Highest Catechin Content Research Articles

Geographic based phenolic compound variations in South African Schinus molle L. peppercorns

Environmental conditions affect polyphenolic compounds in plants, and yet little is known about the response of Schinus molle peppercorns to geographical location. S molle is a folkloric pseudospice of Andean origin possessing multiple culinary and medicinal functions. This globally invasive species presents an immense multidimensional potential. Polyphenolic compounds were therefore profiled and quantified from pink peppercorns growing in 12 distinct locations in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa using UPLC-QTOF-MS techniques. Eleven flavonoids were reported, including epigallocatechin gallate, +)-tephrorin B, astilbin, procyanidin B5, 4-benzyl-7-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-one, and isochamaejasmin which were reported for the first time in this species. Five phenolic acids, three glycosides, and tannins (theogallin (3-galloylquinic acid), digalloyl quinic acid, digalloylshikimic acid, β-glucogallin A and β-glucogallin B) were also revealed among others. PCA revealed a high composition of polyphenolic compounds in the Eastern in comparison to the Western Cape regions. Flavonoids were glaringly higher in winter rainfall receiving coastal regions. Consequently, the highest catechin content was 229% higher in the Eastern (1269.9 mg/kg) than the Western Cape (553.4 mg/kg). Furthermore, isochamaejasmin, the compound with possibly the highest concentration is reported in George (1741 mg/kg) and Gqeberha (2601.2 mg/kg) representing 149% differences between the two regions. Soil type alone did not conclusively appear to influence polyphenolic compound accumulation in this study. Elucidating the distribution of polyphenolic compounds in this species could open new insights for potential therapeutic, pharmaceutical, and agricultural applications including possibilities for new and improved organic drugs, and food product development.

Grape seed phenolic extracts encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles: Characterization and in vitro evaluation against skin melanoma

Nanocarrier platforms encapsulating plant-based natural extracts have emerged as an attractive tool to increase the safety and stability of phytomedicines and nutraceuticals. In this study, phenolic fractions were extracted from grape seed waste, spray dried, and characterized. Grape seed extracts (GSE) of Marselan, a red international variety, and Obeidi, a Lebanese autochthonous white variety, had a total phenolic content (TPC) of 301 and 206 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dry matter, respectively, along with a high content of catechins, gallic acid, epicatechins, caffeic acid, syringic acid, and protocatechuic acid. A nanocarrier formulation was developed using poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PEG-PLGA), yielding GSE-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) with an average of 230 nm particle size and −35 mV zeta potential, 50% encapsulation efficiency, and sustained release over 96 h. GSE NPs exhibited high colloidal stability in terms of size and high chemical stability in terms of TPC and antioxidant activity for both Marselan and Obeidi when stored at 4 °C for 3 months. GSE NPs showed excellent biocompatibility in human dermal fibroblasts. Both NPs and crude extracts significantly suppressed the proliferation of B16–F10 melanoma cells, particularly Obeidi NPs. This study emphasizes the important role nanotechnology can play in the valorization of bioactive nutraceuticals by presenting GSE NPs as a promising nanoformulation against skin cancer.

ABA and MeJA Induced Catechin and Epicatechin Biosynthesis and Accumulation in Camellia oleifera Fruit Shells.

