Highest Catechin Content Research Articles

Assessment of genetic fidelity of Dioscorea bulbifera L. and Dioscorea hirtiflora Benth. and medicinal bioactivity produced from the induced tuberous roots

Wild tubers of Dioscorea bulbifera (Db) and Dioscorea hirtiflora (Dh) mainly used as sources of famine food and in herbal preparations are often indiscriminately collected in Africa and Asia. Therefore, there is the need to complement wild sourcing of the tubers to promote their conservation. The present study reports in vitro tuberous induction (80%) for the first time from Dh cultured on MS + NAA (2.5 mg/L) with IC50 of 472.5 ± 1.77 µg/mL using DPPH, whereas tuberous root (60%) from Db on MS + Kn (2.5 mg/L) + NAA (0.25 mg/L) had IC50 of 26.97 ± 1.00 µg/mL. Genetic fidelity assessment of in vitro plants compared to the wild plants revealed similar amplicon size of amplified DNA using trnH–psbA and rbcL. Similarly, micromorphological diagnostic features like oil gland, crystals (raphides), trichome and stomata type were obtained from the epidermal peels of the wild and in vitro plants. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of the flesh of Dh (wild) had the highest catechin content (108.3 ± 0.69 µg/g DW). Protocatechuic acid was highest in the methanol (MeOH) extract of the flesh of Dh (0.42 ± 0.02 µg/g DW), while it was detected in trace amount in the in vitro tuberous roots of MeOH extracts of Dh treated with NAA. The in vitro protocol developed in this study could be employed to multiply Dioscorea bulbifera L. and Dioscorea hirtiflora Benth. to offer genetically stable clones for the optimization of bioactive compounds and germplasms conservation.

Tropical fruit peel powders as functional ingredients: Evaluation of their bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity

Fruit by-products such as peel often contain more bioactive compounds than the edible portion. Extracts of eleven tropical fruit peels were found to have high bioactive compound contents and high antioxidant activity. Green sugar apple and purple sugar apple peels had the highest total phenolics content, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity values. Total flavonoids and total phenolic compounds content were highly correlated to antioxidant activity as quantified by the ABTS, DPPH and reducing power assays. The three antioxidant activity assays were highly correlated (P⩽0.05) (ABTS vs. DPPH, R=0.98; ABTS vs. Reducing power, R=0.97; DPPH vs. Reducing power, R=0.96). Purple sugar apple peel had the highest catechin content. The eleven analysed tropical fruit peels are promising sources of bioactive ingredients with antioxidant properties and potential applications in the design of functional foodstuffs or as food preservatives.

Polyphenolic Compound from Vitis vinifera L. have Potential for the Alzheimer Disease Treatment

Background: Grape marc and the wine cakes are known for high content of catechins, which have been reported to have many beneficial effects for human health. The most important are the effects on cardiovascular system. Also some potential to combat the Alzheimer´s disease has been reported for catechins contained in a green or white tea. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, grape wine extract, prolyl oligopeptidase, oxidative stress, catechins, polyphenols.

Effects of green tea supplementation on inflammation markers, antioxidant status and blood pressure in NaCl-induced hypertensive rat model

ABSTRACTBackground: Recent studies indicate the important role of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Green tea, due to the high content of catechins, shows high antioxidant activity.Objective: To determine the effect of supplementation with green tea extract on the blood pressure, on the concentration of selected parameters of inflammation and antioxidant status in the model of high-sodium-diet induced hypertension.Design: The study lasted 42 days. The experimental population consisted of 30 rats. The rats were divided into three groups. The rats in the control group were fed a standard diet with 35 g of NaCl per kg of diet, in the second group hypertensive rats were fed a standard diet with NaCl (35 g/kg diet) and with an extract of green tea (2 g/kg diet). The third group consisted of hypertensive rats fed a standard diet with NaCl (35 g/kg diet), and 4 g of green tea extract/kg diet.Results: Supplementation with green tea had no effect on body mass of rats on a high-sodium diet. At the end of the experiment systolic blood pressures in SH2 and SH4 groups were significantly lower than in the control group SK. The SH4 group was characterized by a significantly lower diastolic blood pressure value and concentration of TNF-α in comparison to the SK group. The rats from both SH2 and SH4 groups were characterized by higher total antioxidant status values compared to the control group.Discussion: The mechanism of the beneficial effects of green tea on blood pressure is not clear, but it is believed that it is related to its omnidirectional properties.Conclusions: Supplementation of green tea has a beneficial effect on blood pressure, markers of inflammation and antioxidant status in an experimental model of hypertension.

