High Anthocyanin Content Research Articles

Investigation of Color and Bioactive Compounds of Different Colors from Pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.) Dried in Hot Air Dryer

The popularity of edible flowers is increasing day by day and new solutions are sought due to their short shelf life. For this purpose, in this study, four different colors of Viola × wittrockiana Gams.; white (Fino Clear White), orange (Delta Pure Orange), bordeaux/mauve rose (Mammoth Rocky Rose), and yellow (Delta Premium Pure Lemon) flowers were dried at drying air temperature of 60, 70, and 80 °C with a convective hot air dryer. Color (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°, ∆E, and BI), drying time and bioactive compounds (Total Phenolic Content (TPC), anthocyanin content (AC), and antioxidant activity (AO) values were measured). The orange flowers showed the fastest drying (78 min at 80 °C). The lowest total color change (∆E) (4.58 at 70 °C) and browning index (BI) (9.58 at 60 °C) values were observed in all drying processes of white flowers. The highest AC was determined in bordeaux flowers in both fresh (2.4 mg malvidin glucoside/g) and dried (25.57 mg malvidin glucoside/g at 60 °C) samples. The AO decreased in all samples depending on the temperature increase, it was found that the most beneficial result in terms of bioactive compounds was the bordeaux flowers dried at drying air temperature of 60 °C.

Mdm-miR858 targets MdMYB9 and MdMYBPA1 to participate anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed apple.

Anthocyanins are important secondary metabolites in plants. They are important for human health because of their antioxidant activities and because their dietary intake reduces the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and tumors. The biosynthesis of anthocyanins and its regulation in fruits and vegetables is a global research hotspot. Compared with cultivated apples, the red-fleshed apple is a relatively new and popular commodity in the market. Previous studies on red-fleshed apples have focused on the basis for the high anthocyanin content and the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin synthesis. In the present study, we focused on the mechanism of microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in red-fleshed apples. We identified a microRNA (miRNA), designated mdm-miR858, that is specifically expressed in the flesh of apple fruit. The expression level of miR858 was significantly lower in red-fleshed apples than in white-fleshed apples. The overexpression of mdm-miR858 significantly inhibited anthocyanin accumulation, whereas the silencing of mdm-miR858 promoted anthocyanin synthesis in STTM858 transgenic apple calli. Further analyses showed that mdm-miR858 targets the transcription factor genes MdMYB9 and MdMYBPA1 to participate anthocyanin accumulation in apple. Our results also show that MdHY5, a transcription factor in the light signaling pathway, can bind to the promoter of mdm-miR858 to inhibit its transcription, thereby regulating anthocyanin synthesis. Based on our results, we describe a novel HY5-miR858-MYB loop involved in the modulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. These findings provide new information about how plant miRNAs regulate anthocyanin anabolism and provide a basis for breeding new anthocyanin-rich, red-fleshed apple varieties.

Pigmentation and Genotype Effects, Phenotypic Stability for Anthocyanins, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in the Corn Tassel

The tassels of corn can be utilized as a co-product for the production of phytochemicals. The objectives were to assess the impact of pigmentation and genotype on the levels of anthocyanins, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, and to determine the phenotypic stability of these traits. Sixteen genotypes were evaluated at two locations over two seasons. Corn genotypes in purple or pink pigmentation group had higher anthocyanin concentration and DPPH radical scavenging activity in tassel than those in normal green group. Tassel color can be used as a selection criterion to improve anthocyanin and antioxidant activity, but the trait is not effective to predict the phenolic concentration in the tassel. Genotype is an important source of variation for all parameters. The sensitivity of corn genotypes with high levels of measured compounds to the environment indicates the importance of choosing suitable locations and seasons for the production of high-quality corn tassels as a co-product of grain and vegetable corn. The findings of this study can be valuable for producers who intend to select genotypes for phytochemical production in corn tassels, as well as to corn breeders who aim to develop improved varieties with high yield and high bioactive phytochemicals in tassel.

