Highest Benefit Cost Ratio Research Articles

Preventing Substance Abuse in Adolescents: A Review of High-Impact Strategies.

Substance abuse has been an intractable societal concern in the US for more than half a century. The recent opioid epidemic has only accentuated this problem. Adolescents are significant long-term contributors to the crisis due to their susceptibilities to drug abuse and impressionable age. This review examines the particular vulnerabilities of the adolescent brain to drug abuse and the risk and protective factors thereof, especially in light of the Rat Park studies. In addition, the article provides an overview of the evidence-based prevention program registries and offers detailed summaries of two: Blueprints for Healthy Youth Development (Blueprints) and the Washington State Institute for Public Policy (WSIPP). By combining inputs from Blueprints and WSIPP, five programs with the highest benefit-cost ratios (BCR) were identified: Functional Family Therapy, Positive Family Support, Lifeskills Training, Positive Action, and Good Behavior Game. In light of their outstanding characteristics, these programs are poised to be widely implemented and to make a measurable difference in the fight against substance and opioid abuse.

Effect of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica L.) cv. Green Magic

The present investigation was carried out with title “Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleracear var. italica L.) cv.Green Magic” at the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higgin bottom University of Agriculture Technology and Science, Prayagraj (UP) During October 2021 to February 2022. The experiment was laid out in RBD with 8 treatments with 3 replications. The results revealed that Treatment T6 (50% RDF+ 25% Vermicompost + 25% Poultry Manure) – performed the best in terms of days to Plant Height (55.17), No. of Leaves (21.25), Leaf width (18.76), leaf area (238.17), leaf area index (19.16), days to initiation (56.83), Head weight (308.33), Head yield per plot (3.03), Head yield per hectare (11.36), Head diameter (15.5), TSS Brix (13), Vitamin C (103.97), B:C Ratio (3.04:1). Therefore, the Treatment T6 (50% RDF + 25% Vermicompost + 25% Poultry Manure) is the best when compared to other treatments. As, the highest benefit costratio was observed in treatment T6 (50% RDF + 25% Vermicompost + 25% Poultry Manure) i.e., (3.04:1) which states that it is economically profitable compared to all other treatments.

Boosting Summer Mung (Vigna radiata L.) Production through Frontline Demonstration in Tarn Taran District of Punjab

The present study was conducted to boost summer mung crop area during summer season of 2017 and 2018 with 130 front line demonstration (FLD’s) covering an area of 50 hectare (ha) in Tarn Taran district of Punjab to aware the farmers about improved agricultural technology in real farm situations. The results were compared between FLD and control plots. Latest crop production and protection technologies with improved summer mung varieties (SML 668 and SML 832 during 2017 and 2018, respectively) resulted in an average increase of 23% in the yield of summer mung. Technology gaps, extension gaps and technology indices were calculated to analyze the performance of these FLDs at farmers’ fields. The average extension gap and technology gap recorded were 2.05 q ha-1 and 1.4 q ha-1, respectively. Between both varieties of summer mung, lower technology index of 6.92 per cent in SML 668 in 2017 indicates the feasibility of this variety in existing farming situation in the district over SML 832. This proved that variety SML 668 performed better than SML 832. Sowing of high yielding varieties along with improved package of practices resulted in higher benefit-cost ratio (1.61) over farmers’ practice (1.35) during both years of study.

Assessment of Different Fertilizer Levels on Growth and Yield Returns of Coriander Crop. (Coriandrum sativum L.) cv- JD-1

