High Concentrations Of Zinc Research Articles

Nutrient content and in vitro degradability of the palm kernel meal produced in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, as feed for ruminants

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional content of palm kernel meal (PM) produced in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, as feed for ruminants. Design/Methodology/Approach: The following were determined: content of dry matter (DM), total protein (TP), ethereal extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), amino acids, long chain fatty acids (LCFA), minerals, polyphenols, and the in vitro degradability of DM (IDDM), of the NDF (IDNDF), and of the ADF (IDADF). Results: The contents were: DM 92.23%, TP 10.56%, EE 7.2%, ash 3,09%, NDF 76,56% and ADF 57,20%. The PM had low concentration of lysine (0.3%), methionine (0.228%) and tryptophan (0.095%), and high contents of lauric acid (50.49%), palmitic acid (10.92%), stearic acid (19.725%), oleic acid (13.56%), copper (23.3 mg kg-1), iron (230.5 mg kg-1), zinc (78.47 mg kg-1) and total phenols (7.8 mg g-1), although the IDDM (46.02%), IDNDF (29.91%) and IDADF (27.61%) were low. Findings/Conclusions: The PM, as byproduct of the oil agroindustry, has some important nutritional characteristics to be used as feed for ruminants. It is recommended to conduct a chemical analysis of this byproduct before including it in balanced meals to have an adequate balance of nutrients

Comparative transcriptome analysis to investigate the mechanism of anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of zinc

As a potential anti-Helicobacter pylori agent, zinc causes impairment of Helicobacter pylori growth, and this property of zinc is of broad interest to biological investigators. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which zinc inhibits the growth of Helicobacter pylori. Here, an in vitro experiment revealed that zinc at specific concentrations inhibits Helicobacter pylori growth. Furthermore, an RNA sequencing-based investigation of the global regulatory response to zinc revealed that exposure to zinc altered the Helicobacter pylori transcriptional profile in numerous ways. A high concentration of zinc induced the upregulation of genes related to ribosomal subunit, ribosome biosynthesis, chaperone and adhesins. However, flagellar assembly genes and some type IV secretion system genes were repressed. In addition, the expression levels of some genes that encode transporters of metal ions and that play key roles in Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity were altered under conditions of zinc-induced stress. In summary, high concentrations of zinc initiated antimicrobial activity to Helicobacter pylori under the combined effect of multiple repressed or altered pathogenetic genes and metabolic pathways associated with bacteria growth. This result has significant implications for understanding not only the antimicrobial activity mechanism of zinc but also the role of zinc-mediated homeostasis in Helicobacter pylori.

ПОДВИЖНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В ТЕХНОЗЕМАХ ХВОСТОХРАНИЛИЩА НЕРЧИНСКОГО ПОЛИМЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКОГО КОМБИНАТА

Contamination of soils adjacent to the tailings storage facility of the Nerchinsk Polymetallic Complex (East Transbaikalia) is caused by the behaviour of Aeolian processes in a dry sharply continental climate. The studied territory is characterized by a high gross content (mg/kg) of zinc up to 5000, arsenic up to 1400, lead up to 600, cadmium up to 36, antimony up to 30. The method of sequential extraction in static mode was used to determine the ion-exchange water- and acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable, residual forms of elements. The elements of physical-chemical mobility and bioavailability are arranged in the following series according to their decreasing sequence Zn>Mn>Pb>Ni>Cu>As>Fe. The rhizosphere (root zone) of plants is characterized by the content of oxidized forms of copper, zinc, lead and hard-to-reach forms of arsenic, iron, nickel exceeding that in technosols.