Camellia oleifera Abel, one of the most valuable woody oil plants, has been widely cultivated for extracting edible oil. The shell of C. oleifera is a by-product generated in the processing of edible oil extraction. However, there is still limited research on the maturity and high-value resource utilization of shell by-products. We found that the C. oleifera 'Huashuo' (HS) fruit shells contained a high content of catechins. Abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) enhanced the accumulation of catechins in C. oleifera fruit shells, providing a basis for production and application of the catechins in fruit shells of C. oleifera. We further found that 500 μM ABA and 900 μM MeJA significantly promoted the accumulation of catechin (C) and epicatechin (EC) in fruit shells. Following treatment with 900 μM MeJA, the expressions of CoPAL1, CoC4H1, CoC4H2, CoC4H3, Co4CL1, Co4CL2, CoF3'H1, CoLAR1, CoLAR2, CoLAR3, CoANR2, and CoANRL2 were significantly upregulated, while after 500 μM ABA treatment the expressions of CoPAL3, CoCHS1, CoCHS4, CoF3'H1, CoDFR, CoLAR1, CoLAR2, CoLAR3, CoANS1, CoANR1, and CoANR2 increased dramatically. These results indicate that appropriate concentrations of ABA and MeJA activate C and EC biosynthesis and promote their accumulation in fruit shells. Our results provide new ideas and guidance for promoting the resource utilization of C. oleifera fruit shells.

Exploitation of Catechin Extract from Pruned Tea Leaves as a Promising Food Preservative Against Lipid Oxidation

In Vietnam, a tea-producing country, the tea buds and top three leaves are normally used for tea production while older leaves are pruned and discarded as agricultural waste in the winter. The present study aimed to exploit catechins from pruned tea leaves and use them as natural antioxidants for applications in the food industry. Catechins were analyzed using the guideline of ISO 14502-2-2005 by HPLC-MWD. The contents of catechins in pruned tea leaves of ten popular tea varieties were relatively high, ranging from 65.57 to 136.88 mg/g dry weight. The optimized conditions for catechin extraction from Phuc Van Tien pruned tea leaves (one of the varieties with a high catechin content) were found using response surface methodology as follows: a liquid-to-solid ratio of 21.6/1 at 70oC for 31 minutes. The catechin-rich extract powder was added to sesame oil to inhibit lipid oxidation. During oil accelerated oxidation at 60oC, the catechin-rich extract powder inhibited the increase of the peroxide value compared with the negative and positive controls (no preservative and added tert-butylhydroquinone, respectively). Significant positive correlations between the decrease of catechin content and the inhibition of peroxide formation (r = 0.91, 0.94, 0.95, 0.97, and 0.96 for catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin, respectively, P <0.05) proved that the inhibition of peroxide formation in the sesame oil was essentially due to the antioxidant capacity of the catechins in the pruned tea leaf extract. Catechin extracts from pruned tea leaves are potential sources of natural antioxidants for oil preservation.

Determination of Catechin Content in Green and Black Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) by UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method

Tea is one of the most commonly consumed beverages around the world. The chemical compounds contained in tea have a good effect on health because they contain polyphenolic compounds, catechins. This study examined the catechin compound content of black tea and green tea from Karanganyar (A) and Malang (B). This research aims to determine the differences in catechin levels in black and green tea types in Malang, East Java, and Karanganyar, Central Java plantations. The research method used was experimental. Identification of catechin content was done using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. Tea is extracted by brewing, 4 grams of green tea is brewed using distilled water for 6 minutes, while 5.6 grams of black tea is brewed using distilled water for 10 minutes with the comparison used is pure catechin solution. The results obtained for green tea Karanganyar (A) had a catechin content of 3.61±0.083%, green tea Malang (B) had a level of 2.97±0.037%, black tea Karanganyar (A) had a level of 3.14±0.065%, and black tea Malang (B) had a level of 1.60±0.009%. It is concluded that the catechin content of green tea is higher than black tea, and of the two samples, the high catechin content comes from Karanganyar (A). Keywords: catechins, green tea, black tea, malang, karanganyar

Preparation and Physicochemical Analysis of Camellia sinensis cv. 'Ziyan' Anthocyanin Microcapsules.

