Conclusionsβ-thalassaemia major poses a significant economic burden on health services and the families of affected children in Sri Lanka. Greater support is needed for the high proportion of families that suffer catastrophic out-of-pocket costs.

Benchmarking and improving sugar recovery from final molasses

The sucrose loss in final molasses in raw sugar manufacture is the largest loss. One factor that typically limits the extent of sucrose recovery from final molasses is that cooling crystallizers are high capital and maintenance cost items. The target purity of the final molasses is the commonly used benchmark to assess the effectiveness of exhaustion of final molasses. However, this benchmark does not relate to an actual loss of sucrose. A benchmark that calculates the Target Sucrose Loss (TSL) in molasses for the factory is proposed. Factories would aim to maintain the sucrose loss in final molasses to within 1 unit of the TSL. A close approach to the target purity is still required as part of the drive to achieve this result. An advantage of the TSL is that it considers the influence of the quantity of soluble impurities in the cane supply on the actual sucrose loss in molasses. Data from Australian factories are presented to demonstrate the application of the TSL. Several factors affecting the exhaustion of final molasses are discussed, including the effects of Cmassecuite purity, crystallizer station performance and shear rate on the massecuite within the crystallizers. Some Australian factories have recently refurbished horizontal, rotating coil crystallizers with designs incorporating fixed cooling elements and rotating paddles to provide high shear rate conditions and overcome maintenance issues associated with the coil design. Experience shows that the fixed-element design is an economical way to provide strong exhaustion performance.

Model-based Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Atorvastatin Drugs for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in Iran.

Background:Today, cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of mortality and disability in most developed and developing countries. The prediction of the major causes of deaths all over the world at all ages shows that 61% of deaths are due to chronic diseases, of which 30% is due to cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-utility analysis of atorvastatin for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases using the Markov model.Methods:Markov model with a lifetime horizon was developed to evaluate economic and health outcomes for atorvastatin drugs for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases for a cohort of 1,000 patients. The effectiveness indicator in this study was quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs); robustness of results was examined by one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis.Results:The results showed that the use of atorvastatin compared to no drug intervention was highly cost-effective with USD173 per additional QALY. The results of one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis confirmed the results of this study. The findings of this study also showed that the highest cost items were hospitalization costs in the cardiac care unit (CCU). Also, the highest cost items in para-clinical services were related to echocardiography costs, and troponin constituted the largest cost of laboratory tests.Conclusions:Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that cardiologists use atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Liquid Flow Measurement Using Silicone Polymer Wedge Clamp-On Ultrasonic Transducers

Accurate liquid flow measurement is vital to many industries, and the benefits and limitations of ultrasonic transit-time clamp-on measurements are well understood. The ultrasonic transducers used in high-quality clamp-on systems tend to be high-cost items, containing an ultrasonic wedge of machined polyether ether ketone plastic (PEEK). PEEK is used because of its consistency and favorable ultrasonic properties of relatively low attenuation and consistent ultrasonic wave velocity over a wide range of frequencies. The viability of a new, high-performance, and low-cost design of clamp-on ultrasonic transducers is described, made from a silicone-based polymer molded inside a shell and directly bonded to the active piezoelectric element. In addition to the reduced material and production cost, the new transducers have good thermal stability, consistency, and conform well to the surface of the pipe. Tests were performed on a flow rig and on calibration blocks for thermal stability tests, showing that the sensors are of comparable performance to quality devices constructed using PEEK wedges.

Temel Bitkisel Yemler ve Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kırmızı Et ve Süt Piyasasına Etkisi

Hayvanların beslenmesinde kullanılan tüm yemler içerdikleri katkı maddeleri de bağlı olarak ham, yarı işlenmiş ve işlenmiş gibi çeşitli şekillerde sınıflandırılmaktadırlar. Genellikle kaba ve karma yem olarak sınıflandırılan hayvan yem girdisi, büyükbaş hayvancılık işletmelerinde toplam üretim masraflarının yaklaşık %30-40‘ını oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle yem girdisinin arz-talep elastikiyeti, girdi-ürün fiyat ilişkileri ve döviz kurlarının değişimi, işletmelerin maliyetleri, kârları ve dolayısıyla sürdürülebilirliklerini doğrudan etkilemektedir. Dolayısıyla tarım sektörünün iki önemli faaliyeti olan bitkisel üretim ve hayvansal yetiştiricilik faaliyetlerinin birbirlerini nasıl etkilediklerinin bilinmesi ve gerektiğinde piyasayı düzenleyici politik tedbirlerin alınması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bitkisel üretimdeki maliyet değişiminin hayvansal ürün piyasası üzerine etkilerinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Araştırmanın temel verileri, konu ile ilgili 1995-2017 dönemine ait zaman serisi verileri ve tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemine göre belirlenen 107 tarım işletmesinden yüz yüze anket yöntemiyle 2017-2018 üretim döneminde ait elde edilen kesit verileri oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada kısmi denge modeli kullanılmış ve. Modelde bitkisel üretimdeki en önemli maliyet unsurları olan mazot ve gübre fiyatlarının; arpa, mısır ve ayçiçeği fiyatlarına istatistiki olarak anlamlı ve pozitif yönde etkisi söz konusudur. Bitkisel üretimdeki maliyet değişiminin hayvansal ürün piyasasına etkisinin ortaya konulmasında kısmi denge modelinden yararlanılmıştır. Kısmi denge model sonuçları, artan arpa, mısır ve ayçiçeği fiyatları yem fiyatlarının artırmaktadır. Yem masrafları, canlı hayvan materyali satın alma bedelinden sonra en yüksek maliyet unsurunu oluşturmaktadır.

Reducing our waste size

Reducing our waste size

Predictors of Branding and the Role of Warranty on Consumer Choice

This conceptual paper reviews the literature from three distinct areas in consumer behavior: branding, warranty, and choice. In using a mixture of these three areas, propositions are developed which will be tested in future research. The impact of this study is geared towards understanding the behavior of consumers purchasing high cost items and the relative importance and trust that is placed in the warranty that comes with such a purchase. While the study will consider domestic (United States) consumers, international factors such as country of origin and psychic distance will be posed as viable factors in the decision making process. We propose that six factors will impact the role of branding in the decision making process and that a warranty will serve as a moderator to the ultimate choice decision.