Kajian Pemanfaatan Buah Mangsi (Phyllanthus reticulantus poir) sebagai Pewarna alami pada Kain Batik

The need for natural dyes for environmentally safe batik cloth is the reason for exploring the mangosteen fruit plant. The use of synthetic dyes in batik cloth harms the environment in the form of water and soil pollution around the batik production area. Therefore, there is a need for research studies on natural dyes for batik cloth so that they can provide alternative solutions to these environmental problems. This study aims 1) to determine the characteristics of the mangosteen fruit (Phyllanthus reticulates pair) as a source of natural dyes, 2) to determine the stability of the mangosteen fruit (Phyllanthus reticulates pair), 3) to determine the quality of the fabric at the level of color fastness. This study used a completely randomized design, the first step was to determine the concentration of HCl (1%, 1.5%, 2%) and maceration time (30 minutes and 60 minutes). The second stage is testing the stability of the dye against the influence of pH, temperature, and heating time. The third stage is to test the quality of the fabric by testing the color fastness due to washing and dry rubbing. The data from this study will be analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by the BNT test (?=0.05%). The results of the FTIR test showed that in the mangosteen fruit extract, there are functional groups that have similarities to the functional groups contained in the basic structure of anthocyanins. 1% HCl (in 95% ethanol) and 60 minutes of maceration time resulted in the highest anthocyanin content (0.411mg/L) and the highest absorbance (0.918), stable at pH 3, temperature 70º C and heating time 30 minutes, application on fabric with the fixation of the average color fastness test to washing 4 (good) and color fastness test to dry rubbing 4 – 5 (very good).

The effect of choline chloride-butanediol based deep eutectic solvents on ultrasound-assisted extraction, antioxidant activity and stability of anthocyanins extracted from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.

To explore the relation between anthocyanins extraction performance and physicochemical properties of choline chloride (ChCl)-butanediol deep eutectic solvents (DESs), sixty formulas consisting of ChCl with four butanediol isomers (1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, or 1,2-butanediol) at different molar ratios (ChCl/butanediol) and different amounts of water were examined. In this study, 1,3-butanediol was selected as the most promising hydrogen bond donor for the preparation of DESs. The highest anthocyanins content (9.97 ± 0.04 mg/g) was obtained using the DES composed of ChCl and 1,3-butanediol with 1:2 M ratio containing 50% water (DES-2 (50%)) coupled with ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). The anthocyanins extracted by DES-2 (50%) presented highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidation activity (1.88 ± 0.01 μM TE/g DW), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) antioxidation activity (5.10 ± 0.09 μM TE/g DW), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) antioxidation activity (28.39 ± 0.21 μM TE/g DW). Comparative investigations on stability of anthocyanins proved that DES-2 (50%) offers outstanding advantages over acidified ethanol. After storage at 4°C for 6 days, the remaining fraction of the anthocyanins extracted by DES-2 (50%) (92.01 ± 0.52%) was higher than anthocyanins extracted by ethanol (84.25 ± 0.57%).

Stability Kinetics of Anthocyanins of Grumixama Berries (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.) during Thermal and Light Treatments.

Grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.) are red-colored fruits due to the presence of anthocyanins. In this paper, anthocyanin-rich extracts from grumixama were submitted to different temperatures and light irradiations, with the aim of investigating their stabilities. The thermal stability data indicated that a temperature range from 60 to 80 °C was critical to the stability of the anthocyanins of the grumixama extracts, with a temperature quotient value (Q10) of 2.8 and activation energy (Ea) of 52.7 kJ/mol. The anthocyanin-rich extracts of grumixama fruits showed the highest stability during exposure to incandescent irradiation (50 W), followed by fluorescent radiation (10 W). The t1/2 and k were 59.6 h and 0.012 h-1 for incandescent light, and 45.6 h and 0.015 h-1 for fluorescent light. In turn, UV irradiation (25 W) quickly degraded the anthocyanins (t1/2 = 0.18 h and k = 3.74 h-1). Therefore, grumixama fruits, and their derived products, should be handled carefully to avoid high temperature (>50 °C) and UV light exposure in order to protect the anthocyanins from degradation. Furthermore, grumixama fruits showed high contents of anthocyanins that can be explored as natural dyes; for example, by food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In addition, the results of this study may contribute to the setting of processing conditions and storage conditions for grumixama-derived fruit products.