Volatile and non-volatile compounds in green tea affected in harvesting time and their correlation to consumer preference.

Current study was designed to find out how tea harvesting time affects the volatile and non-volatile compounds profiles of green tea. In addition, correlation of instrumental volatile and non-volatile compounds analyses to consumer perception were analyzed. Overall, earlier harvested green tea had stronger antioxidant capacity (~61.0%) due to the polyphenolic compounds from catechin (23,164mg/L), in comparison to later harvested green teas (11,961mg/L). However, high catechin content in green tea influenced negatively the consumer likings of green tea, due to high bitterness (27.6%) and astringency (13.4%). Volatile compounds drive consumer liking of green tea products were also identified, that included linalool, 2,3-methyl butanal, 2-heptanone, (E,E)-3,5-Octadien-2-one. Finding from current study are useful for green tea industry as it provide the difference in physiochemical properties of green tea harvested at different intervals.

Variability of phenolic composition and tocopherol content of some commercial Almond cultivars

The phenolic (gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, ferulic acid, kaempferol, naringenin, and p-coumaric acid) and tocopherol contents (α, β, γ, and δ) of some commercially significant almond cultivars were determined in the research. Wide variations in phenolic and tocopherol contents were detected among the cultivars in the research. The highest rate among the phenolic substances was obtained in catechin, with the average values of 27.35 µg g -1 in 2008 and 39.87 µg g -1 in 2009. The highest catechin content was recorded in cultivar ‘Ferraduel’ in both years, with the values of 117.59 µg g -1 in 2008 and 145.86 µg g -1 in 2009. The highest rate among the tocopherols was obtained in α-tocopherol, and the average values were detected as 312.29 mg kg -1 in 2008 and 467.31 mg kg -1 in 2009. The highest α-tocopherol contents were determined as 899.49 mg kg -1 and 945.41 mg kg -1 in cultivar ‘Supernova’ in both years, respectively. In the research, α-tocopherol turned out to be the major tocopherol.

Correlations between morphological traits and catechin content on tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)

Catechin content in tea plant is a major character in tea breeding program for a healthy beverage. A tea breeding program for high catechin content maybe will performed by indirect selecting a trait or traits that signi­ficantly correlated with high catechin content. This research was performed to identify mor­phological traits which maybe significantly correlated with high catechin content in tea plant. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used in this experiment using 10 selected clones. The experiment was performed in Gambung Experimental Station ot the Research Institute for Tea and Cinchona, Gambung, West Java. Catechin content, tri­choma density of young leaves, weight of p+2, size of mother leaves, chlorophyll content of mother leaf, stomatal density of mother leaf, mother leaf thickness, and mother leaf angle, were measured. The results indicated that stomatal density and mother leaf angle were significantly correlated. Based on path analysis indirect selection for high catechin content could be performed by selecting stomatal density considering to trichoma density, mother leaf angle and chlorophyll content. In addition, indirect selection for high catechin content could be performed by selecting other leaf angle independently without considering other morphological traits.

Development of CAPS markers to identify Indian tea (Camellia sinensis) clones with high catechin content

Tea leaves are rich in plant secondary phenolics, especially flavonoids. Catechins are considered to be the most valuable flavonoids, and the catechin content in tea is an important trait for determining its quality. We have developed cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS)-based markers for evaluating total catechin content that target two important secondary metabolite pathway genes, PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and CHS (chalcone synthase). Catechin content levels in the tea samples tested ranged from 9 to 33 mg/mg. The CAPS technique identified clones with the homozygous profile PRc1, which has relatively lower catechin content than clones with the heterozygous profile PRc2. A significant difference (t = 16.85) in the level of catechin content was also detected between heterozygotes and homozygotes in the tea seed stock TS379. We found a polynomial relationship between the marker developed for CHS2 and catechin content in these tea samples with R2 = 0.9788. Moreover, PAL has less of a relationship with catechin content. Therefore, we recommend tea clones with heterozygous CAPS profiles for the gene CHS2+RcaI for the further improvement in these clones.

