Highest Caffeic Acid Research Articles

Evaluation of hackberry (Celtisaustralis L.) fruits as sources of bioactive compounds

Hackberry (Celtisaustralis L.) is native to the Mediterranean region and is distributed in Europe, Turkey, North Africa, and Iran. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted on C.australis L. in the Arasbaran region, Iran. In the present study, total phenol (TP), flavonoid (TF), antioxidant capacity based on DPPH and FRAP assays and phenolic compounds and sugars profiles were investigated. According to the results, the range of antioxidant capacity based on DPPH and FRAP assays was 14.12–88.24% and 44.35–117.87 mg Fe2+/100 g, respectively. Also, the range of gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, p-coumaric acid, rosmaric acid, cinnamic acid, and apigenin content was 2.59–26.32, 2.03–9.32, 0.94–11.35, 1.80–4.857, 2.32–9.52, 4.74–51.38, 0.18–2.10 and 0.27–1.37 mg/g, respectively. The results of factor analysis showed that the C12, C14, C15, C20, C8, C16, C3, and C20 genotypes are positively characterized by the first principal component (PCA1) that have a higher caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, p-coumaric acid, rosmaric acid, quercetin, cinnamic acid, and apigenin phenolic compounds. Based on cluster analysis, the twenty genotypes were located in 2 main clusters. In general, the obtained results can be useful for breeding programs and the introduction of cultivars in Celtisaustralis L.

An evaluation of volatiles and phenolic compounds in conjunction with the antioxidant capacity of endemic endangered species of Erodium hendrikii Alpinar

This study considers the chemical composition of an endemic endangered Erodium species (E. hendrikii), which grows naturally in the Turkish flora. The non-polar compounds and fatty acids from air-dried above-ground parts of the plant were analyzed using GC–MS, while phenolic acids and flavonoids were evaluated using UHPLC-MS/MS. Palmitic acid (5.23 mg/g dw) followed by linoleic acid (3.81 mg/g dw) were the major fatty acids, and n-hexadecanal (60.75%, dw) followed by n-tetradecanal (12.99%, dw) were the main non-polar compounds identified in the plant. The major phenolic acids (nmol/g dw) in the plant were protocatechuic acid (90.07) in free, ferulic acid (430.90) in ester, gallic acid (2450.51) in glycoside, and ester-bound (527.05) forms. The crude extract was represented by the highest caffeic acid (3189.56) content. In addition, hesperidin (259.56 nmol/g dw) was determined as the major flavonoid in the crude extract. This crude extract was further fractioned via solid-phase extraction and its three further partial fractions were obtained using water, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methanol fraction yielded the highest antioxidant capacity among the fractions. A strong correlation and linear regression were determined between the phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity values of the crude extract and the three further partial fractions of the plant. These findings represent the first data concerning the phytochemical composition of E. hendrikii Alpinar and may be useful in the future development of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for food preservatives against problems of food deterioration.

Effect of Methyl Jasmonate in Gene Expression, and in Hormonal and Phenolic Profiles of Holm Oak Embryogenic Lines Before and After Infection With Phytophthora cinnamomi.

The dieback syndrome affecting Quercus ilex and other oak species impels the search for tolerant plant genotypes, as well as methods of plant immunization against such infections. Elicitation treatments can be an effective strategy to activate plant defense response and embryogenic lines represent a promising tool to generate new tolerant genotypes and also to study early markers involved in defense response. The aim of the presented work was to investigate changes in gene expression, and in hormonal and phenolic profiles induced in three holm oak embryogenic lines (ELs) elicited with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) before and after infection with the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi, which is the main biotic agent involved in this pathogenic process. The three ELs, derived from three genotypes, showed different basal profiles in all tested parameters, noting that the VA5 naïve genotype from a scape tree was characterized by a basal higher expression in NADPH-dependent cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and chalcone synthase (CHS) genes and also by higher caffeic acid content. Our work also identifies changes triggered by MeJA elicitation in holm oak embryogenic lines, such as increases in ABA and JA contents, as well as in levels of most of the determined phenolic compounds, especially in caffeic acid in Q8 and E00 ELs, but not in their biosynthesis genes. Irrespective of the EL, the response to oomycete infection in holm oak elicited plant material was characterized by a further increase in JA. Since JA and phenols have been described as a part of the Q. ilex defense response against P. cinnamomi, we propose that MeJA may act as an induced resistance (IR) stimulus and that in our embryogenic material induced both direct (detected prior to any challenge) and primed (detected after subsequent challenge) defense responses.

