Highest Bioconcentration Factor Research Articles

6-Benzylaminopurine mediated augmentation of cadmium phytostabilization potential in Strobilanthes alternata

This study unveiled the cadmium phytoremediation potential and its augmentation using 6-Benzylaminopurine in Strobilanthes alternata. Cadmium stress was provided by applying 250 mg/kg cadmium chloride in soil and 25 ppm of 6-BAP (25 ml) was administered to the plants as foliar spray. The results revealed high bioconcentration factor (BCF) (18.82 ± 0.54) and low translocation factor (TF) values (0.055 ± 0.002) for the plant based on which we strongly recommend S. alternata as a promising candidate for Cd phytoremediation. The phytostabilization potential of the plant was further enhanced by applying 6-BAP, which augmented its BCF to 22.09 ± 0.64 and reduced the TF to 0.038 ± 0.001. Cd toxicity caused a reduction of plant growth parameters, root volume, adaxial-abaxial stomatal indices, relative water content, tolerance index, moisture content, membrane stability index, and xylem vessel diameter in S. alternata. However, Cd + 6-BAP treated plants exhibited an increase of the same compared to Cd-treated plants. FTIR analysis of Cd + 6-BAP treated plants revealed increased deposition of hemicellulose, causing enhanced retention of Cd in the root xylem walls, which is largely responsible for increased phytostabilization of Cd. Therefore, 6-BAP application in S. alternata can be exploited to restore Cd-contaminated areas effectively.

Assessing Phytoremediation Potential: Dominant Plants in Soils Impacted by Polymetal(loid)lic Mining

Phytoremediation, an ecological approach aimed at addressing polymetal(loid)lic-contaminated mining soils, has encountered adaptability challenges. Dominant plant species, well-suited to the local conditions, have emerged as promising candidates for this purpose. This study focused on assessing the phytoremediation potential of ten plant species that thrived in heavy metal(loid)-contaminated mining soils. This investigation covered nine heavy metal(loid)s (As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sn, and Zn) in both plants and rhizosphere soils. The results revealed a significant impact of mining activities, with heavy metal(loid) concentrations surpassing the Yunnan Province’s background levels by 1.06 to 362 times, highlighting a significant concern for remediation. The average levels of the heavy metal(loid)s followed the order of As (3.98 × 103 mg kg−1) > Cu (2.83 × 103 mg kg−1) > Zn (815 mg kg−1) > Sn (176 mg kg−1) > Pb (169 mg kg−1) > Cr (68.1 mg kg−1) > Ni (36.2 mg kg−1) > Cd (0.120 mg kg−1) > Hg (0.0390 mg kg−1). The bioconcentration factors (BCFs), bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), and translocation factors (TFs) varied among the native plants, indicating diverse adaptation strategies. Low BCFs and BAFs (ranging from 0.0183 to 0.418 and 0.0114 to 0.556, respectively) suggested a low bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s. Among the species, both J. effusus and P. capitata showed remarkable abilities for As accumulation, while A. adenophora demonstrated a notable accumulation ability for various heavy metal(loid)s, especially Cd, with relatively high BCFs (1.88) and BAFs (3.11), and the TF at 1.66 further underscored the crucial role of translocation in preventing root toxicity. These findings emphasized the potential of these plant species in mine ecological restoration and phytoremediation, guiding targeted environmental rehabilitation strategies.

Bioaccumulation Characteristics of Typical Perfluoroalkyl Compounds in Alfalfa Under Salt Stress.

Medicago sativa, commonly known as alfalfa, is widely distributed worldwide, known for its strong stress resistance and well-developed root system, making it an important plant in ecological restoration research. To investigate the absorption and transport characteristics of alfalfa for typical perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) under salt stress, a 30-day indoor greenhouse experiment was conducted. The results showed that alfalfa exhibited varying degrees of absorption and transport for the selected PFAS. The highest BCF (Bioconcentration Factor) for shoot tissue reached 725.4 (for PFBA), and the highest TF (Translocation Factor) reached 53.8 (for PFPeA). Different PFAS compounds exhibited distinct bioaccumulation behaviors, with short-chain PFAS more readily entering the plant's root system and being transported upwards, while long-chain PFAS tended to adsorb to the surface of the root system. Furthermore, salt stress did not significantly affect the uptake of PFAS by alfalfa. This suggests that alfalfa is salt-tolerant and holds great potential for ecological restoration in short-chain PFAS-contaminated sites.