Green tea catechins for well-being and therapy: prospects and opportunities

Tea is derived from the leaves and buds of Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) plant, and is consumed worldwide. Green tea was discovered in the People's Republic of China approxi- mately 3,000 BC. Lu Yu (733-803) published a book that describes the history of tea, the techniques, and utensils used for manufacturing, the method of preparation, and drinking of tea in the People's Republic of China. Green tea contains various components with specific health- promoting effects and is believed to exert protective effects against diseases such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, hepatitis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Of the various tea components, the polyphenol catechins have been the subject of extensive investigation. Among the catechins, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate has the strongest bioactivity in most cases. Caffeine induces alert- ness, decreases the sensation of fatigue, and has a diuretic effect. Theanine and γ-aminobutyric acid can lower the blood pressure and regulate brain function. Vitamin C exhibits antiscorbutic activity, prevents cataracts, and may boost the immune system. Majority of the scientific evi - dence based on cellular and animal experiments as well as a number of human epidemiological and intervention studies indicate that green tea and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate have beneficial health effects against various diseases. However, conflicting results have also been reported. Since confounding factors could affect the results, future studies should be designed to elimi- nate such factors for better understanding of the benefits of green tea on human health. Genetic and environmental factors such as race, sex, age, and lifestyle may also influence the results of human studies. Although care should be taken to avoid the consumption of green tea and supplements with very high catechin content, recent findings suggest that habitual drinking of green tea promotes longevity.

Effect of vineyard floor management on water regime, growth response, yield and fruit quality in Cabernet Sauvignon

We investigated the effect of two different inter-row vineyard floor management practices. These were the permanently cultivated soil and the inter-row sward sawn with a mixture of regularly mown grasses. The experimental vineyard was planted with Cabernet Sauvignon and was located in the wine region of Central Serbia. The study was conducted during the 2011 and 2012 seasons, and the observed variables included soil and vine water status, growth, yield and fruit quality. Our results clearly indicate a lower soil moisture content in the grass sward treatment. The same treatment was also characterised with a lower stem water potential (Ψstem). The Ψstem values measured before and after veraison (from −0.6 to −0.8MPa) indicate a presence of mild to moderate water stress in grapevines under the inter-row sward treatment. The same treatment was also characterised with an increased accumulation of the fruit total soluble solids (TSS), amounting 24.8 °Brix in 2011. and 27.8 °Brix in 2012. Furthermore, the concentration of total polyphenols was increased in the same treatment (1124.63mgL−1 GEA in 2011 and 1170.38mgL−1 GEA in 2012). The concentration of anthocyanins in the berry skin was also increased in this treatment (9.83mgg−1 FW in 2011 and 13.45mgg−1 FW in 2012). The inter-row sward treatment was associated with a lower grapevine vigour, reduced by 36% in 2011 and 46% in 2012. In the same treatment, the grape yield, and cluster and berry weight were not significantly reduced. The seasonal meteorological conditions have exhibited a significant influence on the fruit phenolic composition. The seasonal effect was particularly evident in the content of gallocatehin, naringenin and vanillin, where the 2011 season had a larger content of these compounds within both experimental treatments. Moreover, the 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, resveratrol, umbeliferone and apigenin were detected only in the samples from the 2011 season. The berry samples from the cultivated inter-row treatment were found to have a higher content of catechin, quercetin, and quercetin 3-O-galactoside in the berry skin. Maintaining the mown inter-row sward as a vineyard floor management practice had shown a significant influence on indicators of vegetative growth and thus it represents a powerful tool to control the vegetative growth in Cabernet Sauvignon, when grown in the conditions characterised by moderately continental climate with a low risk of drought in the flowering to anthesis period.