Assessment of antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme inhibition activities and UPLC-MS phenolic determination of Ficus carica latex

The aim of the present investigation consisted in evaluating the antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anti˗inflammatory activities of Ficus carica L. latex of three cultivars (Aberkane “ABR,” Aghanime “AGH”, and EL-bakour “ELB”) and evaluating their in vitro inhibition abilities for several enzymes as well as UPLC˗MS analysis for compound identification. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by ORAC assay, the anti˗inflammatory property was measured using xanthine oxidase test, enzymatic inhibition was performed against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), tyrosinase (TYR), α-glucosidase (α-GLU), and lipase, and the cytotoxicity was tested using four cell lines (CCK˗45 SK, HepG˗2, MCF˗7, and HCT˗116). The results revealed that the latex of cultivar ABR exhibited the highest ORAC (450.30 ± 7.67μmol TE/g) and anti˗inflammatory activities (IC50533 ± 20 µg/mL). This extract also showed the best inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase enzymes (64.65% and 58.88%, respectively). This was mostly related to the high levels and diversified composition of phenolics revealed by UPLC˗MS (rutin, luteolin, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid). Otherwise, the latex of AGH cultivar had a high caffeic acid level and exhibited the highest α˗glucosidase inhibitory activity (53.09%), and the latex of ELB was the less active. The cytotoxic activity demonstrated that the latex of ABR cultivar was the most cytotoxic to hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and breast cancer MCF˗7 cell lines, while AGH latex was more cytotoxic against both HepG2 and colorectal HCT˗116 cell lines. Alternatively, ELB extract was the most cytotoxic to the fibroblastic CCD˗45 SK cell line. The principal component analysis allowed separation between analyzed latexes in the function of their phenolic composition and biological activities with distinguishing the latex of ABR cultivar as the more potent, followed by that of AGH, and then ELB one.

INFLUENCE OF MATURITY STAGE ON TRYPTOPHAN, PHENOLIC, FLAVONOID, AND ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Morus alba L. FRUIT

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruits have been suggested to be a good nutritional source of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which can provide health benefits. However, limited studies have addressed how changes in health promotion compounds and mulberry fruit quality are affected by harvest season. Therefore, phytochemical profiles of mulberry fruit at different maturity stages were determined by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Mulberry fruit extracts were also analyzed for their antioxidant potential and total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. The results established that purple fruit had the highest total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents (608.87±8.07 mg GAE/g DW, 11.39±0.17 mg GAE/g DW, and 22.04±0.54 mg/ 100 g DW, respectively). Purple fruit also exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Quantitative analysis by LC-MS/MS revealed that purple fruit had the highest cyanidin-3- O-glucoside, rutin, gentisic acid, protocatechuic acid, and gallic acid contents, whereas green fruit had the highest caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and tryptophan contents. Our result suggests that later developmental stages of mulberry fruit have increased phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant capacity while tryptophan content was high in both green and purple mulberry fruits.

Variation for caffeic acid and phenolic content in different plant parts of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. and Wendl. \u2013 a commercially important dashmool species