Mercury presence in cassava farming, Manihot esculenta Crantz, in the vicinity of artisanal gold exploration areas in Southern Amazonia

Cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae), a native plant to Brazil, is one of the main sources of carbohydrate in the diet of Brazilians. In gold-mining regions, such as the south of the Amazon, it is inevitable that crops will come closer to Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mines (ASGM), creating risks of production contamination by mercury (Hg). Due to the importance of cassava in the population’s diet, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the proximity of ASGM on Hg concentrations in soil and cassava samples and to assess the risk of human exposure to Hg through consumption of this food. Samples were collected in two areas along the BR-163 highway, in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Forty-two samples of cassava (roots, stems and leaves) and soil were collected. It seems there is no effect of ASGM on Hg soil concentrations. The highest concentrations of Hg in the leaves were observed in the area close to ASGM, indicating higher atmospheric deposition. In the mining area, the higher bioconcentration factor indicates the outcome of Hg from the atmosphere also on the concentrations in the roots. Daily intake and health risk quotient estimation were performed for cassava and cassava flour, with the highest values observed in the vicinity of ASGM, however, all below the established limits, indicating that, currently, the consumption of these foods by the population is safe. The cassava crop can be used as a bioindicator of atmospheric pollution by Hg caused by ASGM.

Congener-specific uptake and accumulation of bisphenols in edible plants: Binding to prediction of bioaccumulation by attention mechanism multi-layer perceptron machine learning model

Plant accumulation of phenolic contaminants from agricultural soils can cause human health risks via the food chain. However, experimental and predictive information for plant uptake and accumulation of bisphenol congeners is lacking. In this study, the uptake, translocation, and accumulation of five bisphenols (BPs) in carrot and lettuce plants were investigated through hydroponic culture (duration of 168 h) and soil culture (duration of 42 days) systems. The results suggested a higher bioconcentration factor (BCF) of bisphenol AF (BPAF) in plants than that of the other four BPs. A positive correlation was found between the log BCF and the log Kow of BPs (R2carrot = 0.987, R2lettuce = 0.801, P < 0.05), while the log (translocation factor) exhibited a negative correlation with the log Kow (R2carrot = 0.957, R2lettuce = 0.960, P < 0.05). The results of molecular docking revealed that the lower binding energy of BPAF with glycosyltransferase, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome P450 (−4.34, −4.05, and −3.52 kcal/mol) would be responsible for its higher accumulation in plants. Based on the experimental data, an attention mechanism multi-layer perceptron (AM-MLP) model was developed to predict the BCF of eight untested BPs by machine learning, suggesting the relatively high BCF of bisphenol BP, bisphenol PH, and bisphenol TMC (BCFcarrot = 1.37, 1.50, 1.03; BCFlettuce = 1.02, 0.98, 0.67). The prediction of BCF for ever-increasing varieties of BPs by machine learning would reduce repetitive experimental tests and save resources, providing scientific guidance for the production and application of BPs from the perspective of priority pollutants.

Trace metal accumulation is infrapopulation-dependent in acanthocephalans parasites of the white mullet (Mugil curema) from an estuarine environment of southeastern Brazil coast

Here, in an estuarine canal in southeast Brazil, we evaluated the potential for trace metal accumulation of the acanthocephalan parasite Floridosentis mugilis, which infects the fish host Mugil curema. The quantities of the trace metals were quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), which was used to analyze samples of the fish's muscle, intestine, and liver as well as the parasites. The parasites and the host's tissues had significantly different trace metal concentrations, according to our data. Furthermore, some metals have quite high bioconcentration factors, including Al, Cr, Ni, and Cd. We also found that the trace metal concentrations in the parasites were impacted by the sizes of the parasitic infrapopulations, with smaller infrapopulations tending to accumulate more metals. This study shows this acanthocephalan species' effective ability to store metals and is the first to investigate metal accumulation using it as a model.