The Borax Test Using Purple Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Var. Ayumurasaki) Extract on Meatball Samples in Banyuwangi District 2022

Borax or sodium biborate is a white crystalline compound that is stable at room temperature. Ii is usually used to make detergents and antiseptics. However, nowadays there is still a lot of borax added to food ingredients to make food chewier, such as tofu, wet noodles, meatballs, ​​chicken, fresh and salted fish. Purple potatoe (Ipomoea batatas Var. Ayumurasaki) has fairly high anthocyanin content, 5.92-402 mg/25 mg of fresh purple potato. Anthocyanins are compounds that are able to detect the presence of borax in food samples because they can break down borax bonds into borax acid by binding it to a blue color. This study aimed to determine the presence of borax in meatball samples in Banyuwangi district using purple potato extract with the maceration and pressing method, then a comparative test was carried out using the test kit method for valid results. The positive control used was borax with a level of 0.02 mg/2 ml, and the negative control used aquadest. The maceration method produced a significant color change when compared to other method, namely bluish green when interacting with borax. The meatball samples in Banyuwangi sub-district showed that all samples were free from borax, this was indicated by the absence of a color change when interacting with the purple sweet potato or the test kit.

Physical Characteristics, Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Ten Organic-Pigmented Rice Varieties from Surin Province

The objective of this study was to investigate the physical characteristics, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity of 10 organic-pigmented rice varieties including Tubtim Chumpae, Niaw Daeng, Nieng Guang, Mali Daeng, Hom Nil, Niaw Dam, Riceberry, Mali Gomain Surin, Malinil Surin, and Pa Ga Am Puen (obtained from Tapthai organic villages, Tha-mo, Prasat, Surin province, Thailand in June, 2021). The physical characteristics investigated included grain length, width, shape, and color in both paddy and unpolished rice. The results revealed that the mean length and width of paddy rice grain varieties ranged from 6.58 to 10.85 mm and 2.12 to 3.27 mm, respectively, while the length and width of unpolished rice grain were 5.94 to 7.53 mm and 1.74 to 2.61 mm, respectively. Most organic-pigmented rice varieties had a slender shape except for Nieng Guang and Niaw Dam, which were moderately shaped. There were 5 colors of paddy rice, including straw, purple, purple straw, black and black furrow on straw background and light purple straw while unpolished rice showed red, dark purple, black, purple, and light brown color. The anthocyanin content, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of different rice varieties showed a significant difference in the range of 4.38 to 77.96 mg/100 g DW, 42.94 to 341.19 mg GAE/100 g DW and 2.71 to 34.77 mM TE/100 g DW, respectively. Niaw Dam exhibited the highest anthocyanin concentrations. The highest total phenolic content was found in Mali Daeng and Nieng Guang, resulting in high antioxidant activity. This study suggested that pigmented rice is rich in phytochemicals and antioxidants. Nieng Guang, in particular, could be promoted for cultivation and beneficial use in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. HIGHLIGHTS Surin province is one of the principal regions with diverse indigenous and commercial rice varieties in Thailand The grain shape of eight varieties of rice, including Tubtim Chumpae, Niaw Daeng, Mali Daeng, Hom Nil, Riceberry, Mali Gomain Surin, Malinil Surin and Pa Ga Am Puen were slender while that of Nieng Guang and Niaw Dam varieties were moderate. The physical aspects of rice indicate its quality, market value and have essential role in selecting, handling, storing, and processing of rice Niaw Dam black rice had a high content of anthocyanin while Mali Daeng and Nieng Guang red rice had the highest content of total phenols, resulting in higher antioxidant activity than the other Pa Ga Am Puen brown rice had the lowest anthocyanin content, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity The basic information of this study might be useful for selecting rice varieties for future rice breeding and provide pigmented rice nutrition information especially indigenous pigmented rice which has potential in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Natural colours could be used as dye to identify Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) eggs