BackgroundEnvironmental factors have profound effect on quantity vis-a-vis quality of phytochemicals in medicinal plants. Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. and Wendl. is among the 10 dashmool species which is utilized in more than hundreds of Ayurvedic preparations including ‘Dashmoolarishta’. Phenolics are the pharmacologically valuable compounds. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess the total phenolic (TP) and Caffeic acid (CA) contents in four different plant parts i.e., leaves, fruits, stem and roots of S. xanthocarpum sampled randomly from different locations of Madhya Pradesh, a central Indian state.MethodsPlant samples were collected from 99 places of 29 districts falling in 11 agroclimatic regions of Madhya Pradesh through random sampling. UV-VIS spectrophotometer and HPTLC were used to determine TP and CA contents, respectively. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods.ResultsPreliminary phytochemical screening indicates the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, steroids and terpenoids in all plant parts. Quantification of TP and CA contents revealed that both varied significantly between agroclimatic zones as well as within plant parts of S. xanthocarpum. Results revealed that among analysed plant parts, roots and stem harbored highest content of CA while fruits and leaves had the highest TP content. Among agroclimatic regions, accessions of Satpura plateau can be considered rich in CA and TP contents for fruits (0.030%; 28.70 mg CE/g), leaves (0.058%; 27.90 mg CE/g) and roots (0.161%; 5.17 mg CE/g). For stem, highest CA (0.100%) and TP (13.23 mg CE/g) contents were observed in samples of Malwa Plateau and Central Narmada Valley, respectively.ConclusionWe conclude that agroclimatic regions have significant effect on studied phytochemicals and Satpura plateau agroclimatic zone may be targeted for conservation and sustainable utilization of this valuable dashmool species if the target plant parts are fruits, leaves and roots. While, Malwa Plateau and Central Narmada Valley zones may be targeted for stem. Further, fruits and roots may be utilized for extraction of TP compounds and CA respectively.

Influence of fertilizer and salicylic acid treatments on growth, physiological, and antioxidant characteristics in green and red Perilla frutescens varieties

Perilla is herbaceous plant, functional food, and nutraceutical product with antioxidant properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the growth, reflectance indices, and antioxidant properties of P. frutescens species in response to fertilizer and salicylic acid (SA) applications. Two independent experiments were carried out in an environmentally controlled greenhouse: (1) pots of red-leaf and green-leaf cultivars divided into four groups treated with 10-30-20 (10N-13.1P-16.6K), 15-10-30 (15N-4.4P-24.9K), 20-20-20 (20N-8.7P-16.6K), and 30-10-10 (30N-4.4P-8.3K) fertilizers for periods of 10 weeks, and (2) pots of red and green Perilla cultivars divided into five groups treated with 0 (control), 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 µM of SA for periods of 7 weeks. Wide variations occurred in the agronomic performance, soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) value, adjusted normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), and antioxidant activity of the two Perilla varieties. All the measured traits were higher in green than in red Perilla under identical fertilizing, and all agronomic traits in green and red Perilla plants subjected to 125 and 500 μM SA were better than in controls. The SPAD and NDVI values of all plants increased as N% increased, the lowest Fv/Fm values of all plants were observed under 15-10-30 fertilizer treatment, the lowest NDVI values were detected in controls, and the Fv/Fm values of all plants decreased under 1,000 μM SA treatment. These indices can be used as indicators to characterize the physiology of these plants and are suitable for evaluating their growth and development under specific fertilizer and SA treatments. Green Perilla leaf extract (PLE) contained higher rosmarinic acid (RA) concentration in each fertilizer treatment, and higher total phenolic (TP) and RA concentration in each SA treatment. However, red PLE contained higher caffeic acid (CA) concentration than green PLE in each fertilizer and SA treatment, implying that their two genotypes exhibited different abilities and specificities of photosynthetic metabolites, and that different varieties may prepare for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity by up-regulating TP, RA, and CA concentration differently. Thus, Perilla plants can be used as health foods due to high TP, RA, and CA concentration. To produce Perilla efficiently in industrial applications, we undertook to determine the optimum N-P-K fertilizer ratio and SA application for maximizing the growth and accumulation of TP, RA, and CA in Perilla plants.