The new tea cultivar Ziyan has a high content of anthocyanin and ester catechins in the raw material, but the conventional processing and application methods are limited. To explore its application potential, the freeze-drying method was used to prepare microcapsules with an embedding time of 30 min, solid content of 30%, and core to wall ratio of 1:10 (g/g). The anthocyanin recovery was 95.94 ± 0.50%, and the encapsulation efficiency was 96.15 ± 0.11%. The stability of microcapsules and composite wall materials was evaluated in the simulation system. Results showed that microcapsules employing a maltodextrin-gum arabic ratio of 2:8 (w/w) as the wall material significantly reduced degradation rates, extending anthocyanin half-life under various storage conditions. Characterization indicated improved physical properties of Ziyan anthocyanin powder post-microencapsulation. FT-IR and DSC- revealed the formation of a new phase between anthocyanins and wall materials, leading to increased enthalpy and enhanced thermal stability. The microencapsulation results of this experiment proved that the storage stability of anthocyanin was effectively enhanced.

Review: The harvesting process and recent advances on health benefits of white tea

The meticulous harvesting process and appropriate post-harvest techniques play pivotal roles in preserving the quality and health benefits of white tea. This careful approach maintains the bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, caffeine, gallic acid, Epigallocationchin (EGC), Epigallocationchin gallate (EGCG), and Epicatechin gallate (ECG), integral to white tea's health benefits. The stability of catechin content in tea plants is greatly influenced by the environment (clone, plant age, leaf age, altitude, temperature, humidity, processing, and pH when storing dry tea). In Indonesia, the raw materials used to produce white tea are mostly pecco from the superior GMB clone Assamica variety which has high polyphenol content (14.83 – 15.43% dry weight). To increase polyphenol levels, the treatment that needs to be considered is the provision of optimum and appropriate fertilizer. The highest catechin content comes from plucking in summer and spring season. Subsequently, controlled post-harvest processes, including controlled withering and drying, safeguard the integrity of active compounds like catechins as antioxidants in white tea, mitigating free radicals and cellular damage. The highest antioxidant showed from 23 hours whithered. The storage time for white tea also has an impact on quality. The content of catechins and amino acids showed a tendency to decrease with storage time. On the other hand, gallic acid increases with the length of storage. The combined effect of these phases, from harvesting through post-harvesting, contributes significantly to white tea's health benefits, encompassing cardioprotective effects, anti-diabetic potential, prevention of anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic activity, neuroprotective properties, and antimicrobial attributes.

Catechin Composition, Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Properties of Commercially-Available Bagged, Gunpowder, and Matcha Green Teas

The leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant are used to produce many different types of teas, and green tea is particularly noted for its health promoting properties which are attributed to high concentrations of phenolic compounds known as catechins. Green tea is available in forms such as bagged, gunpowder (rolled leaf), and matcha, a fine powder. This study evaluated the phenolic content, catechin composition, caffeine concentration, and antioxidant properties of fifteen commercially-available green teas with an emphasis on identifying differences between ceremonial and culinary matcha. Gunpowder and bagged green teas had higher total phenolic contents and greater CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) antioxidant capacities than matcha teas. Among matcha samples, less expensive culinary teas had greater total phenolic contents and higher antioxidant capacities than ceremonial products. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to determine similarities and differences in catechin composition and revealed that bagged and gunpowder green teas had the highest levels of the stereoisomers epi/catechin gallate, which correlated with their strong antioxidant properties. Bagged and gunpowder teas were the lowest cost products in this study, indicating that they are an economical choice for consumers who want a green tea beverage with high catechin content, although they generally had lower caffeine levels than matcha.

Advancing phytonutrient extraction via cavitation-based methodology: Exploring catechin recovery from Camellia sinensis leaves