Identification of eggs in grain/flour is critical for managing stored grain pests. Chemical dyes, which are typically used to identify eggs, may irritate skin and eyes. The current study seeks to uncover naturally coloured materials that could be employed as natural stains to differentially colour Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) eggs from the grain. In the current research, the colour, pH, total phenolics, anthocyanin, and flavonoid content were measured in onion, beetroot, turmeric powder, black grapes, and teak leaves’ aqueous extracts. The highest anthocyanin concentration was found in turmeric extracts (1.55 mg equivalent of cyanidin-3-glucoside g−1), while the highest flavonoid level was found in teak extract (12.13 mg equivalent catechine g−1). Total phenols were highest in onion extract (5.03 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1). Beetroot and teak stains might readily colour the flour red and dark brown, respectively while leaving the eggs uncolored. Grape and onion stains gave a slight purplish and light pink colour to the eggs while remaining particles were dark violet and dark pink, respectively. Since the eggs and flour were both coloured yellow, the turmeric stain proved ineffective. Highest percentage of hatchability (80.99%) was observed in original grape extract treatment. Colour and pH of the extracts determined the ability of a natural dye to stain flour, keeping the eggs unstained. The hatched larvae from the stained eggs did not exhibit any morphological alteration, and their growth time was unchanged. These natural dyes are indeed cheap, easily procurable and innocuous and can be sustainable substitutes of chemical dyes.

Effect of Cultural Management and Plant Age on the Yield, °Brix, and Antioxidant Content of Aronia mitschurinii Grown in Maryland.

Aronia mitschurinii is a fruiting plant that has the potential of becoming the next-generation superfood. The fruit contains high concentrations of flavonoids, polyphenols, and anthocyanins, which are known to be powerful antioxidants. The fruit is regarded for its potential to treat oxidative stress diseases like cancer. Recent studies have proven that this fruit contains significantly more antioxidants than the açai berry and even 40 times more than tomatoes. Here, we report results for developing and optimizing the horticultural management program for growing aronia on Maryland small farms to produce the crop with the highest possible antioxidant capacity, based on observations since 2009. This was achieved by analyzing how plant age, fertilizers, mineral soil amendments, and other factors like disease and pest pressure affect the antioxidant content. This data can help in improving sustainability of local farm businesses by providing them with new alternative and highly profitable crops to grow and process. Analysis and comparison of the fruit yield, soluble sugar content (°Brix), pH, total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and total flavonoids of aronia based on two treatment levels of nitrogen fertilizer (3 g N plant-1 year-1 vs 14 g plant-1 year-1) and conventional and organic-based nitrogen are presented. Plants were fertilized with either 127 g (rows A and C) or 27 g (rows B and D) of Bartlett's Boost Natural at the base of each plant. This equated to 14 and 3 g of N, respectively. Average yields of plants given 14 g of organic N were only significantly higher than those given only 3 g of conventional N but not organic N. The yield in all plants increased year by year from 2009 and until 2019 and slightly decreased in 2020. Even though an increase in the anthocyanin content was noted for a lower N rate, the higher N rate would have produced more fruit and hence more anthocyanin per hectare. A higher nitrogen (N) rate positively affected the yield, but not always the phytochemical content. Organic N did not have a positive effect on the phytochemical content. Additionally, we report the cyanide content of aronia fruit in comparison to other fruits.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals biosynthesis genes and transcription factors related to leaf anthocyanin biosynthesis in Aglaonema commutatum