İki Calendula Türünde Belirli Fenolik Bileşiklerin ve Karotenoidin Hplc ile Analizi

Asteraceae familyasına ait, tıbbi amaçla kullanılan bir süs bitkisi olan Calendula officinalis (tıbbi nergis, aynısefa) antikanser, antimikrobiyal, antioksidan, antitümör gibi çeşitli tıbbi aktivitelere sahiptir. HPLC ile analizi yapılması planlanan kuersetin (6,445 dak), kaemferol (11,246 dak), kafeik asit (2,333 dak), beta karoten (9,614 dak) standardlarının en iyi piki ve en fazla miktarı verdiği tutulma zamanı belirlenmiştir. Bu metabolitler için en uygun olan HPLC koşulları saptanmıştır. Bu iki Calendula türünün 0., 15., 30., 45., 60. günlerindeki fide yapraklarındaki kuersetin, kaemferol, kefeik asit ve beta karoten miktarları karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapraklarda kafeik asit ve beta karoten tespit edilmiştir. Fakat kuersetin ve kaemferol bileşikleri tespit edilememiştir. C. officinalis türünün kafeik asit ve beta karoten miktarının, C. arvensis türüne göre daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. C. officinalis ve C. arvensis fidelerinin her ikisinde de en yüksek kafeik asit (C. officinalis için 0,4042±0,0123 µg/g kuru ağırlık, C. arvensis için 0,1918±0,0437 µg/g kuru ağırlık) ve beta karoten miktarları (C. officinalis için 0,8520±0,0692 µg/g kuru ağırlık, C. arvensis için 0,6389±0,0189 µg/g kuru ağırlık) 60. günde saptanmıştır. Ayrıca fide gelişim dönemine göre, bu metabolitlerin miktarının farklılık gösterdiği saptanmıştır.

MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS OF QUERCUS BARK AND RELATED AGRICULTURAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS

Identifying phenols in ornamental trees may provide sources of natural compounds that have applications in the agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, we profiled phenolic acids in the bark of Quercus sp. using HPLC-DAD. Q. robur showed high ellagic acid (in Q. robur). Q. macrocarpa had high caffeic acid. All species showed antibacterial and antifungal activities. P. aeruginosa was the most sensitive species for bark extracts. The antifungal activities were high against A. flavus. The study revealed new natural sources of phenolic acids that have antimicrobial activities with agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.

Quantification Analysis of Biochemical and Phenolic Composition in Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Fruits

Crataegus species are used in food and traditional medicine because of its beneficial effect on human health. The aim of this study was to identify biochemical and phenolic composition of fruit from the genotypes belonging to four Crataegus species; C. monogyna subsp. monogyna Jocq, C. atrosanguinea Pojark, C. orientalis var. orientalis Pallasex. Bieb and C. meyeri Pojark. C. meyeri differed from the other species with having higher saccharose and succinic acid. Fructose and glucose were major sugars in all hawthorn species. Rutin, catechin and caffeic acid were the most plentiful phenolic compounds in all genotypes belonging to four different species. In addition, substantial amount syringic and p‑qumaric acid were identified in all genotypes. Wide variability in sugar, vitamin c, organic acid and phenolic components between the genotypes within the same species was observed. Vitamin C contents of the genotypes within C. monogyna subsp. monogyna were changed between 21.8 and 34.4 mg/100 g FW. Rutin content ranged from 31.9 to 96.3 mg/100 g FW in C. monogyna subsp. monogyna whereas it was between 13.3 and 39.2 mg/100 g FW in C. meyeri. The highest caffeic acid was observed in the genotypes belonging to C. atrosanguinea species, with ranging from 54.5 to 108.4 mg/100 g FW.

Humic acid and vermicompost increased bioactive components, antioxidant activity and herb yield of Chicory ( Cichorium intybus L.)