Phytochemical extraction is vital for industries like food, cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical. However, traditional methods have limitations in processing time, solvent use, and extract quality. To overcome these challenges, innovative cavitation-based extraction methods have emerged. Hydrodynamic cavitation, in particular, offers advantages such as improved extract quality, enhanced yield, reduced energy and solvent consumption, shorter extraction times, and simplified workflows. This study focused on extracting catechins from fresh Camellia sinensis leaves using hydrodynamic cavitation. Catechins, abundant in green tea leaves, have well-known health benefits. The hydrodynamic cavitation system employed a high-shear processor with a rotor-stator assembly. Results demonstrated that hydrodynamic cavitation effectively reduced the particle size of the plant material, facilitating better mass transfer and increasing the extract yield compared to conventional methods. Notably, the extracted catechins included all eight types, with higher concentrations of cis (epi) catechins. This is significant as cis (epi) catechins are reported to have superior oral bioavailability compared to trans catechins. Furthermore, the extract exhibited a distinct green color, indicative of catechin presence, while analytical results revealed its high content of catechins (65.2%) and polyphenols (83.9%), suggesting minimal oxidation during the extraction process. Additionally, intact catechin nanoparticles were observed within amorphous structures, indicating potential advantages in solubility and bioavailability. This study highlights the efficiency and advantages of cavitation-based extraction for catechin extraction, with the potential for commercial production in various industries. Further research should explore stereochemical changes, stability, and bioavailability of extracted catechins to optimize their utilization.

Contribution of Additional Glutamic Acid and Fructose in The Formation of Flavor Compounds in Green Tea

Green tea in Indonesia has an astringent and bitter taste due to its high catechin content. Adding amino acids and reducing sugars in green tea processing will increase the desirable flavor and cover the astringent and bitter flavors by increasing the Maillard reaction. Research on the manufacture of green tea with the addition of glutamate and fructose in fresh tea leaves has never been explored. This study aims to find a combination of glutamic acid (0%, 0.35%, 0.7%, 1.05%, 1.4%) and fructose (0%, 0.13%, 0.26%, 0.39%, 0.52%) to improve the flavor profile in green tea. The samples were evaluated for their antioxidant activity, amino acid, volatile, sensory evaluation, and color analysis. The results showed that adding glutamate and fructose increased the antioxidant activity of amino acid compounds and decreased the catechin content in green tea. Thus, the best treatment obtained was glutamate (1.05%) and fructose (0.26%), which increased the Maillard reaction in the formation of flavor compounds in green tea.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS (Propionibacterium acnes) OF KOMBUCHA FACE TONER FORMULA WITH GREEN TEA LEAF (Camellia sinensis L.)

Acne is a process of chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands in the skin caused by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Approximately 80-100% incidence of acne occurs in adolescents. One solution is to use an antibacterial agent called catechins. It can be easily obtained from green tea, which has high catechin content. The amount of catechins used as antibacterial substances in green tea can also be increased by fermentation. In addition, lactic acid-fermented green tea can inhibit the growth of P. acnes. This study aimed to produce green tea kombucha face toner with anti-acne activity and good physical stability. This study included an experimental research. The research population was in the form of antibacterial compounds in face toner. The sample was green tea kombucha, which showed antibacterial activity at a concentration of 50% with an 18 mm Diameter of Inhibition Zone (DIZ). And the best formula is F1 with 0.84 mm DIZ, has a pH of 4 which is safe for the skin, clear solution, has clean power, it is also stable during storage at 30o and 40oC, but it has a rather disagreeable scent of toner. Keywords: Acne, Antibacterial, Green Tea Leaves Kombucha, Face Tone

Characterization of two O-methyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of O-methylated catechins in tea plant

Tea is known for having a high catechin content, with the main component being (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which has significant bioactivities, including potential anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity. The poor intestinal stability and permeability of EGCG, however, undermine these health-improving benefits. O-methylated EGCG derivatives, found in a few tea cultivars in low levels, have attracted considerable interest due to their increased bioavailability. Here, we identify two O-methyltransferases from tea plant: CsFAOMT1 that has a specific O-methyltransferase activity on the 3ʹʹ-position of EGCG to generate EGCG3′′Me, and CsFAOMT2 that predominantly catalyzes the formation of EGCG4″Me. In different tea tissues and germplasms, the transcript levels of CsFAOMT1 and CsFAOMT2 are strongly correlated with the amounts of EGCG3ʹʹMe and EGCG4ʹʹMe, respectively. Furthermore, the crystal structures of CsFAOMT1 and CsFAOMT2 reveal the key residues necessary for 3ʹʹ- and 4ʹʹ-O-methylation. These findings may provide guidance for the future development of tea cultivars with high O-methylated catechin content.