BackgroundAglaonema commutatum ‘Red Valentine’, as a foliage ornamental plant, is widely used for interior and exterior decoration because of its easy cultivation and management. However, reduced proportion of red foliage during large-scale production of A. commutatum seedlings is a frequent occurrence, which has considerable implications on the plant’s ornamental and market value. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear.ResultsTo explore the molecular basis of the variation in leaf color of A. commutatum Red Valentine, we performed transcriptome sequencing with the Illumina platform using two different varieties of A. commutatum, namely Red Valentine and a green mutant, at three different stages of leaf development. We annotated 63,621 unigenes and 14,186 differentially expressed genes by pairwise comparison. Furthermore, we identified 26 anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes. The transcript per million (TPM) values were significantly higher for Red Valentine than for the green mutant in all three developmental stages, consistent with the high anthocyanin content of Red Valentine leaves. We detected positive transcription factors that may be involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis using BLAST and through correlation analysis. Downregulation of these transcription factors may downregulate the expression of anthocyanin genes. We obtained full-length cDNA of the anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulatory genes and constructed phylogenetic trees to ensure accuracy of the analysis.ConclusionsOur study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf variation in A. commutatum Red Valentine and may be used to facilitate the breeding of ornamental cultivars with high anthocyanin levels.

Development of Purple Sweet Potato-Based Ice Cream Product

The popularity of ice cream is increasing in tropical countries such as in Thailand. Purple sweet has high anthocyanin content which provides an attractive purple appearance for ice cream consumption. The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of the ratio of purple sweet potato mash and water, and concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a stabilizer on the properties of ice cream. The different ratios of purple sweet potato mash and water at 40:60, 50:50, and 60:40 were investigated. The results showed that the ratios of purple sweet potato mash and water had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on physical properties. The overrun, a* and b* values, and melting rate decreased with an increase in purple sweet potato mash. There was a significant (p≤0.05) difference in sensory characteristics scores of appearance, taste, texture, and overall acceptance. The scores decreased with an increase in purple sweet potato mash. Therefore, the selected ratio was 40:60 between purple sweet potato mash and water. In another study, the concentration of CMC at 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4% of total ingredients on the properties of ice cream was observed. The results demonstrated that overrun and melting rates decreased with an increase in CMC. In addition, an increase in CMC showed significantly (p≤0.05) superior taste and texture scores. Therefore, the selected condition for product development of purple sweet potato-based ice cream was the ratio of purple sweet potato mash and water at 40:60 and 0.4%CMC.

Comprehensive genomic identification and expression analysis 4CL gene family in apple

To clarify the structural characteristics, phylogeny, biological function and regulation of 4-coumarate-CoAligase (4CL) in anthocyanin synthesis, the 4CL gene family members in apples were identified and bioinformatic analysis was performed. qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression levels of this gene family members in different apple varieties, and the role of the 4CL gene in apple anthocyanin synthesis was preliminaries clarified, which provided a certain theoretical basis for the regulatory network of apple anthocyanin synthesis. The results showed that a total of 69 members of the 4CL gene family were identified in the apple (Malus domestica Brokh.), encoding amino acids ranging from 97 to 2310 with theoretical isoelectric points ranging from 5.28 to 9.84. The 69 4CL family members were distributed on 17 chromosomes in the apple, among which chromosome 17 had the largest distribution (9 members), followed by chromosome 9 (7 members), chromosomes 16 and 14 (6 members each), and chromosomes 15 and 13 (5 members each). The subcellular localization prediction showed that apple 4CL gene family members were mainly expressed in cytoplasm, chloroplast, nucleus and cell membrane, with a small amount of expression in mitochondria, vacuoles, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, golgi and cell matrix, but not in endoplasmic reticulum. The secondary structures are mainly α-helices and irregular coils. Microarray expression profile analysis showed that the expression levels of each member in apple were related to fruit variety and tissue structure, and the expression levels were mainly higher in fruit, flower and leaf. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression level of each member was directly proportional to the degree of fruit coloring and anthocyanin accumulation. The expression levels of Md4CL10 and Md4CL23 in ‘Astar’ (G4) apple fruit skin with the highest anthocyanin content were 516, 20 and 2 times higher than those in ‘Chengji NO.1′ (G1), ‘Golden Delicious’ (G2) and ‘Ruixue’ (G3), respectively.