Using chemical fertilizers or organic manures alone as amendments may be detrimental to the soil health and crop quality and neither of these alone can sustain productivity. Hence the combination of nutrients from different sources together in optimum ratio is a way forward to achive optimum returns and to protect soil health. In view of this a trial was conducted in coriander cv- JD-1 over winter 2012-13 at Horticulture research farm, Department of Horticulture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh to evaluate the effect of organic manures and chemical fertilizers with different levels on growth and yield parameters of coriander. The experiment consists of four levels of organic manures viz Vermicompost 5 t/h, Vermicompost 2.5 t/h, Farm yard manure 20 t/h and Farm yard manure 10 t/h with two fertilizer levels 100 % RDF and 50 % RDF laid out in a randomized block design replicated thrice. The study shows that among the organic manures vermicompost 5 t/h and among the fertilizer levels RDF 100% showed maximum values for growth and yield parameters comparison to other levels of manures and fertilizer. Results in relation to interaction effect shows that vermicompost 5 t/h + 100 % RDF was superior over other treatment combinations. Highest gross income were observed with vermicompost 5 t/h + 100 % RDF and highest benefit cost ratio with farm yard manure 20 t/h + 100 % RDF.

Effect of Nano Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Quality of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of nano fertilizer in the growth yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculenthus). The experiment was carried out at the instructional farm of ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kerndra, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, during the year 2021. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Ten different treatments were carried out with different combinations of fertilizers. The result obtained with treatment T2 (Soil application of 50% recommended dose of fertilizers as conventional fertilizer + 50% recommended dose of nano N as foliar application, nano P&K as soil application) was recorded the best among in all combination of conventional fertilizer NPK and nano NPK in term of growth, yield attribute and quality parameters like plant height 120.21 cm, number of leaves per plant 83.99, number of branches per plant 3.62, days to first harvesting 46.97, pod length 12.72cm, pod width 1.65cm, number of pods per plant 29.23, average of pod weight 12.67g, pod yield per plant 370.39g, pod yield per plot 8.89kg, pod yield 131.69q ha-1and TSS 2.930Brix. The highest cost benefit ratio 3.59 was also observed in T2 (Soil application of 50% RDF as conventional fertilizer + 50% recommended dose of nano N as foliar application, nano P&K as soil application).

Crop Establishment Methods, Varieties and Levels of Zinc on Growth and Yield of Rice in Chitwan, Nepal

With the aim of identifying the appropriate doses of Zinc in rice for different varieties under various establishment methods, an experiment was carried out in a strip-split plot design with three replications at Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan during 2015-16. The treatment consists of two crop establishment methods (Transplanted rice (TPR) and Direct Seeded Rice (DSR)) in the vertical strip and two varieties (Hybrid Gorakhnath-509 and Sabitri) in the horizontal strip and four levels of ZnSO4 (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg ha-1) in sub-sub plot. The observations were recorded on growth, yield attributes, grain yield and economics. The research results revealed that the application of ZnSO4 @ 15 Kg ha-1 significantly increased the grain yield of DSR as compared to the non-application of ZnSO4. The higher grain yield of rice was because of increased yield attributes like effective tillers, thousand-grain weight and the number of filled grains per panicle. Crop establishment methods and varieties did not have a significant influence on the grain yield of rice. DSR had a lower cost of cultivation, higher net return and higher benefit-cost ratio as compared to TPR. The variety Sabitri had lower cost of cultivation, higher net return and higher benefit-cost ratio as compared to Gorakhnath-509. Similarly, the application of ZnSO4 @ of 15 Kg ha-1 produced the highest net return and the highest benefit-cost ratio. Therefore, ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 could be an option for increased yield and net return for DSR in Chitwan.

EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT BIORATIONAL PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACHES FOR THE MANAGEMENT RED PUMPKIN BEETLE (Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas) AND FRUIT FLY (Bactocera cucurbitae) IN CUCUMBER CROP AND THEIR ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Experiment on the evaluation of different biorational pest management approaches against major insect pest of cucumber was carried out under field condition at Hazara Agriculture Reseach Station (HARS) Abbottabad, Khyber Pukhtunkhawa- Pakistan. The experiment comprised of 11 treatments (modules) including control. M1 (Water pepper + Bakyan + Laser), M2 (Basil oil + Neem oil + laser), M3 (Bakyan extract + Basil oil + Laser), M4 (Bakyan extracts + Neem oil + Laser), M5 (Water pepper + Neem oil + Laser), M6 (Water pepper + Basil oil + Laser), M7 (Lambda cyhalonthrin + Neem oil + laser), M8 (Lambda cyhalonthrin + Basil oil + laser), M9 (Lambda cyhalonthrin + water pepper + Laser), M10 (Lambda cyhalonthrin + Bakyan + Laser) and M11 (Control) followed Randomize Complete Block Design with three replications. Results revealed that all the tested modules were found better than control in reducing red pumpkin beetle and fruitfly infestation with increased cucumber yield. However, among the tested modules, Lambda cyhalothrin based modules were found the most effective in reducing Red pumpkin beetle population in 1st (1.14-1.44 beetle plant-1) and 2nd spray application (0.72 -1.06 beetle plant-1) with lowest number of infested leaves and leaf perforation by red pumpkin beetle (3.76-4.06) and (2.86- 3.20) respectively. Results further revealed that Lambda cyhalothrine based modules were recorded with lowest fruit fly infestation (8.79 – 10.04 %), with lowest fruit fly ovipositor marks (0.76- 0.86) and highest cucumber yield (7955.6 – 8622 kg ha-1) and hence consequently led towards the improved quality of the cucumber. Furthermore, M5 (Water pepper + Basil oil + Laser) and M4 (Bakyan extracts + Neem oil + Laser) were found the most cost effective modules having the highest cost benefit ratio (1:26.75 and 1:25.21) respectively. It is concluded that red pumpkin beetle and fruit fly can better be managed by spraying Lamda cyhalothirn and 2nd spray of tested botanical and 3rd spray of Laser at 14 days interval is recommended for sustainable management of major insect pest of cucumber.

Comparative Efficacy of Pyrethroid and Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Manage Litchi Fruit Borer

Lychee is damaged by the litchi fruit borer (LFB), Conopomorpha sinensis severely reduces the yield and marketable quality of the fruits, and farmers face a substantial financial loss. An experiment was conducted for two consecutive years in the commercial litchi orchard. The study evaluated the efficacy of some insecticides under the group of pyrethroids, such as cypermethrin (Ripcord 10 EC), deltamethrin (Decis 2.5 EC), and fenvalerate (Fenfen 20 EC), neonicotinoids as imidacloprid (Imitaf 20 SL), thiamethoxam (Actara 25 WG), and pre-formulation of chlorantraniliprole+thiamethoxam (Voliam flexi 300 SC) and organophosphate (Hilthion 57 EC). All insecticides are used with recommended doses against C. sinensis to develop an appropriate management strategy. Among the treatments, spraying of voliam flexi 300 SC observed the maximum reduction of infestations over the control trees (99.47%), followed by imitaf, actara, decis, ripcord, fenfen, and hilthion. The highest benefit-cost ratio was obtained from the treated fruit trees with voliam flexi (12.11:1) and near about in fenfen and decis. Considering the effectiveness, spraying of voliam flexi at the rate of 0.5 ml per litre of water, followed by two sprays, first at ten days after the fruit set and then 20 days after the first spray. It is the most promising insecticidal approach for managing C. sinensis and may reduce the health risk to humans and save desirable components of the environment.

Analyzing the Benefit-Cost Ratio of Sediment Resources by Remote Sensing Data in the Ping River Basin, Thailand

Sediment is one of the important natural resources on the Earth. Information on sediment resources is key to making decisions regarding soil resources management and mitigation during sediment hazard events. Thus, this research analyzed and mapped the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of sediment in the Ping River using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Furthermore, the benefit of sediment was analyzed using a new application of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with a spatial resolution of 1 km2. The results reveal that the potential of annual soil loss and sediment deposition in the Ping River Basin (PRB) were approximately 825 and 530 m3/km2·y, respectively. In addition, the results indicated that there was a higher BCR in the upstream area of the PRB where there was greater sediment deposition. The average benefit of sediment in the PRB is USD 4280/km2·y. It is expected that the BCR of the sediment resources map analyzed in this research will help policy-makers for decision-making on the benefits of sediment resources in Thailand.

Effect of fertilizers and mulching on growth and yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.)