Short-Term Effects of Critical Metal Concentrations on Usnic Acid Production in Cladonia rangiferina

Cladonia rangiferina is a lichen that produces usnic acid, a selectively toxic biomolecule, allowing the lichen to protect itself from predators and regulate populations of microorganisms, other fungi, and animals in its vicinity. Unfortunately, metal pollution associated with human industrial activity has hindered C. rangiferina’s metabolism, as indicated by its decreasing population in areas with high metal concentrations. It was unclear whether C. rangiferina’s ability to produce usnic acid was also hindered in polluted environments and whether the type of metal pollutant led to different effects. A short-term experimental study was used to isolate the effects of concentrated copper, nickel, and zinc ions on this metabolic pathway. It was found that nickel (+2) does not significantly affect usnic acid production, whereas even small concentrations of copper (+2) dramatically reduce it. Meanwhile, the concentration of zinc (+2) seems to be negatively correlated with usnic acid production in the short term. This means that priority regions for C. rangiferina population restoration projects include areas with critically high concentrations of copper and zinc, but not nickel. Further research is needed to a) explain how usnic acid synthesis changed rapidly under varying copper conditions compared to zinc and b) identify changes to this molecule’s synthesis under a combination of metal stresses. This study could clarify the metabolic pathway of usnic acid production and refine plans for artificial dispersal (a lichen conservation method).

Enlarged Zn Content Improves Fatigue Crack Propagation Resistance of Two Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloys with Multiple Aging Tempers

Fatigue crack propagation is closely associated to the chemical composition of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys. In this work, two Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with a variation of zinc content was investigated and multiple aging treatments were exerted on them and a same regime was selected for further fatigue analysis by tensile property tests. The corresponding precipitation characteristics and fracture surface were observed. The results showed that the alloy with lower zinc content (LZ alloy) possessed an inferior strength value compared with the alloy with higher zinc content (HZ alloy) under the same three stage aging treatments while the elongation had no obvious difference. In contrast, the LZ alloy had a higher fatigue crack propagation rate than the HZ alloy. The observation of fracture surface also proved it. The precipitation observation demonstrated that both had GP zones and η' phase, which possessed the majority. Quantitative analysis of precipitates exhibited that the HZ alloy had a larger proportion of large size precipitates than the LZ alloy. The mechanism of the interaction between dislocation and precipitate was employed to elaborate the difference.

Comparison of zinc levels in the various biosubstrates of patients with unstable atherosclerotic plaque.

The article describes the content and comparative characteristics of zinc level in the hair, biopsies of carotid atherosclerotic plaques (AP) and serum in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. The highest concentration of zinc is found in hair compared to the AP and serum. Zinc levels is higher in AP than in the serum. It is noteworthy that the level of zinc in biopsies of unstable AP was lower compared to the level of zinc in hair.

Bandgap engineering of [formula omitted

CdZnTe (CZT) detectors with more than 10% zinc content did not show any remarkable improvement in the detector performance due to the additional defects introduced by the higher zinc content. However, recent research showed that the formation of defects was suppressed effectively by adding a small amount of selenium (at. 2%) in CZT. On this basis, we attempted to enhance the detector performance through the bandgap engineering by increasing the zinc content up to 25%, while adding 2% of selenium. Multiple CdZnTeSe (CZTS) ingots with Zn = 10, 12.5, 15, and 20%, while keeping the Se contents at 2%, were grown by the Bridgman method. The bandgap of CZTS for the different Zn and Se contents was analyzed and then introduced modified equation for predicting more accurately the bandgap of other alloy compositions. Also, the crystallinity of CZTS was evaluated by photoluminescence measurements. The pulse height spectra for Am-241 and Co-57 sources were used to evaluate the detector performance for the CZTS samples.

Rising Demand for Healthy Foods-Anthocyanin Biofortified Colored Wheat Is a New Research Trend.

Wheat is a vital and preferred energy source in many parts of the world. Its unique processing quality helps prepare many products such as bread, biscuit, pasta, and noodles. In the world of rapid economic growth, food security, in terms of nutritional profile, began to receive more significant interest. The development of biofortified colored wheat (black, purple, and blue) adds nutritional and functional health benefits to the energy-rich wheat. Colored wheat exists in three forms, purple, blue, and black, depending upon the types and position of the anthocyanins in wheat layers, regulated by the bHLH-MYC transcription factor. Colored wheat lines with high anthocyanin, iron, and zinc contents showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and possessed desirable product-making and commercial utilization features. The anthocyanin in colored wheat also has a broad spectrum of health implications, such as protection against metabolic syndromes like obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The idea of developing anthocyanin-biofortified wheat shapes human beings' lifestyles as it is a staple food crop in many parts of the world. This review is a compilation of the currently available information on colored wheat in the critical aspects, including biochemistry, food processing, nutrition, genetics, breeding, and its effect on human health. Market generation and consumer awareness creation are vital challenges for its exploitation as a function food on a large scale.