CHANGES OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN APRICOT FRUITS CAUSED BY STORAGE DEPEND ON CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF VARIETIES

Apricots (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.) contain a wide variety of nutrients such as sugars and acids, and preventive bioactive compounds such as vitamins, polyphenols and pectins which possess antioxidant activity and affect shelf life of fruits. Like other biological features, these properties are hereditarily determined. Therefore, proper selection of varieties, in addition to the optimal mode of storage, can help to reduce losses in commercial properties and deterioration of the chemical composition of apricots during storage because of rots, physiological diseases, and natural attrition. The article presents a comparative evaluation of the chemical composition and keeping quality of fruits in most common apricot varieties from Krasnodar region that are well adapted to the local conditions of growing. They are the Pineapple, Emerald, Red-Cheeked, Sunny, Amber, ripening in the second ten days of July, and the Krasnodar late, ripening in the third week of July. The differences in many chemical components of fruits peculiar to varieties have been found. An amount of soluble solids in the fruit ranged from 13.5 in Emerald variety to 18.8 % in Pineapple, and the sugars varied from 9.5 to 13.6 %, respectively. Apricot is a high acidic culture with fruits which can contain from 1.4 to 2.0 % organic acids. The high content of pectin at more than 1.0 % was also observed. Pineapple and Sunny varieties accumulated a significant amount of ascorbic acids which was superior to an average value of 14.0 mg/100 g for the central zone of the Krasnodar region. P-active catechins were detected in fruits at 45.6 to 155.9 mg/100 g. The high content of catechins at more than 100.0 mg/100 g was observed in Emerald, Red-Cheeked and Amber varieties. In the Pineapple variety the vitamin PP level of 0.6 mg/100 g was detected. According to L.V. Metlitskii (1976) vitamin PP is a component of many enzymes involved in cellular respiration, metabolism of proteins, and regulation of nervous activity. For full assessment of the biochemical peculiarities of apricots we investigated the content of -carotene (provitamin A). In fruits with light yellow color of the pulp such as the Pineapple fruits the -carotene content was 1.66 mg/100 g, in case of intense yellow color, particularly in Red-Cheeked and Krasnodar late varieties, it was 3.05 and 3.52 mg/100 g, respectively. The activity of polygalacturonase (PG) before computation of fruit for storage and during storage was also tested. The PG activity affecting fruit shelf life was the lowest at fruit harvesting. After 5 days of storage no PG activity was found in Sunny and Red-Cheeked varieties, while in Amber variety it increased slightly, indicating the varietal specificity. After 10 days of storage the PG activity increased and reached the maximum value by the day 15 being at peak in Sunny variety. Soluble pectins during storage were spent more intensively than protopectin, and in fruits with lower keeping quality, particularly in the Sunny variety, these processes were more active than in fruits with higher keeping quality, for instance in Amber variety. A 3.7 % decrease in sugars during storage was detected in Sunny and Emerald varieties. The acid level decreased by 10.0 % on average, and vitamin C and Pactive catechin content became lower by 15.5 to 20.7 %. In Amber, Krasnodar late and Emerald plants the C vitamin activity remained relatively high. In Krasnodar late and Emerald apricot trees the carotene level did not change during storage. In the Sunny and Red-Cheeked varieties it decreased while in Amber increased slightly due to continuing maturation. At the end of storage a natural loss reached 6.8 % in Amber and Emerald varieties and 10.2 % in the Sunny variety. The best marketable quality at 60.0 and 57.4 % rate of fruits of the highest commercial grade were observed in Amber and Krasnodar late varieties. The Sunny variety which annually accumulated ascorbic acid at a high level is recommended as a parental form in breeding for high vitamin C content.