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of fertilizers and mulching on growth and yield of sweet pepper at the Horticulture Farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from October, 2018 to March, 2019. Two factors experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The experiment consisted four (4) levels of organic and inorganic fertilizers viz., F1 (Vermicompost), F2 (Recommended dose of NPKS), F3 (50% Vermicompost + 50% Recommended dose of NPKS) and F4 (75% Vermicompost + 25% Recommended dose of NPKS); and three mulch materials viz., M0 (Control), M1 (White polythene) and M2 (Black polythene). Plot size was 1 m x 1 m. The growth and physio-morphological characters, yield attributes and yield were significantly influenced by different types of fertilizers application and mulching practices. F4 treatment (75% Vermicompost + 25% Recommended dose of NPKS) produced maximum yield per hectare (40 t/ha) and F1 (vermicompost) treatment produced minimum yield per hectare (23.07 t/ha). Fruit yield increased 12.49%, 20.01% and 28.44% higher using F4, F3 and F2, respectively compared to control treatment. Mulching material influenced fruit yield where the maximum yield per hectare (40 t/ha) were observed from the M2 (Black polythene). Fruit yield (t/ha) recorded 27.06% and 27.50% higher in M2 and M1, respectively compared to control. In case of combined treatment, the fresh weight of fruit and dry matter were found higher in M2F4 and the lowest in M0F1. The maximum yield per hectare (53.31 t/ha) was found in M2F4 and M2F4 treatment produce 201.75% higher yield (t/ha) compared to control treatment combination M0F1 (17.67 t/ha). The second and third highest was found from M2F3 and M1F4. The highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found in M2 F4 and it was 7.49. Black plastic mulch with combined fertilizer (vermicompost and chemical fertilizer) gives higher plant height, yield, dry matter and other yield contributing parameters. Control treatment (no mulch) with only vermicompost gives lowest result in all cases.

Effects of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrient on Yield, Quality and Shelf Life of Broccoli

The study was conducted at Jashore Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh during 2019-20 and 2020-21 to evaluate the effects of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on yield, quality and shelf life of broccoli through Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and ten treatments which were: T1 = Soil test based 100% NPK, T2 = Vermicompost 4 t ha-1 + soil test based 50% NPK, T3 = Vermicompost 2 t ha-1 + 100% NPK, T4 =Tricho-compost 2 t ha-1 + 100% NPK, T5=FYM 6 t ha-1 + 100% NPK, T6 = Tricho-compost 4 t ha-1 + 50% NPK, T7 =FYM 12 t ha-1 + 50% NPK, T8= Vermicompost 1 t ha-1 + 125% NPK, T9= Tricho-compost 1 t ha-1 + 125% NPK, T10= FYM 3 t ha-1+125% NPK. Completely Randomized Design was designed to determine the shelf life of broccoli with three replications considering three factors; (i) Organic and inorganic nutrient sources; (ii) storage materials at room temperature (iii) storage materials at cold storage. Findings revealed that treatment T3 produced significantly maximum marketable curd yield 30.57 and 30.23 t ha-1 and the highest Benefit Cost Ratio (3.70 and 3.66) in the respective years. The treatment T2 effectively increased post-harvest quality attributes and also recorded the highest shelf life 8.36 and 8.55 days at room temperature (14-240 C with RH 60-65%), 26.33 and 27.25 days at cold storage (4° C with RH 90-95%) condition using High -Density Polyethylene (HDP; 15 micron) vacuum pack during the years of 2019-20 and 2020-21 respectively.