Zinc and copper supplements enhance trichloroethylene removal by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida in water

ABSTRACT The effects of two microelements, zinc and copper, on the aerobic co-metabolic removal of trichloroethylene (10 mg/L) by the isolate Pseudomonas plecoglossicida were investigated. The strain was previously isolated from a petroleum-contaminated site using toluene (150 mg/L) as substrate. Different concentrations (1, 10 and 100 mg/L) of microelements provided with SO4 2− and Cl− were tested. The results showed the supplement of Zn2+ and Cu2+ at the low concentration (1 mg/L) significantly enhanced cell growth. The removal efficiencies for toluene and trichloroethylene were also enhanced at the low concentration (1 mg/L) of Zn2+ and Cu2+. Compared to the control without zinc supplement, higher concentrations of zinc (10 and 100 mg/L) enhanced the removal efficiencies for both toluene and trichloroethylene in the first three days but showed some inhibitory effect afterward. However, the higher concentrations of Cu2+ (10 and 100 mg/L) always showed inhibitory to the toluene removal while showing inhibitory to the TCE removal after three days. For both Zn2+ and Cu2+, the anions SO4 2− and Cl− did not show significant difference in their effects on the toluene removal. A possible mechanism for Zn2+ and Cu2+ to enhance the removal of toluene and trichloroethylene would be their involvement in toluene oxygenase-based transformation processes. In addition, high concentrations of Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions could be removed from the liquid by the cells accordingly. The results imply a potential of supplementing low concentrations of zinc and copper to enhance bioremediation of the sites co-contaminated with toluene and trichloroethylene.

Morphological and chemical plant traits associated with feeding non-preference to adult of Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in soybean genotypes.

Diabrotica speciosa is an important pest of several crops in South America, including soybeans. Adults cause severe defoliation in soybean plants, and damage is significant when cotyledons are attacked. This study evaluated feeding non-preference to D. speciosa adults using 10 soybean genotypes, testing (i) 15-day-old whole plants and (ii) leaf disks of 60-day-old plants, through assessments of soybean attractiveness and leaf area consumed (LAC). Foliar contents of flavonoids and nutrients, and leaf trichome density were quantified for potential correlations with soybean resistance to adult of D. speciosa. In the whole young-plant experiment, under free-choice conditions, the lowest LAC was observed in IAC 100 and PI 227687. In no-choice, PI 227687 and IGRA RA 626 RR showed lower LAC than the other genotypes. In the leaf disk test, in free-choice, the genotypes IAC 100, PI 274454, PI 227687, DM 339, and BR 16 were the least preferred by adult of D. speciosa. In no-choice, PI 274454 was one of the least preferred, similarly to IGRA RA 626 RR, Dowling, and PI 227687. In the whole plant experiment, a high rutin content and low amounts of zinc, calcium, sulfur and manganese were associated with less consumption of D. speciosa on leaves of resistant genotypes. In contrast, in the leaf disk test there was a significant influence of trichomes in soybean resistance to the pest. In conclusion, the PI lines herein assessed are also promising sources for developing cultivars resistant to D. speciosa.

Effect of Cooking Methods on The Physicochemical and Organoleptic Properties of Inpari IR Nutrizinc and Inpari 45 Rice Varieties

People usually cook rice in various methods, such as using steamer, rice pot and rice cooker. The Inpari IR Nutrizinc variety is claimed to be Zn-rich rice. The quality needs to be traced after it is cooked into steamed rice. This research aim was to study the effect of cooking methods on physicochemical and organoleptic properties of Inpari IR Nutrizinc and Inpari 45 rice varieties. The research design used was factorial randomized block design with 2 treatments i.e., cooking methods (steamer, rice pot and rice cooker) and rice varieties (Inpari IR Nutrizinc and Inpari 45), repeated three times. Results showed that the cooking method by using rice cooker was able to maintain the nutrition better than other treatments. Steamed rice from Inpari IR Nutrizinc has higher nutritional value than steamed rice from Inpari 45 variety, it contained of 54.88% moisture, 0.19% ash, 0.07% fat, 6.03% protein, 38.83% carbohydrate and 14.89 ppm zinc. Consumption of rice with high protein and Zinc content can support government programs in reducing stunting prevalence in Indonesia