White tea consumption restores sperm quality in prediabetic rats preventing testicular oxidative damage

Prediabetes represents a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It encompasses some, but not all, T2DM diagnostic criteria. Prediabetes has been recently associated with altered testicular function and increased testicular oxidative stress (OS). Tea is widely consumed and its anti-hyperglycaemic/antioxidant properties are known. This study aimed to evaluate whether white tea (WTEA) consumption by prediabetic rats could prevent testicular OS, preserving sperm quality. For that purpose, WTEA (presenting a high catechin content) was given to 30-day-old streptozotocin-induced prediabetic rats for 2 months. Testicular antioxidant potential and OS were evaluated, as well as sperm parameters, by standard techniques. WTEA consumption improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in prediabetic rats. Testicular antioxidant potential was increased by WTEA consumption, restoring protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, although glutathione content and redox state were not altered. WTEA consumption improved sperm concentration and sperm quality (motility, viability and abnormality) was restored. Overall, WTEA consumption improved reproductive health of male prediabetic rats. Based on the study results, WTEA consumption appears to be a natural, economical and effective strategy to counteract the deleterious effects of prediabetes on male reproductive health, but further studies will be needed before a definitive recommendation is made.

Biochemical analysis on crop shoots of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze tea from the selected UPASI-16 clone.

Commercial tea comes from plants belonging to a relatively large group of cultivated species of Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze. It is one of the oldest known beverages made from the tender leaves of the plants. The main aim of the present study is to analyze the presence of biochemicals in UPASI -16 clone. In the results, the UPASI -16 clone showed high catechin (22.88%), polyphenol (31.70%), polyphenol oxidase (1178.63 U/mg of protein) and tea enzyme peroxidase (729.72 µM of O 2 formed min -1 g -1 dry weight), catalase (1.89 µM H 2 O 2 reduced min -1 mg -1 protein) and Super oxide dismutase (58.45 U/mg proteins). UPASI -16 showed high catechin content in segregated tea crop shoots from the first internodes (23.66%) followed by the first leaf (22.46%), second leaf and third leaf. Tea quality flavonoid gene expression, while ANR (1.66%) and F3H (1.02%) were down regulated, F35H and ANS (2.82%) were up regulated in UPASI -16. Based on the results, it can be concluded that crop shoots of Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze selected clone of UPASI-16 may possess high amount of biochemicals and may further lead to development of commercial tea.

High catechins/low caffeine powder from green tea leaves by pressurized liquid extraction and supercritical antisolvent precipitation

This paper reports a method to produce a solvent-free extract from green tea leaves with high content of catechins and low content of caffeine, in two steps and using only “green” solvents. The method is based on the pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of the green tea leaves using ethyl lactate as solvent, followed by a selective precipitation procedure using the supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) antisolvent (SAS) technique.PLE was accomplished at 100°C and 10MPa, on the basis of a previous work. The influence of pressure (15–30MPa) and temperature (50°C and 70°C) on the SAS precipitation process was experimentally studied in terms of precipitation yield, concentration of key bioactive compounds (caffeine and monomeric catechins) and total content of phenols of the precipitates. Additionally, a comparison using a different organic solvent (ethanol) for the extraction and precipitation steps is reported.The precipitates obtained from the ethyl lactate PLE extracts were decaffeinated (giving less than 1% mass caffeine in the dry matter) and the concentration of catechins was close to 23% mass. The total phenolic content of the precipitates was up to 590mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of precipitate, which represents an increase of up to 25% with respect to the PLE extracts.

A catechin-enriched green tea extract prevents glucose-induced survival reduction in Caenorhabditis elegans through sir-2.1 and uba-1 dependent hormesis

Hyperglycemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus which leads to the onset of complications in the long term. Green tea through its high content of polyphenolic catechins, on the other hand, is suggested to prevent or at least delay such detrimental complications. In the present study we fed the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans on a liquid medium supplemented with 10mM glucose in the absence or presence of a catechin-enriched green tea extract (CEGTE). After exposure of young adults for 48h survival was subsequently measured under heat stress at 37°C. Whereas CEGTE at 0.01% did not affect the survival of wild type nematodes, it completely reversed the glucose-induced survival reduction. Those effects were not achieved through the monomeric catechins included in CEGTE. RNA interference (RNAi) for sir-2.1 not only prevented the survival extension by CEGTE under simultaneous glucose exposure but also caused a further reduction of survival. Likewise, the knockdown of uba-1, encoding the only E1-ubiquitin-activating enzyme in C. elegans, proved that UBA-1 is essential for the survival extension by CEGTE and that its loss of function changes CEGTE from a survival extending into a survival reducing extract. Stimulation of the proteasome by CEGTE was finally proven through measurements of the proteolytic cleavage of a fluorogenic peptide substrate.To conclude, our studies provide evidence that CEGTE reverses glucose-induced damage in C. elegans through activation of adaptive responses mediated by SIR-2.1 and proteasomal degradation. The hormetic mode of action is revealed by a reduction of survival once the adaptive processes were blocked.