Grade wise yield and economics involved in potato c.v kufri chipsona-1 under different nutrient treatments

The present experiment was conducted at the, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, RVSKVV,Gwalior (M.P.) during the Rabi season of two consecutive years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment wascomprised of treatments combinations of inorganic fertilizers viz., (100% NPK), (75%NPK) and (50% NPK),farm yard manure and biofertilizers (Azotobacter and PSB) tested on potato processing cultivar KufriChipsona-1, for yield and economics parameters. The experiment was laid out in Randomized CompletelyBlock Design (RCBD) with three replications. The tubers were sown in plots of size 3 x 3 m at a spacingdistance of 60 x 20 cm. Observations for yield parameters were grade wise yield of tubers (kg/plot),processing grade tuber yield (T/ha), marketable tuber yield and total yield (T/ha) of potato tubers. Thetreatment combination I3O2B3 (100%NPK+FYM 20 t/ha + PSB2.5kg/ha+ Azotobacter 2.5 kg/ha) resulted inmaximum ‘A’ grade tubers (8.2 kg/plot) and maximum ‘B’ grade tubers (7.5 kg/plot) during the pooledmean data, of the experiment. The treatment combination I3O2B3 also resulted in maximum total yield (22.6t/ha). Whereas minimum total yield (15.6 t/ha) was obtained in treatment I1O1B2. The highest benefit costratio was recorded (2.56) with treatment I3O2B3 followed by (2.47) treatment I3O2B1.

Bioefficacy and economics of certain new molecule of insecticides against Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in chickpea

Gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) is a major insect pest of chickpea. The gram pod borer begins to infest at vegetative stage and later feeds on flowers and developing pods. A field investigation was conducted to evaluate the bioefficacy of certain new molecule insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on chickpea during Rabi 2020-21 in randomized block design with three replications. The outcomes revealed that the application of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha and Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD @ 60g a.i./ha were established to be most effective treatments and application of Fipronil 5% SC @ 50g a.i./ha was least effective in respect of reduction of H. armigera larval population. The maximum yield was recorded in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha (14.00 q/ha) followed by Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD @ 60g a.i./ha (13.73 q/ha) and lowest yield was recorded from Novaluron 75g a.i./ha (10.15 q/ha) treated plot. The economics of different new molecule insecticides indicated that higher benefit cost ratio (BCR) was observed from Lambda Cyhalothrin 30g a.i./ha (7.86:1) followed by Emamectin benzoate 12g a.i/ha (6.75:1) and the lower BCR was recorded from Cyantraniliprole 60g a.i./ha (1.64:1) and Novaluron 75g a.i./ha (1.58:1). Chlorantraniliprole and Cyantraniliprole are newer group of insecticides, which are relatively safer and more effective against gram pod borer as comparison to conventional insecticides and can be used in successful management of this key pest of chickpea.

Development of a Nomogram for Clinical Risk Prediction of Preterm Neonate Death in Ethiopia.

IntroductionIn 2020, over 6,500 newborn deaths occured every day, resulting in 2.4 million children dying in their 1st month of life. Ethiopia is one of the countries that will need to step up their efforts and expedite progress to meet the 2030 sustainable development goal. Developing prediction models to forecast the mortality of preterm neonates could be valuable in low-resource settings with limited amenities, such as Ethiopia. Therefore, the study aims to develop a nomogram for clinical risk prediction of preterm neonate death in Ethiopia in 2021.MethodsA prospective follow-up study design was employed. The data were used to analyze using R-programming version 4.0.3 software. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression is used for variable selection to be retained in the multivariable model. The model discrimination probability was checked using the ROC (AUROC) curve area. The model’s clinical and public health impact was assessed using decision curve analysis (DCA). A nomogram graphical presentation created an individualized prediction of preterm neonate risk of mortality.ResultsThe area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) discerning power for five sets of prognostic determinants (gestational age, respiratory distress syndrome, multiple neonates, low birth weight, and kangaroo mother care) is 92.7% (95% CI: 89.9–95.4%). This prediction model was particular (specificity = 95%) in predicting preterm death, with a true positive rate (sensitivity) of 77%. The best cut point value for predicting a high or low risk of preterm death (Youden index) was 0.3 (30%). Positive and negative predictive values at the Youden index threshold value were 85.4 percent and 93.3 percent, respectively.ConclusionThis risk prediction model provides a straightforward nomogram tool for predicting the death of preterm newborns. Following the preterm neonates critically based on the model has the highest cost-benefit ratio.