Abstract Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is one of the most important plants in the medicinal, nutritional and cosmetic industry. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of humic acid (HA) and vermicompost on the herb yield and phenolic components of chicory aerial parts. Plants were grown under 4 humic acid treatments (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 kg/ hectare) and 4 vermicompost levels (0, 5, 7.5 and 10 t/ hectare) with three replications. Measurement of traits included fresh and dry yields of aerial parts, the IC50 and inhibition percentage of free radicals, the total and individual amounts of phenolics and flavonoids (caffeic, gallic, ellagic and p- coumaric acid, catechin, flavones and flavonols). Results show that humic acid and vermicompost improve the chicory yield and phytochemical properties such as the total contents of phenolics and flavonoids. The highest yield of dry aerial parts (20.29 g per plant) was achieved by 0.9 kg per hectare humic acid in combination with 10 t per hectare vermicompost. The highest total contents of phenolics and flavonoids were achieved when humic acid was applied at 0.9 kg/hectare in addition to vermicompost at 7.5 t/ hectare. The content of caffeic acid was highest among other phenolic components. The highest caffeic acid was achieved by treatments of 0.3 kg per hectare humic acid combined with 5 t per hectare vermicompost. The content of ellagic acid in shoots was highest when vermicompost was applied alone, by 5 t per hectare, with an average yield of 262.51 mg/100 g DW.

Synthesis of glyceryl monocaffeate using ionic liquids as catalysts

Glyceryl monocaffeate (GMC) is the hydrophilic derivative of caffeic acid (CA), which can be used in cosmetic and food industries. In this paper, GMC was prepared by the reaction of glycerol with different caffeoyl donors (CA, or ethyl caffeic (EC)). Seven functionalized ionic liquids ([PSO3HMIM]HSO4, [BSO3HMIM]TS, [BSO3HMIM]OTF, [BSO3HMIM]HSO4, [AAMIM]HSO4, [BSO3HMIM]HPO4 and [HMIM]HSO4) were used as catalysts. Effects of reaction variables (reaction temperature, time, pressure, catalyst load and molar ratio of substrates) on CA conversion and GMC yield were investigated. For the esterification of glycerol with CA, high CA conversion (95.6±2.1%) and GMC yield (93.8±3.2%) were achieved using [BSO3HMIM]TS as catalyst under the following conditions: 90°C, CA/glycerol 1:10 (mol/mol), catalyst load 10% (relative to the weight of all substrates), 2h. Activation energies (Ea) of CA conversion and GMC formation were 84.53kJ/mol and 86.67kJ/mol, respectively, which were lower than those (111.79, 116.24kJ/mol) of EC as caffeoyl donor.

Alteration in Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Aronia melanocarpa Ethanol Extracts following Fermentation Using Different Strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides to Develop Natural Antibiotic Alternative

Antioxidant activity is important for reducing oxidative stress that causes various metabolic disorders. Metabolic disorders are highly related to loss of productivity in livestock. Therefore, development of effective antioxidant compounds originating from plants is important for organic agriculture. Phenolic compounds in edible plants are regarded as major components relevant to antioxidant activity. The present study investigated the changes in antioxidant activity and phenolic compound profiles of Aronia (Aronia meloncarpa) by fermentation using different strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. A total of 5 strains of L. mesenteroides were used as starter cultures and their β-glucosidase activities were measured. A total of 6 experiment runs were prepared, one for control (uninoculated) and the others (inoculated) for treatments. For biological activity, antioxidant and antibacterial activities were measured. For phenolic compound profiling, TLC and HPLC analysis were performed. The strains of KACC12313 and KACC12315 showed greater enzyme activity than others. Treatment with KCCM35046 showed strong and broad antibacterial activity against to Listeria monocytogenes. Treatments with KCCM35046 and KACC12315 showed the highest total polyphenol content. The highest antioxidant activity was found in KACC12315 treatment. No remarkable alteration was found in thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. In phenolic compound profiling analysis, KCCM35046 showed notable alteration in compound area ratio compared to others and also showed the highest caffeic acid content. In chlorogenic acid, treatments with KCCM35046 and KACC12315 showed great content than others. Treatment with KACC12315 showed the greatest content of trans-ferulic acid. As a result of relative performance indexing analysis, L. mesenteroides KCCM35046 and KACC12315 were selected as the best strain for the fermentation of Aronia.