Antibacterial effects of green tea extracts on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (In-Vitro study)

Background: Green Tea is made from the leaf of the plant “Camellia sinensis”. Green tea is reported to contain thousands of bioactive ingredients including catechins which have shown great promise for having antimicrobial effects. Periodontal diseases represent one of the most prevalent diseases around the world and the main etiologic factor behind it, is plaque accumulation, in addition certain kinds of bacteria have been detected frequently in subjects suffering from periodontitis, Several studies suggested that the outcome of periodontal treatment is better if particular pathogens including Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans can no longer be detected after therapy. Materials and Methods: plaque samples were collected from 20 patients suffering from chronic periodontitis with probing pocket depth of at least 6 mm, Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans (A.A) was isolated and diagnosed according to morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. Green tea leaves were extracted by using water and alcohol. The first experiment involved testing the sensitivity of A.A to different concentrations of the extracts using agar well diffusion method,the second experiment involved determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and then determination of the minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract against the bacteria, laboratory analysis of green tea extracts using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed. Results: Both green tea extracts were effective in inhibition of Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans using agar well diffusion method, 90% and 100% concentrations of alcoholic extract showed larger inhibition zones than chlorhexidinegluconate 0.2% with statistically significant difference, CHX showed higher inhibition zones than all aqueous extract concentrations.The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of alcoholic green tea extract that inhibit Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans growth was 60%, The MIC of aqueous green tea extract that inhibits Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans growth was 70%.The MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) of alcoholic green tea extract that killsAggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans was 80%, the MBC of aqueous green tea extract that kills Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans growth was 90%. HPLC analysis of aqueous and alcoholic green tea extracts revealed that alcoholic extract contained higher concentration of EGCG while aqueous extract had higher content of catechin and epicatechin. Conclusion: Green tea extracts were effective against Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans, alcoholic green tea extract showed inhibition ability more than the aqueous green tea extract and more than CHX and it showed bactericidal activity at 80%,90% and 100% concentrations.

Characterization of byproducts originating from hemp oil processing.

Valorization of hemp seed meal, a byproduct of hemp oil processing, was performed by measuring the distribution of nutritional and antinutritional compounds in different hemp seed meal fractions. According to chemical composition, two cotyledon-containing fractions (>180 and <180 μm) were significantly richer in protein (p < 0.05) (41.2% ± 0.04% and 44.4% ± 0.02%, respectively), lipid (15.1% ± 0.02% and 18.6% ± 0.04%, respectively), and sugar content (4.96% ± 0.11% and 3.46% ± 0.08%, respectively) in comparison to the hull-containing fractions (>350 and >250 μm), which were significantly richer in crude fiber content (29.5% ± 0.04% and 21.3% ± 0.03%, respectively). The free radical scavenging capacity (IC50) of fraction extracts increased (p < 0.05) with increasing mean particle size (from 17.18 ± 0.59 to 5.29 ± 0.30 mg/mL). Cannabisin B and N-trans-caffeoyltyramine were the most abundant phenolic compounds in the hull fractions (from 267 ± 15.9 to 287 ± 23.1 mg/kg), while cotyledon fractions had higher content of catechin (from 313 ± 12.4 to 744 ± 22.2 mg/kg) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (from 124 ± 6.47 to 129 ± 8.56 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Well-balanced ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acid ratio (3:1) was determined in all fractions. Antinutrients (trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, glucosinolates, and condensed tannins) were mostly located in the cotyledon fractions. These findings indicate that the separation of hemp seed meal into different fractions could be used to concentrate valuable target compounds and consequently facilitate their recovery.