Occurrence and ecological risks of flonicamid and its metabolites in multiple substrates from intensive rice–vegetable rotations in tropical China

Rice–vegetable rotations are dominant in (sub)-tropical agriculture worldwide. However, fate and risks of the insecticide flonicamid (FLO) and its main degradates (collectively called FLOMs) in multiple substrates from those cropping systems remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized residual concentrations, driving factors, transport, and potential ecological risks of FLOMs in different substrates in 28 tropical rice–vegetable rotations. Concentrations (median) of FLOMs were 0.013–3.03 (0.42) ng g−1 in plants, 0.012–1.92 (0.23) ng g−1 in soil, 0.029–0.63 (0.126) μg L−1 in water, and 0.002–0.398 (0.055) ng g−1 in sediments. Flonicamid and its metabolite N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycine were the dominant species in the four substrates (84.1 % to 88.5 %). Plants had the highest levels of FLOMs, with the highest bioconcentration factor in peppers. According to boosted regression trees coupled with a partial least squares structural equation model, levels and composition of FLOMs showed high spatiotemporal and crop-related patterns in different substrates, with patterns highly codetermined by agricultural practices (e.g., crop type and FLO/neonicotinoid/pyrethroid applications), substrate parameters (e.g., pH, organic matter or total organic carbon), and climate features (e.g., wet/dry seasons). Moreover, a fugacity method indicated differences in transport and partitioning patterns in different substrates during rice and vegetable planting periods. Integrated substrate risk assessment of FLOMs contamination was conducted based on species-sensitive distributions and substrate weight index. Although overall risks of FLOM contamination in tropical rice–vegetable rotations were negligible to low, the highest risks were in soils, vegetable planting periods, and a central intensively planted area.

Combination of melatonin and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria improved the growth of Spinacia oleracea L. under the arsenic and cadmium stresses

Arsenic and cadmium are among highly toxic elements that causes detrimental effects to the plants, animals as well as human beings. Melatonin is a natural molecule that works as a strong antioxidant by forming antioxidant cascade reaction by scavenging free radicals of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the same way, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth by number of mechanisms. The objective of the current research was to study the impact of melatonin and Bacillus licheniformis in combination on Spinacia oleracea L. in the presence of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) stress. Spinacia oleracea L. seeds were germinated in pots consisting of control and three different doses of arsenic and cadmium irrigated with combination of melatonin and Bacillus licheniformis. The results of the study showed that the combination of melatonin and Bacillus licheniformis has the potential to alleviate the toxic effects of As and Cd. Plant morphological and physiological parameters like plant height, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content were enhanced because of combine application of melatonin and Bacillus licheniformis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) activity increased because of combine application of melatonin and Bacillus licheniformis while malondialdehyde (MDA) content is decreased. In response to different stress conditions, expression of genes encoding the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) is increased in different As and Cd treatments. Results show that highest translocation factor (TF) 0.44 was observed at 125 mg/kg Cd and highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) 0.46 at 75 mg/kg Cd. All three treatments have TF and BCF less than one thus making Spinacia oleracea L. useful for uptake by human beings. Additionally, it was found the melatonin content in Spinacia oleracea L. was increased under As and Cd stress and exogenous melatonin application.

Bioavailability and translocation of platinum nanoparticles and platinum ions in rice (Oryza sativa L.): Nanoparticles biosynthesis and size-dependent transformation

Metal nanoparticles accumulation and bioavailability in plants raised much attention, specifically transformation and transportation of nanoparticles and their corresponding ions in plants are still unknown. In this work, rice seedlings were exposed to platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) (with three sizes of 25, 50, and 70 nm) and Pt ions (with doses of 1, 2, and 5 mg/L) to investigate the influences of particle size and Pt form on bioavailability and translocation mechanism of metal nanoparticles. Results based on single particle ICP-MS (SP-ICP-MS) demonstrated the biosynthesis of PtNPs in Pt ions treated rice seedlings. The particle size ranges at 75–79.3 nm were detected in Pt ions exposed rice roots, and further migrated up to rice shoots at 21.7–44.3 nm. After exposed to PtNP-25, the particles could transfer to shoots with the original size distribution detected in roots, even with the PtNPs dose change. PtNP-50 and PtNP-70 translocated to shoots with the particle size increase. For the rice exposure with three dose levels, PtNP-70 had the highest number-based bioconcentration factors (NBCFs) in all Pt species, while Pt ions had the highest bioconcentration factors (BCFs), a range of 1.43–2.04. All PtNPs and Pt ions could be accumulated in rice plants and further transferred to shoots, and particle biosynthesis was proved through SP-ICP-MS. The finding could help us better understand the influence of particle size and form on the transformations of PtNPs in environment.