Phenolic and anthocyanin content characterization related to genetic diversity analysis of Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum Chilotanum Group in southern Chile.

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L) is one of the four most important crops worldwide in production and consumption. It originated from South America along the Andes, where six hotspots of diversity known as subcenters of origin are described from Venezuela to Chiloe Island in Chile, and where the greatest diversity of potatoes in the world is found. Today, the use of ancestral genetic resources has gained significant relevance, recovering and producing foods with a greater nutrient content and beneficial to human health. Therefore, native potatoes possess a set of characteristics with great potential for use in potato breeding guided primarily to produce better feed, especially potatoes of the Chilotanum Group that are easily crossed with conventional varieties. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate 290 accessions of S. tuberosum subsp tuberosum belonging to the Chilotanum Group using a set of molecular markers and correlate them to its phenotypic traits for future use in breeding programs. For this purpose, 290 accessions were analysed through 22 specific microsatellites described previously, correlating them with flesh and skin colour, total phenolic content, and anthocyanin content. A division into groups considering all the 290 accessions resulted in two clusters using STRUCTURE analysis and seven different genetic clusters using UPGMA. The latter exhibited common phenotypic characteristics as well as anthocyanin content, strongly supporting a correlation between phenotypic traits and the genetic fingerprint. These results will enable breeders to focus on the development of potatoes with high polyphenol and anthocyanin content.

Recent Progress in Breeding for Beta-Carotene, Dry Matter Content and Sugar in Sweet potato [Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam]-A Review

In several developing countries, root and tuber crops play a crucial role in food security as well as in agriculture. Based on production and consumption, sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] plays a significant role after potato among the root and tuber crops. Today, sweet potato breeding program focus on multiple purposes. There are four sweet potato breeding platforms (three in Africa) and in SSA there are four breeding centers (three in West Africa). High levels of β‐carotene, phenolics, anthocyanins, vitamins, fiber, dietary, minerals, and other bioactive compounds content depends on the flesh color of sweet potatoes. The orange‐fleshed sweet potato types contain high β‐carotene levels and low dry matter content. White‐cream fleshed color varieties have high dry matter (>30%). The purple‐fleshed sweet potato varieties with attractive color and high anthocyanin content are the most preferred in Asia. Sweet potato with low in sweetness and higher dry matter (28–30%) are the specially of most parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Consuming β‐carotene leads as a viable long‐term food‐based strategy for combating the deficiency vitamin A in the world. The sweet potato dry matter content up of 80-90% carbohydrates and exists in the form of starch and sugars non-starch polysaccharides. The primary contributors to the taste of the sweet potato are sugars and organic acids. The strong flavor and high levels of sweetness may have affected the popularity of sweet potato as a staple food. Due of the negative correlation between traits, breeding for high B-carotene and dry matter with low sugar in one variety has remained a challenge, although it was reported that recurrent mass selection should be possible to accumulate favorable alleles so that progress can be made over.

Changes in the Composition of Biologically Active Compounds during the Ripening Period in Fruit of Different Large Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) Cultivars Grown in the Lithuanian Collection.

In our investigation, we evaluated the content of chlorogenic acid, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, triterpenoids, and phytosterols in cranberry fruit extracts of the cultivars ‘Baifay’, ‘Early Black’, ‘Howes’, ‘Pilgrim’, ‘Red Star’, and ‘Stevens’ grown in Lithuania, as well as changes in the antioxidant activity in extracts of fruit samples of these cultivars during the period of berry maturation. The highest amount of proanthocyanidins (8.87 ± 0.57 mg EE/g EE) and flavonols (3688.52 ± 22.85 µg/g) was determined in cranberries of the cultivar ‘Howes’ harvested on 12 August. Remarkably, the highest anthocyanins content (9628.62 ± 266 µg/g) was determined in cranberries of the cultivar ‘Howes’ harvested on 22 October. The study showed that the content of phytochemical compounds in cranberries varied between 12 August and 22 October; the content of proanthocyanidins decreased by a factor of about 2, the content of chlorogenic acid decreased by a factor of about 1.3, the content of flavonols decreased by a factor of about 2, and the content of anthocyanins increased by 27 to 450 times. A strong correlation was found between the total proanthocyanidin content of cranberry fruit extracts and their in vitro antiradical and reducing activity (r = 0.781 and 0.726, respectively, p < 0.001). The data of our study detail the accumulation of the phytochemical composition of biologically active compounds in cranberry samples during the stages of maturity, therefore these data are significant for the assessment of harvest time of cranberry and can be applied to select cranberry cultivars for further cultivation in Lithuanian climatic conditions.