Nano Uncaria gambir as Chemopreventive Agent Against Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is one of the main causes of death in women. Uncaria gambir is an Indonesian herbal plant that can be used as an anti-cancer. However, herbal medicines have low bioavailability, which affects their bioactivity. Nanoencapsulation can increase bioavailability and stability of bioactive compounds in herbal medicines. This recent finding tried to unravel anti-cancer and chemopreventive of U. gambir nano-encapsulated by Na-alginate. U. gambir bioactive compounds were isolated and characterized using UV-Vis spectrometer, FTIR, NMR and HR-MS. U. gambir extract was nanoencapsulated using Na-alginate. Anti-cancer effect was assessed by MTT assay towards T47D cell. Meanwhile, a chemopreventive analysis was carried out in breast cancer mice-induced benzo[α]pyrene. The healthy mice were divided into 8 groups comprising control and treatment. Elucidation of U. gambir ethyl acetate extract confirmed high catechin content, 89.34% (w/w). Successful nanoencapsulation of U. gambir (G-NPs) was indicated. The particle size of G-NPs was 78.40 ± 12.25 nm. Loading efficiency (LE) and loading amount (LA) of G-NPs were 97.56 ± 0.04% and 32.52 ± 0.01%, respectively. G-NPs had an EC50 value of 10.39 ± 3.50 µg/mL, which was more toxic than the EC50 value of extract towards the T47D cell line. Administration of 200 mg/kg BW G-NPs to mice induced by benzo[α]pyrene exhibited SOD and GSH levels of 13.69 ng/mL and 455.6 ng/mL. In addition, the lowest TNF-α level was 27.96 ng/mL. A dose of 100 mg/kg BW G-NPs could best increase CAT levels by 7.18 ng/mL. There was no damage or histological abnormalities found in histological analysis of the breast tissue in the group given 200 mg/kg BW G-NPs.

Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Based Method for Catechin Isolated from the Leaves of Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb)

Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) has long been thought to provide various health benefits due to the main secondary metabolite, catechin. The high catechin content makes gambir a strong antioxidant. The present study was conducted to develop and validate the quantification of catechin in gambir leaves by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method was performed using a 100 mL sample with dilution. The separation process employed a Sunfire C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm) column, the mobile phase was composed of solvent A: 0.03% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-water (5:95) and solvent B: 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile at a 0.45 mL/min flow rate. The validation was conducted by measuring the accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and robustness. The results showed that the percent recovery was 98.30-99.82% with a precision value of 0.28% RSD, good linearity with a 0.9996 R-value, 2.7 µg/mL of LOD, and 8.3 µg/mL of LOQ. There was no significant difference between changes in the mobile phase of 4% (comparison of area and retention time), and 6% (comparison of area). However, the results also demonstrated that the mobile phase was not resistant to changes in the mobile phase of 6% in the ratio of retention time because of the shift in retention time that was faster than the catechin standard. The findings of this study reveal that this method satisfies the validation requirements for accuracy, precision, linearity, and robustness tests, therefore, the HPLC-based method can be applied to analyze catechin in gambir leaves.

Cytotoxic Activity of Gambier Leave (Uncaria gambir) Ethyl Acetate Extract on Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cell (NIH-3T3) using MTT Assay