The Effect of Green Tea With Exceptionally High Catechin Content on Nadolol Plasma Concentration

The Effect of Green Tea With Exceptionally High Catechin Content on Nadolol Plasma Concentration

국내 육성 신품종 포도의 부위별 생리활성 물질의 함량

국내 가공 및 생식용으로 육성된 신품종 포도와 캠벨얼리, MBA 품종의 부위별 레스베라트롤, 카테킨, 에피카테킨, 퀘르세틴, 총 폴리페놀 및 총 안토시아닌 함량을 분석한 결과 품종과 부위에 따라 매우 다양하게 나타났다. 레스베라트롤 함량은 과피에서는 나르샤와 흑보석 품종이, 잎에서는 나르샤 품종이, 송이줄기에서는 MBA 품종이, 전정가지에서는 캠벨얼리, 흑보석 품종이 높았다. 카테킨 함량은 종자와 송이줄기에서 함량이 높았고, 포도 품종 중 종자에서는 MBA 품종이, 송이줄기에서는 MBA, 흑보석 품종이 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 에피카테킨 함량은 종자와 송이줄기, 전정가지에서만 분석되었으며, 포도 품종 중 종자에서는 MBA 품종이, 송이줄기에서는 캠벨얼리, 나르샤 품종이, 전정가지에서는 캠벨얼리 품종에서 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 퀘르세틴 함량은 잎에서만 분석되었으며 포도 품종 중 흑보석과 나르샤 품종에서 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 과육을 제외한 나머지 부위에서 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, 총 안토시아닌 함량은 유색계 포도 중 캠벨얼리를 제외한 나머지 품종에서 높은 함량을 나태었다. 특히 포도 부위별 생리활성 물질을 분석한 결과 가식부위보다 비과식부위에서 높은 함량을 나타내었다. The ethanol solvent extracts obtained from the pulp, skin, seeds, leaves, fruit stems, and pruning stems of four Korean new grape varieties ("Dunoori", "Narsha", "Cheongsoo", and "Heukbosek"), as well as "Campbell Early", and "Muscat Bailey A (MBA)" were evaluated for their total phenolic and anthocyanin contents. The concentrations of four phenols of biological interest, catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, and resveratrol in the different parts were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet analyses. The skin of "Narsha" and "Heukbosek", the leaves of "Narsha", the fruit stems of "MBA", and the pruning stems of "Campbell Early" and "Heukbosek" had the highest resveratrol content. In particular, the resveratrol in the fruit stems of "MBA" had the highest concentration as compared to the other varieties in the different parts. The seeds of "MBA", and the fruit stems of "MBA" and "Heukbosek" had the highest catechin content. Epicatechin was detected in the seeds, fruit stems, and pruning stems. Quercetin was detected only in the leaves. In summary, the catechin and epicatechin contents were significantly higher than the quercetin and resveratrol contents. The concentrations of the physiologically active components present in the grapes were high in the non-edible parts than in the edible parts; therefore, they could be useful in industrial applications.

Polyphenols, tannins and caffeine content and antioxidant activity of green teas coming from organic and non-organic production

AbstractAmong infusions of green teabags and leafy green teas from organic and non-organic production systems we measured and compared the content of phenolic acids, flavonols and total polyphenols by spectrophotometry, the content of tannins by titration and the content of caffeine by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the antioxidant activity of the infusions was determined by spectrophotometry. The results obtained have shown that organic teas contained significantly more flavonols and tannins. However, the content of phenolic acids was higher in non-organic teas. The teas from organic and non-organic production did not differ in terms of total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. There were no differences in leaf teas in relation to the teabags in contents of phenolic acids, tannins and total polyphenols. Organic teas had higher content of catechin C than the non-organic ones, but at the same time non-organic teas had more epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) in comparison to organic teas. Epigallocatechin (EGC) and epicatechin (EC) were not found to be different between the two groups of tea. Catechin was found to be significantly higher in teabags, while the EGCG was higher in leaf teas. The reason for this may be the oxidation of teabags, which have a greater exposed surface area. There was no appreciable effect of the form of tea on the content of tannins, caffeine, flavonols, phenolic acids, total polyphenols, EGC and EC as well as the antioxidant activity of the tea infusions examined.