Synthesis of chitosan–caffeic acid derivatives and evaluation of their antioxidant activities

In this study, the antioxidant activities of different molecular weights (M(w)) and grafting ratios of chitosan-caffeic acid derivatives were investigated. The grafting process was achieved using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) as covalent connector under different conditions such as molecular-weight of chitosan, molar ratio of chitosan and caffeic acid, reaction temperature, pH, and reaction time. The half-inhibition concentrations (IC₅₀) of products were calculated by reduction of the 1,1-diphenyl picryl hydrazyl in the radical-scavenging assay and reduction of the Fe³+/ferricyanide complex to the ferrous form in reducing power assay. The EDAC showed maximum activity at 3-h, pH 5.0 and room temperature conditions, except high-molecular-weight chitosan in pH 2.0. The products were water-soluble in all pH and showed lower viscosity than native chitosan. The highest grafting ratio of caffeic acid was observed at 15% in low-molecular-weight chitosan. After 5% grafting of caffeic acid into chitosan, the grafting efficiency was increased by decreasing molecular-weight of chitosan at the same conditions. Caffeic acid has main role in the antioxidant activity of products. The maximum IC₅₀ of radical-scavenging activity (0.064 mg/ml) was observed at the highest caffeic acid containing derivative. Water-soluble chitosan and caffeic acid derivatives were obtained by this study without activity loss.

Comparison of antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds of berries, chokecherry and seabuckthorn

Abstract Antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and anthocyanins) of four berry fruits (strawberry, Saskatoon berry, raspberry and wild blueberry), chokecherry and seabuckthorn were compared in the present study. Total phenolic content and total anthocyanin content ranged from 22.83 to 131.88 g/kg and 3.51 to 13.13 g/kg, respectively. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity ranged from 29.97 to 78.86%. Chokecherry had the highest antioxidant capacity when compared with berry fruits and seabuckthorn. The highest caffeic acid, gallic acid and trans-cinnamic acid levels were found in chokecherry (6455 mg/kg), raspberry (1129 mg/kg) and strawberry (566 mg/kg), respectively. Caffeic acid was also the major phenolic acid in Saskatoon berry (2088 mg/kg) and wild blueberry (1473 mg/kg). The findings that chokecherry has very high antioxidant capacity and caffeic acid levels, are useful for developing novel value-added antioxidant products and also provide evidence essential for breeding novel cultivars of fruit plants with strong natural antioxidants.

Methylxanthines and phenolic compounds in mate ( Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) progenies grown in Brazil

Methylxanthines and phenolic compounds contents of 16 mate ( Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) progenies from four Brazilian regions (Ivaí, Quedas do Iguaçu, Cascavel and Barão de Cotegipe) and those grown in three places within in the state of Paraná (Ivaí, Rio Azul and Guarapuava) were evaluated. Results revealed significant changes in total methylxanthines, caffeine and theobromine contents in progenies, according to their origin. Total methylxanthines (0.560–0.734%) and caffeine (0.490–0.611%) contents followed the order Ivaí<Quedas do Iguaçu<Barão de Cotegipe<Cascavel. Theobromine (0.132–0.068%) contents were inversely related to caffeine contents. Chlorogenic acid in the Cascavel progenie was lower (0.786%) than that in the others (0.861–0.915%). No change occurred in total phenol and caffeic acid contents between progenies with regard to their origin. In the case of planting site, Rio Azul progenies contained low methylxanthines (0.574%) when compared to progenies from Ivaí (0.678%) and Guarapuava (0.739%). Caffeine (0.426–0.695%) contents were in the following order: Rio Azul<Ivaí<Guarapuava. Total phenol (7.910–9.591%) contents were Ivaí<Rio Azul<Guarapuava whereas high cholorogenic acid contents were detected in Rio Azul (0.953%) and Guarapuava (0.911%) progenies, and high caffeic acid occurred in Ivaí (0.018%) and Guarapuava (0.020%) progenies.

Simulated Drought Induces High Caffeic Acid Contents in Storage Root Periderm of Greenhouse Grown Sweetpotatoes

Received for publication 28 July 2005. Accepted for publication 21 Oct. 2005. Mention of a trademark name or proprietary product does not constitute a warranty or guarantee by the USDA, nor does it imply exclusion of other products that may also be suitable. 1 To whom request for reprints should be addressed; e-mail hharrison@saa.ars.usda.gov. Simulated Drought Induces High Caffeic Acid