Aluminum–nitrogen co‐doping improves the blue emission of ZnO films: A combined theoretical–experimental study

AbstractThe investigation on visible emission of ZnO is necessary due its potential application in electrochemical communication, biosensor, and white light diodes, and so forth. Previous report indicates that the visible light of ZnO is related to the defect type and concentration. It can be regulated by various methods. However, quenching of light emission occurs if too many defects are introduced. In this work, combined with theoretical calculation about energy band structure, aluminum–nitrogen co‐doped ZnO is conducive to form p‐type semiconductor, but aluminum doped ZnO films tend to form a deep n‐type semiconductors. Therefore, in the experiment, aluminum–nitrogen co‐doped ZnO films are prepared using radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The substitution of oxygen using nitrogen impurity is expected to introduce more oxygen vacancies and interstitial zinc defects related to visible light emission. At the same time, annealing in vacuum is also a highly non‐equilibrium processes with low oxygen and high zinc contents. Results indicate that combined with aluminum–nitrogen co‐doping and an appropriate annealing temperature, the blue and blue‐green emission of ZnO films can be greatly improved.

Agronomic Biofortification of Zinc and Iron on Yield Potential and Zinc Fortification in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties under Arid Western Plains Zone of Rajasthan

Background: According to the World Health Organization on worldwide prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, zinc deficiency ranked 11th amongst twenty most important factors in the world, whereas zinc and iron deficiency ranks 5th and 6th respectively, amongst ten most important factors in developing countries. Among micronutrients, zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) deficiency in human nutrition are wide spread in Asian developing countries including India. Therefore, agronomic biofortification is easiest and immediate effective method for enriching seed with zinc and iron, which could relieve malnutrition issues in developing countries, particularly in India. Methods: A field trial was carried out to study the agronomic biofortification of zinc and iron in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties under Arid Western Plains Zone of Rajasthan. Growing of two varieties namely GNG-1581 and RSG-974 and seven fortification treatments included various doses of zinc and iron were assigned under FRBD and trial was carried out at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) during rabi season of 2019-20. Result: The results revealed that significantly higher yield attributes and yield viz. pods plant-1 and 100-grain weight were produced under the RSG-974, while higher number of seeds pod-1 as well as seed, stover and biomass yield along with higher zinc contents and their uptakes were noticed in chickpea variety GNG-1581 under application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (SA) + 0.5% FeSO4 (FA).

Trace metal accumulation in tissues of wedge clams from sandy habitats of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast

The aim of the present study was to carry out an initial screening of trace metals bioaccumulation in soft tissues of the wedge clam (Donax trunculus Linnaeus, 1758) from different localities of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal area and to evaluate the bioindicator potential of this species. Wedge clams were collected in June and September 2020 from sublittoral sandy habitats at different localities of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Soft tissues of individual clams were digested with nitric acid followed by ICP-OES analytical determination. The content of trace metals in the wedge clams differed significantly amongst localities. Higher metal content was present in wedge clams from Sveti Vlas, Shkorpilovtsi, Slanchev Bryag, Ahtopol and Kranevo. The highest values of lead (Pb) (2.51 mg/kg) and cadmium (Cd) (0.32 mg/kg) were found in samples from Sveti Vlas and the highest concentration of copper (Cu) (34.12 mg/kg), iron (Fe) (269.52 mg/kg) and nickel (Ni) (0.32 mg/kg) were detected in wedge clams from Shkorpilovtzi. Maximum content of chromium (Cr) (0.58 mg/kg) was present in samples from Slanchev Bryag, together with high values of Fe. The highest concentration of zinc (Zn) (18.04 mg/kg) together with high values of Cr and Fe were measured in wedge clams from Irakli. In conclusion, the wedge clams from the localities known to have higher coastal inflows and touristic pressures, i.e. Varna, Shkorpilovtzi, Sveti Vlas, Slanchev Bryag and Ahtopol accumulated significantly higher metal elements in their tissues. Only few significant seasonal differences in the concentration of metal elements in wedge clams were present and the observed seasonal variations were probably connected to the hydrological parameters of the ecosystems. The wedge clam D. trunculus is a suitable bioindicator for assessment and monitoring of metal pollution in the Bulgarian Black Sea environment.