Phytoremediation potential modulated by structural and functional traits in a saline desert halophyte Fagonia indica Burm. f.

Using halophytes for phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly technique, now gaining importance all over the world. Fagonia indica Burm. f. (Indian Fagonia) is primarily distributed in salt-affected lands of the Cholistan Desert and surrounding habitats. Four populations with three replications from salt-affected habitats were collected from natural habitats to evaluate structural and functional adaptation for salinity tolerance and phytoremediation of hypersaline habitats. The populations collected from the highest saline sites Pati Sir (PS) and Ladam Sir (LS) had restricted growth habit, increased accumulation of K+ and Ca2+ along Na+ and Cl-, more excretion of Na+ and Cl-, increased cross-sectional area of root and stem, larger exodermal and endodermal cells in roots, and broad metaxylem area. Sclerification in stem was high in population. Specific modifications in leaves were reduced stomatal area and increased adaxial epidermal cell area. Important traits associated with phytoremediation potential of F. indica populations (Pati Sir and Ladam Sir) were deeper roots and taller plants, increased density of salt glands on leaf surface, and high excretion of Na+. Additionally, higher bio-concentration factor, translocation factor, and dilution factor for Na and Cl- in same Ladam Sir and Pati Sir population were identified as key phytoremediation attributes. The plants of F. indica colonizing high salinities (Pati Sir and Ladam Sir) were, therefore, more efficient in phytoremediation of saline soils as these populations accumulated and/or excrete toxic salts. Density of salt glands remarkably increased in the Pati Sir population collected from the highest salinity. This population accumulated and excreted the highest amount of Na+ and Cl-. The dilution factor of Na+ and Cl- ions was also the highest in this population. Anatomical modifications such as root and stem cross-sectional areas, proportion of storage parenchyma, and broad metaxylem vessels were the maximum in Pati Sir population. These modifications indicate not only better salt tolerance of the Pati Sir population but also better in accumulation and excretion of toxic salts. This population can potentially rehabilitate hypersaline uncultivated lands through green reclamation.

Immobilization effects of co-pyrolyzed neem seed mixed with poultry manure on potentially toxic elements in soil and the phytoremediation potentials of native Manihot esculenta and Jatropha curcas in ensuring sustainable land use

This study evaluated the effects of neem seed biochar, poultry manure, and their combinations at varying rates of 15 and 25% (w/w) on potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils. Afterward, the suitability of Manihot esculenta and Jatropha curcas in removing Cd, As, Zn, Pb, and Hg from mine spoils were appraised in a 270-day outdoor pot experiment. Using ICP–Mass Spectrometry, the elemental contents of target PTE in the shoot, root, and soil specimens were determined for each treatment. The obtained average values were further subjected to a nonparametric test of samples using IBM SPSS Statistic 29. The applied organic amendments resulted in significant differences p < 0.05 in PTE availability for plant uptake after the Independent-Samples Kruskal–Wallis Test was made. Nonetheless, applying a 25% (w/w) mixture of neem seed biochar and poultry manure was efficient in immobilizing more PTEs in soils which caused lower PTEs presence in plants. Organic amendments further significantly enhanced the fertility of the mine soils leading to about a 6– 25.00% increase in the biomass yield (p < 0.05) of both plants. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was however observed between the phytoremediation potentials of both plants after the Independent-Sample Mann–Whitney U test. Even that, Manihot esculenta was averagely more efficient in PTE uptake than Jatropha curcas. Larger portions of the bioaccumulated PTEs were stored in the roots of both plants leading to high bioconcentration factors of 1.94– 2.47 mg/kg and 1.27– 4.70 mg/kg, respectively, for Jatropha curcas and Manihot esculenta. A transfer factor < 1 was achieved for all PTEs uptake by both plants and indicated their suitability for phytostabilization. Techniques for easy cultivation of root-storing PTEs are required to enhance their large-scale use as their biomass could further be used in clean energy production.