Profitability of Annual Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronium L.) Flower Production as Influenced by Application of Mycorrhiza and Vermicompost

To check the effect of mycorrhiza on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum, an open field experiment was conducted the effect of vermicompost and mycorrhizal treatments on profitability of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Treatments comprises of 04 mycorrhiza treatments (No application, Glomus mosseae, Acaulospora laevis, Gigaspora margarita) and 04 vermicompost doses (0 g/ m2, 500 g/ m2, 750 g/ m2, 1 kg/ m2). The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. Chrysanthemum plants showed improved growth and flowering with the application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza. In the present investigations, economic analysis of different treatments reveals that application of treatment M3V2 (Gigaspora margarita + Vermicompost @ 750 g/m2) resulted in highest benefit cost ratio (5.83) closely followed by benefit cost ratio of the treatments; M2 V2 (Acaulospora laevis + Vermicompost @ 750 g/m2) and M1 V2 (Glomus mosseae + Vermicompost @ 750 g/m2).

Cost-benefit analysis of Ying Yang Bao (YYB) intervention in 6 to 23 months rural infants

To study on the cost-benefit from anemia and stunting reduction of Ying Yang Bao(YYB) intervention in 6 to 23 months rural infants in the six counties of Shanxi, Hubei and Yunnan provinces. YYB was distributed to 6-23 months infants in 6 counties by YYB nutrition intervention project. The numbers of childhood recovered from stunting and anemia was collected by a designed project monitoring plan. The cost-benefit was analyzed with PROFILING model as a nutritional microeconomic tool. Total numbers of monitored infants was 10 672 while the total cost of YYB intervention was estimated 2.57 million RMB. From 2012 to 2020, the total benefit was 14.92 million RMB from recover of stunting and anemia by YYB project and the average cost-benefit ratio of 6 counties was 1∶5.8. Sensitivity analysis showed the result of this study was stable. The YYB nutrition intervention for infants aged 6-23 months in the six counties of Shanxi, Hubei and Yunnan provinces showed a high cost-benefit ratio.

Impact of Frontline Demonstration on Increasing Productivity and Profitability of Rose

Krishi Vigyana Kendra conducted a frontline demonstration on Integrated crop management in Rose during the year 2017-18 in 10 farmers' holdings of Chikkaballapur district. The crop was grown with integrated crop management practices compared with the farmer's practice. The integrated crop management practices were the application of bioagents (Trichoderma & Pseudomonas) enriched FYM to soil, fertigation, foliar spray of micronutrient mixture, timely pruning techniques, use of yellow sticky cards and use of need based plant protection chemicals to manage thrips and powdery mildew incidence. The results of the demonstration indicated that the demonstration of integrated crop management practices recorded a higher rose yield (127.0 q/ha) compared to farmers' practice (114.0 q/ha). The increase in yield under demonstration over farmer's practice was 11.40 %. The thrips infestation (6.94 %) and powdery mildew incidence (11.45 %) were lower in demonstration and higher in farmer's practice (13.60 % and 20.02 %). The front line demonstration plots fetched a higher net income of Rs.1019250/ha as compared to Rs. 828000/ha with farmer's practice. The higher benefit cost ratio (5.06) was realized in demonstration and lower benefit cost ratio (3.65) was realized in farmer's practice.

Identification of potential chemical fungicides with diverse groups of active ingredient for controlling late blight of potato in Bangladesh