Diagnosis of the nutritional status of coffee tree according to fruit phenology

The appropriate time for leaf collection to evaluate the nutritional status of the coffee tree should be carried out when the nutrient is in higher levels in the leaves, which may vary according to the phenological stage of the fruits. Macro and micronutrients do not show the same pattern regarding the period of highest leaf content. Therefore, it is coherent to define different times of leaf collection for each nutrient. The objective of this study was to verify the most suitable times for collecting leaves to evaluate the nutritional status of coffee plants based on the phenological development of coffee fruits. The experiment was carried out in a commercial field, in which six coffee cultivars were used (Acauã Novo, Bourbon Amarelo, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144, Catucaí 20/15, IAC 125 RN and IPR 100). The collections were carried out in four phenological phases of coffee fruit development (floral bud maturation, chumbinho, fruit expansion, and fruit granulation). The periods with the highest concentrations varied based on the phenological stages of the fruits, and differences in concentrations were also observed between the cultivars examined. The highest zinc concentration in the leaves was observed in the maturation phase of the floral bud. Foliar collection for the diagnosis of the nutritional state of the coffee plant should be done for each nutrient based on the phenology of the fruits.

Improving the quality of traditional Iranian bread by using sourdough and optimizing the fermentation conditions

The aim of this study was to improve the quality and nutritional value of Barbari bread using sourdough and whole wheat-barley flour. To optimize the fermentation condition, the effect of sourdough content (15–30%), temperature (30–45 °C), and time (30–120 min) of fermentation on Barbari bread characteristics (specific volume, porosity, textural characteristics, phytic acid and sensory properties) were investigated. The optimal conditions obtained by the model for the production of Barbari bread were found 30.00% sourdough, 39.39 °C temperature, and 55.81 min fermentation time. Under optimal condition, the overall acceptance, hardness, gumminess, chewability, volume, porosity, and phytic acid were 3.63, 38.58 N, 24.61 N, 193.50 N/mm, 1.69%, 17.71%, and 0.151%, respectively, which was consistent with experimental data. The phytic acid content significantly decreased by increasing sourdough and fermentation time, which resulted in the highest content of zinc and iron content.

Evaluating macro‐ and micro‐mineral contents and agronomic traits of Turkish oat landraces

AbstractThe cultivated oat (Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina Coch.) is an important annual cereal and forage plant. A large collection of historical oat landraces gathered from different diversity centers is maintained in various seed banks. A historical oat collection consisted of 174 Turkish landraces were evaluated for agronomic performance and mineral nutrient content. The experiment was arranged in an augmented design with six replications of 10 check cultivars and 29 landraces in each block. The most important finding of the study was that the landraces manifested a wide range of variation in all agronomic traits and that some historical landraces outperformed the check cultivars. Since it was dry for the grain‐filling period (GFP) in 2019, some drought‐tolerant landraces were identified. In addition, the top 10 landraces for yield and mineral content were also identified based on each year's performance as well as on the 3‐yr average. The landrace TL69/PI411401 was found to be prominent for high calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) content; TL86/PI167378 for Ca, P, potassium (K), and iron (Fe) contents; and TL71/PI411414 for Ca, P, B, and Zn content.