Background: Uncaria gambir or gambier is one of the plants widely found in Indonesia. Gambier is locally known as an antioxidant and antibacterial agent because it has high catechin content. Ethyl acetate extract of gambier leaves has been investigated to contain the highest catechin content than other extraction solvents. Fibroblasts are often used in biomaterial viability and toxicity tests because they have a highly reproducible growth rate and biological response. NIH-3T3 is commonly used as a substitute for human gingival fibroblasts. However, no study has been conducted on the cytotoxic activity of gambier extract on fibroblast cells. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the cytotoxic activity of gambier ethyl acetate extract (GEE) exerts on NIH-3T3 cell lines using MTT assay. Methods: The cytotoxic activity of gambier extract was evaluated in three incubation periods. The cytotoxicity test was conducted using an ethyl acetate extract of gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) leaves. The NIH-3T3 cell was treated by GEE in ten concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm) for 24-, 48, and 72-hour incubation periods. Cell viability was determined with MTT (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The data were analyzed statistically using SPSS based on ANOVA, followed by Tukey HSD post hoc with p<0.05 and ANOVA paired sample T-test with p<0.05, and the CD50 value was measured by Sigma Plot software. Results: GEE at 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 250 ppm have cell viability >80%, and cell viability was observed to be increased based on the incubation period. GEE at 1000 ppm significantly decreased the cell viability from GEE at 0 ppm in 24-, 48-, and 72-hour incubation periods (23.83%, 30.14%, and 19.02%, respectively). Moreover, GEE at 500 ppm became toxic by significantly decreasing the cell viability in 48- and 72-hour incubation (40.43% and 23.03%, respectively). The CD50 value of GEE at 24-, 48-, and 72-hour incubation was found to be 578.03 ppm, 488.63 ppm, and 470.70 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: GEE at 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 250 ppm were not found to be toxic to NIH-3T3 cells for 24-, 48-, and 72-hour incubation periods.

Purple tea catechins exhibit high antiproliferative activity and synergism with cisplatin against the triple-negative breast cancer cell line 4T1

The objectives of this study were the selection of the best tea clones with high catechin content among the known tea clones in Rwanda and Kenya, the examination of their antiproliferative effects on the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line (4T1), and an evaluation of their combination index with cisplatin. The quantification of catechin contents in 14 different tea clones and 5 different processed teas was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A comparative study of antiproliferative activities of catechin extracts from purple, TRFK306, and BB35 tea clones on the TNBC cell line (4T1) was undertaken, and their combination index (CI) with cisplatin and the dose reduction index (DRI) were determined. The catechin extract from BB35 had the highest concentration of total catechins (817.81?24.2 mg/g DW). After 72 h, the catechin extracts from TRFK306 showed a high IC50 of 68.68?3.30 ?g/mL. The catechin extracts from TRFK306 showed the best synergism with cisplatin (CI=0.59), and they reduced the doses of cisplatin with the highest DRI=3.74493. Catechin extracts from purple tea showed higher antiproliferative activity and synergism with cisplatin against the TNBC cell line.

Role of Herbal Extracts of Catechu from Uncaria gambir in the Treatment of Chronic Diabetic Wounds.

Catechu is a dried decoction from twigs with the leaves of Uncaria gambir. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities have been previously reported because of its high catechin and epicatechin content (>21%). It is also one of the components used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine, “Jinchuang Ointment,” which has excellent efficacy in treating chronic diabetic wounds. An in vivo zebrafish embryo platform and an in vitro cell-based tube formation assay were used to measure the angiogenic activity of catechu extracts. Interestingly, for the first time, catechu extracts stimulated angiogenic activity on both platforms. The expression of the IL-8 gene was induced in HMEC1 cells after treatment with catechu extracts for 1 h only. In contrast, the upregulation of FGFR2, FGFR3, NF-κB, STAT3, and vimentin persisted for 24 h. A summary of the possible mechanisms underlying the angiogenic activity of catechu extracts in HMEC1 cells is shown. Unexpectedly, catechu extracts inhibited the migration of HaCaT cells. These results can account for the intense blood flow flux in porcine excisional wound sites in our previous studies, which provides insights into the therapeutic activity of catechu extract in chronic diabetic wounds.

A COMPARATIVE LC/MS ANALYSIS OF JORDANIAN BAY LEAF, BRANCHES, AND ROOTS (LAURUS NOBILIS L.)

Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) is an agriculturally important tree used in the food, drugs, and the cosmetics industry. Many of the health beneficial properties of bay laurel are due to the volatile terpene metabolites that they contain, including various norisoprenoids. In this study, chemical composition of essential oils of all parts of Laurus Nobilis L. traded as spice and medicinal items were analyzed by a novel method of analysis called liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based approaches are widely used for the identification and quantitation. A total of 17 compounds accounting between 0.30 and 96% of the total essential oil were identified in leaves, branches, and roots of the freshly collected bay-laurel planted in the northern area of Jordan. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the indicators were found among essential oils obtained from bay leaves, branches, and roots. The oxygenated compounds were the principal fraction in all analyzed essential oils. The oxygenated of monoterpenes and Isoquercitrin was found to be equal to 96.51% in leaves, 93.5% in branches, and 88% in roots. Spiraeoside was found to be equal to 65% in leaves, 63% in roots, and 39% in branches. The highest content of Meta-Vitexin (22 %) was found in branches, whereas the highest content of Catechin (15 %) was found in roots. The fruit contains up to 30% fatty oils and about 1% essential oils (terpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, and ketones). It was found that leaves had the most percentage of essential oils, which made uses of leaves as medical and a spice worldwide, with aromatic, stimulant and narcotic properties, rather than branches or roots.

Identification and Quantification of Anthocyanin and Catechin Compounds in Purple Tea Leaves and Flakes.

Tea is the first most popular beverage worldwide and is available in several selections such as black (fully oxidized), Oolong (partially oxidized) and green (non-oxidized), in addition to purple tea, an emerging variety derived from the same tea plant (Camellia sinensis). This study investigated purple tea leaves (non-oxidized) and flakes (water extractable) to thoroughly identify their composition of anthocyanins and catechins and to study the effect of a water extraction process on their compositional properties in comparison with green tea. Anthocyanin and catechin compounds were separated and quantified using UPLC, and their identity was confirmed using LC-MS/MS in positive and negative ionization modes. Delphinidin was the principal anthocyaninidin in purple tea, while cyanidin came in second. The major anthocyanin pigments in purple tea were delphinidin-coumaroyl-hexoside followed by delphinidin-3-galactoside and cyanidin-coumaroyl-hexoside. The water extraction process resulted in substantial reductions in anthocyanins in purple tea flakes. There were no anthocyanin compounds detected in green tea samples. Both purple and green tea types were rich in catechins, with green tea containing higher concentrations than purple tea. The main catechin in purple or green tea was epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) followed by either epicatechin gallate (ECG) or epigallocatechin (EGC), subject to tea type. The extraction process increased the concentration of catechins in both purple and green tea flakes. The results suggest that purple tea holds promise in making healthy brews, natural colorants and antioxidants and/or functional ingredients for beverages, cosmetics and healthcare industries due to its high content of anthocyanins and catechins.

The Use of Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry to Identify and Quantify Chemical Components in Tea Extracts

A fast, straightforward, efficient, and high throughput reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method has been developed to analyze tea extracts containing polyphenols. The polyphenols detected in green tea (GT), black tea (BT), and paradise tropical tea (PTT) were separated in 18 min at wavelengths 254 nm, 260 nm, and 280 nm with a gradient elution on the RP-HPLC system. Our approach detected, identified, and quantified three catechins in the tea extracts analyzed, and the response at 280 nm wavelength was the best. The ESI-MS data confirmed the fragmentation patterns of the catechins detected in the tea extract. The validation data showed that the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of catechins ranged from 5.26 ± 0.02 to 36.44 ± 0.02 ppb, and 17.52 ± 0.03 to 121.45 ± 0.16 ppb, respectively, for six catechins studied. The standard addition calibration approach used to quantify the catechin content in the tea extract simultaneously showed that PTT has a higher catechin content than GT and BT. The content of polyphenols in GT, BT, and PTT are summarized. This approach holds great promise for quality control studies to quantify polyphenols in nutritional products.