Potato is the third important food crop in Bangladesh and Bangladesh ranked as third and seventh in Asia and in the world, respectively. But potato production greatly affected by the late blight of potato caused by an oomycete, Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary worldwide. Application of need-based fungicides is the key factor to control this disease and to avoid development of fungicide resistance in P. infestans. Experiments were conducted in both in vitro and in field condition to evaluate some selected chemical fungicides to identify the best one to control the late blight disease of potato. The results of in vitro test revealed that all the fungicides inhibited the growth of P. infestans by 94% over control. But the results of field experiment conceded that the lowest late blight severity was found in T10 (Curzate M8) (0.49%) followed by T6 (AcrobateMz) (0.52%), T8 (Micra) (0.59%), T7 (Xtramyl) (0.61%), T3 (Daconyl) (0.84%), T5 (Secure) (1.28%), T9 (Sanoxanyl) (1.43%), T1 (Unilax) (1.83%), T2 (TemperM) (2.58%) and T4 (Amiscore) (6.34%) at 71 DAP while the maximum late blight severity (95.33%) was observed in T0 (water as control). The highest yield was obtained in T10 (Curzate M8) (25.94 t/ha) followed by T6 (AcrobateMz) (25.67 t/ha), T5 (Secure) (25.22 t/ha), T7 (Xtramil) (24.61 t/ha), T8 (Micra) (24.61 t/ha) and T9 (Sanoxanil) (23.67 t/ha) which were statistically similar and the lowest (8.39 t/ha) yield was observed in T0 (water as control). The highest Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) was obtained from when potato plants were sprayed with T10 (Curzate M8) (1.02) following by T7 (Xtramil) (0.99), T8 (Micra) (0.99), T6 (AcrobateMz) (0.92), T9 (Sanoxanil) (0.90), T5 (Secure) (0.89), T1 (Unilax) (0.80), T3 (Daconil) (0.74), T4 (Amiscore) (0.71) and T2 (TemperM) (0.44) compared to control T0 (water as control) (-0.30). The results indicated that application of these fungicides yielded a benefit of Tk. ranged by 0.44 to 1.02 over the investment of Tk. 1.00. Therefore, identification of a number of potential chemical fungicides might be useful in the alternate use of these fungicides against late blight of potato in the field. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2022, 7 (1), 23-35

Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc Nutrition on Fodder Yield and economics of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. walp)

The area test becomes done for the length of Zaid 2021 at Crop concentrates on Farm, part of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj, (U.P). On the surface, the test plot's dirt was sandy topsoil, almost impartial in soil response (pH 7.2), low in natural carbon (0.536%), accessible N (163.42 Kilograms per hectare), to be had P (21. 96 Kilograms per hectare), to be had k (256. 48 Kilograms per hectare). The treatments incorporate three phases of phosphorus (50 Kilograms per ha, 60 Kilograms per ha, and 70 Kilograms per ha) and zinc (15 Kilograms per hectare, 20 Kilograms per hectare, and 25 Kilograms per hectare). The test becomes spread out in a Randomized Block format that incorporates nine treatments and is repeated threefold. The impacts found that the greatest green fodder yield (365.13 q per ha) and dry matter yield (74. 14 q per ha) were recorded with a product of 70 Kilograms per ha P2O5 + 25 Kilograms per ha ZnSO4. be that as it may, the most over the high gross returns (91282.07 INR per ha), net returns (61277.50 INR per ha), and benefit cost ratio (2.04) were gotten highest inside the treatment mix of 70 Kilograms per ha P2O5 + 25 Kilograms per ha ZnSO4.

Design, rapid manufacturing and modeling of a reduced-scale forwarder crane with closed kinematic chain

Forestry cranes are of paramount importance in forestry operations, so considerable efforts have been carried out to improve their performance in recent years. However, all these efforts have focused on automation technology, leaving aside other alternatives for improvement. Among these alternatives is model-based design, which has the potential to be game-changing for the forest industry. Because research on model-based design is almost non-existent for forestry cranes, there are many gaps that should be filled before presenting improved designs of forestry cranes. The purpose of this article is to fill two of those gaps: (1) the high cost-benefit ratio and safety concerns when testing new designs, components or algorithms in industrial-scale forestry cranes and (2) the dynamic modeling of forestry cranes as mechanical systems with closed kinematic chain. Under these premises, this article first presents a reduced-scale platform resembling a forwarder crane with closed-kinematic chain, where the components of the mechanical structure are manufactured with 3D printing technology, and second, the modeling and experimental validation of the reduced-scale forwarder, where the closed kinematic chain is considered as a system of multiple constrained open kinematic chains. For the experimental validation, a comparison between both experimental and simulation results is presented. Results presented in this article broaden the options to design and test new concepts and/or technology to improve forestry cranes performance.