Dietary supplements as a source of anthocyanins

Currently, dietary supplements of plant origin based on raw materials containing anthocyanins are widely used. These compounds belong to the class of flavonoids and are glycosides of the flavylic cation. The properties of anthocyanins are associated with their hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity. The total content of anthocyanins should be taken into account when developing recipes for dietary supplements. The qualitative composition of individual anthocyanins is an important criterion for the authenticity of this type of product. The purpose of the research was to study anthocyanin content and composition in some dietary supplements that have undergone the procedure of state registration. Material and methods. 34 samples of dietary supplements based on raw materials containing anthocyanins were analyzed. Determination of the total content of anthocyanin pigments was carried out by differential spectrophotometry. The qualitative composition of individual anthocyanins (anthocyanin profile) was determined by reverse-phase HPLC with photometric detection at 510 nm. The peaks of individual compounds were identified by comparing the chromatogram of the sample with experimental and literary data on the order of elution of the most common anthocyanins. Results. The total content of anthocyanins in the analyzed samples varied in a wide range - from 0.013 to 20.8 mg per serving. The study of the anthocyanin profile showed compliance with the declared composition except two samples: in the first, acai extract was used instead of blueberry extract, in the second, black currant extract instead of acai extract. Despite the presence of anthocyanins in the vast majority of dietary supplements studied, only 33% of them can be positioned as sources of anthocyanins. Conclusion. The use of purified extracts with a high content of anthocyanins could solve the problem of low concentration of bioactive compounds in dietary supplements. The conducted research confirms the need for careful monitoring of the content of anthocyanin pigments in products.

Natural pigments in fruit and vegetable juices: the content of anthocyanins, carotenoids and betalaines