Thermodynamic modeling of zinc recovery from ferrous metallurgy sludge

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises continuously fill dumps with steelmaking and blast furnace sludge with high zinc content. Sludge occupying significant territories of enterprises is not involved in production and harms the environment. Since zinc leads to the formation of deposits in the blast furnace, manufacturers cannot involve this sludge in sinter processing. In addition, working with sludge can lead to problems such as decrease in iron content in the sinter, decrease in productivity of sintering machines, and increase in fluctuations in the sinter chemical composition. At the same time, zinc-containing sludge can become a valuable secondary product. Zinc remains a scarce metal, which encourages the development of technologies for processing zinc-containing materials. Extraction of zinc from sludge is difficult because it is not in oxide, but in sulfate or sulfide forms. In this paper, the possibilities of zinc extraction from sludge using the FactSage software package are evaluated. The authors present results of thermodynamic calculations of the possibility of zinc extraction from four types of sludge from two Russian ferrous metallurgical plants – EVRAZ NTMK and MECHEL. The data of chemical and phase analyses of this sludge are considered, as well as simulated graphs of zinc extraction dependencies from them. The graphs were built on basis of the received data from FactSage package. Addition of the reducing agent to the sludge varied, as well as temperature of the process. In addition, the possibility of abandoning carbon as a reducing agent was evaluated. To save the reducing agent, an optimal mixture of the company’s sludge was selected, in which coke consumption can be minimized.

Effective detection of ZnO in nicotine using butterfly wing scales

This study aimed to elucidate the optical functions of naturally butterfly wing scales via precise control of morphology as an effective photonic sensor and confirm the content of metal oxide nanoparticles in surrounding nicotine. Metal oxide nanoparticles mixed with nicotine were deposited on the wing scales through the spin-coating method and hence investigated using optical microscopy and spectroscopy. Experimental results demonstrated that absorption intensities of ZnO and TiO2 mixed with nicotine on Danaus genutia were remarkably enhanced. Due to the relatively high concentration of zinc found in e-cigarette aerosol, the intensity of ZnO/nicotine modelled as aerosol adsorption on Danaus genutia, further held a certain linear relationship with the concentration of ZnO. The limit of detection of ZnO was as low as 1 nM. The working mechanism of our sensor was explained through the molecular adsorption after H-bond formation of ZnO/nicotine molecules as high-index materials on the wing scales of Danaus genutia without aggregation. This photonic sensor is an alternative to the present-day methods for the rapid test of ZnO content, which is very simple without complicated instrumentation. Furthermore, our method might become a starting point for the advancement of portable instruments for onsite ZnO detection.

Changes in the biochemical parameters of soybeans depending on the growing conditions

The results of the analysis of changes in biochemical parameters of soybeans depending on growing conditions are presented. The object of the study was samples of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) of the Lydia variety and wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) forms of KA-1344 grown on natural soils (control and with a high content of heavy metals). The analysis was carried out in leaves, stems, roots, flowers and seeds of cultivated and wild soybeans in the phase of the first triple leaf, flowering and fruiting. The content of malonic dialdehyde and the specific activity of acid phosphatase were determined by spectrophotometric method, the activity of peroxidase – by colorimetric method, the content of zinc, copper and lead – by atomic absorption. Electrophoretic spectra of acid phosphatase were detected by electrophoresis on columns of 7.5% polyacrylamide gel. Identification of zones with enzymatic activity on the gel was carried out by appropriate histochemical methods. It has been established that the cultivation of soybeans on soil with a high content of zinc, copper and lead leads to their accumulation in the organs of soybeans. The highest content of the studied metals is found in the roots. Growing soybeans on soil with a high content of zinc, copper and lead led to an increase in the specific activity of peroxidase in its organs. At the same time, the content of malonic dialdehyde in cultivated soybeans significantly increased only in stems during the phase of the first triple leaf and in roots during the flowering phase, and in wild soybeans in leaves, stems and roots during the phase of the first triple leaf and in stems during the flowering phase. It has been revealed that the flowers have the maximum specific activity of acid phosphatase. Cultivated soybeans, under conditions of increased zinc, copper and lead content in the soil, were characterized by an increase in the specific activity of acid phosphatase and the appearance of new multiple forms. For wild soybeans, in general, there was a decrease in the specific activity of acid phosphatase and an increase in the number of multiple forms of the enzyme.