The color of the juice is determined by the color of the corresponding fruit or vegetable from which the juice is made. The color of a fruit or vegetable, in turn, is determined by the presence of natural coloring pigments - secondary plant metabolites, which include mainly anthocyanins, carotenoids and betalains. These substances, in addition to bright colors, give the juices properties that largely provide a positive effect on health. The quantitative content of these pigments in juices (especially in commercially produced juices, the most commonly consumed by the population at present) is important for understanding of the contribution of that juices in real intake of these bioactive compounds with diet. The purpose of the work was to study the content of anthocyanins, carotenoids and betalaines in juices a nd nectars (cherry, pomegranate, red grapes, tomato, carrot, peach and vegetable juices containing red beetroot) widely represented on the Russian market. Material and methods. The content of natural coloring pigments was determined by HPLC: anthocyanins - according to GOST 32709-2014 "Juice products. Methods for the determination of anthocyanins», carotenoids - in accordance with R 4.1.1672-03 "Guidelines for methods of quality control and safety of biologically active food supplements", betalains by revised IFU method of analysis No 71 (rev. 2023) "Anthocyanins and Betalains by HPLC". The results of measurements in 66 samples selected from Russian retail chains were analyzed. Results. The highest content of anthocyanins (in terms of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) was found in cherry nectars - an average of 11.4 mg/100 cm3, lower values were obtained for red grape juices (an average of 2.5 mg/100 cm3) and pomegranate juices (0.9 mg/100 cm3). In tomato juices, in addition to lycopene (7.0-14.1 mg/100 cm3), β-carotene was found in an amount of 0.3- 1.2 mg/100 cm3. In carrot juices, the content of β-carotene was at the level of 5.7-12.5 mg/100 cm3, in peach nectars - 0.14- 0.38 mg/100 cm3. The highest concentrations of betalains were found in directly pressed red beet juice at a level of 156.2 mg/100 cm3, with a predominance of betacyanins (99.4 mg/100 cm3) over betaxanthins (56.8 mg/100 cm3). The content of betacyanins decreased to 51.5 mg/100 cm3 in directly pressed lacto-fermented juice and to 2-3 mg/100 cm3 in multi-vegetable juices; betaxanthins were not detected in these samples. Conclusion. The study showed high levels of natural coloring substances - anthocyanins, carotenoids and in some extent betalains in juice products. A serving (200 cm3) of cherry nectar can provide up to 100% of an adequate daily intake of anthocyanins, a serving of red grape juice and a serving of pomegranate juice can provide up to 20% and up to 10%, respectively. The content of β-carotene in a serving of carrot juice is several times higher than the daily requirement for adults; a serving of peach nectar contains up to 10% of the daily requirement for β-carotene. Tomato juice is rich in lycopene, this carotenoid content in a serving is several times higher than the adequate daily intake, while the content of β-carotene is also at a high level - up to 50% of the daily requirement for this substance. Despite the fact that direct data on the adequate daily intake of betalains have not yet been established, relatively high concentrations of betalains, especially in directly pressed red beet juices, determine their significant potential in increasing the nutritive value of the diet through beet-based juices intake.

Uso potencial de folhas de batata-doce para consumo humano

Abstract The objective of this work was to select sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) genotypes with leaves with potential to be used for human consumption. Twenty-six experimental genotypes and four commercial cultivars were tested in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and ten plants per plot. The trial was carried out in the municipality of Lavras, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Leaf shape and lobe, aerial-part yield, edible-leaf yield, edible-leaf percentage, edible-leaf dry mass, and latex production, as well as leaf total chlorophyll, pH, soluble solids contents, titratable acidity, total phenolic compounds, and anthocyanin contents, were evaluated. Roots were characterized as to their pulp and peel colors. Fifteen genotypes presented the highest aerial-part (29.6 to 51.8 Mg ha-1) and edible leaf (7.8 to 12.7 Mg ha-1) yields. In the biochemical analysis, high contents of chlorophyll, total phenolics, and anthocyanins were observed. In addition, pH, soluble solids, and leaf titratable acidity did not differ significantly among the evaluated genotypes. Leaves of ten genotypes are recommended for human consumption.

안토시아닌 조성이 다른 베리류 3종의 열안정성 비교

Anthocyanins are natural pigments responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors in berries. The stability of anthocyanins can be affected by various factors, such as pH, temperature, and other components. This study investigated the degradation kinetics of anthocyanins in representative berries. Among the most consumed berries in the Korean population, black chokeberry, black mulberry, and blueberry were chosen due to their high anthocyanin contents. The berries contained anthocyanins with different aglycones and sugar moieties as follows: cyanidin-3-galactoside (63%) and cyanidin-3-arabinoside (30%) in black chokeberries, cyanidin-3-glucoside (70%) and cyanidin-3-rutinoside (25%) in black mulberries, and malvidin-3-galactoside (35%), malvidin-3-arabinoside (16%), and delphinidin-3-galactoside (14%) in blueberries. After heating at 100℃ for 60 min, the degradation of anthocyanins was highest in the black chokeberries (62%), followed by blueberries (54%) and black mulberries (50%). Within the same aglycone, glycosylated anthocyanins with glucose had higher retention compared to those with galactose or arabinose. Lightness (LSUP*/SUP) showed a tendency to increase with increasing heating time. Color difference (ΔESUP*/SUP) was lowest in the black mulberries and highest in the blueberries. These results indicate that the thermal stability of anthocyanins was in the following order: black mulberry blueberry black chokeberry.