Trifolium pratense and the Heavy Metal Content in Various Urban Areas

Effective biomonitoring strategies are essential for identifying and assessing the sources and levels of contamination of heavy metal pollutants in urban areas, given their negative impacts on human health and the environment. This study aimed to assess the potential of common weed, Trifolium pratense as a bioindicator of heavy metal contamination in various land uses in urban areas, with a focus on Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb. The results have shown that Cr and Ni had high bioconcentration factor (BCF) values in most sites, in comparison with Cu, Cd and Pb. Contamination factor (CF) values varied across all sites. The industrial area and old town sites had the highest translocation factor (TF) values for Cr and Ni, indicating greater transport of these metals from roots to aerial parts of plants. Differences between heavy metals (HMs) according to land use were observed; especially, Pb and Cu were more concentrated in soils than other heavy metals in industrial areas. Overall, these findings suggest that Trifolium pratense is a promising bioindicator for heavy metal contamination in various land uses in urban areas, making it a potentially valuable tool for monitoring heavy metal pollution in cities of the northern hemisphere.

Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of trace metal contamination in the musculature of the trahira fish (Hoplias malabaricus) from two neotropical rivers in southeastern Brazil

BackgroundFish are an important source of nutrition for humans. Artisanal fishing plays a fundamental role in Brazil fish production. In Brazil, the unrestrained increase, diffusion, and little importance for environmental causes of other economic activities, such as the agricultural industry, has caused irreparable damage, leading to the contamination of water bodies. Among the countless pollutants that reach water bodies, trace metals are extremely problematic. Here, we evaluated the bioaccumulation and health risk of trace metal contamination in the musculature of the trahira fish (Hoplias malabaricus), collected from two rivers in southeastern Brazil. MethodsDuring the period from May 2017 to November 2019, 90 fish were collected, 45 from each river. River water samples were also taken during the same collection periods. From fish, muscle tissue samples were taken, and together with river water samples, analyzed for the recovery of trace metals (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb) through the technique of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). ResultsIn general, fish as well as the waters of the Jacaré-Guaçú River had higher concentrations of metals. The elements Al, Cr and Cd stood out from the others analyzed metals for having a hazard index (HQ) above 1 (Al), for being up to 10 times above the concentrations allowed by Brazilian legislation (Cr) and for having a high bioconcentration factor (Cd), indicating a biomagnification process through the food chain. ConclusionIn general, trace metal concentrations in the waters and fish of the Jacaré‐Guaçú were higher than in the Jacaré-Pepira, which shows that the Jacaré‐Guaçú is the one that suffers more anthropogenic action between the two rivers. In addition, some elements such as Al, Cr and Cd, due to its high concentrations, should receive some attention as they can pose risks to the health of fish, which can jeopardize the survival of their populations, and especially to humans who use these animals as a food source.

Heavy Metal Concentrations and Accumulation Characteristics of Dominant Woody Plants in Iron and Lead−Zinc Tailing Areas in Jiangxi, Southeast China

Phytoremediation using woody plants can effectively reduce heavy metal (HM) concentrations in soils. However, the remediation capacity of woody plants depends greatly on plant species and soil environmental conditions. In order to evaluate the HM remediation potential of woody plants from different tailing areas, the HM accumulation characteristics of roots, shoots, and leaves of 12 dominant native woody plants growing in iron and lead-zinc tailing areas were analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of Cd, As, Ni, Mn, and Cr in most plants in the two tailing areas exceeded the level of normal plants. The distribution of different elements in plants was generally as follows: root &gt; leaf &gt; shoot for Pb and As; root &gt; shoot &gt; leaf for Cr; and leaf &gt; shoot &gt; root for Zn, Ni, and Mn. The distribution of Cu and Cd in plants varied with the type of HM pollution in the two tailing areas. There were significant (p &lt; 0.05) negative correlations between available phosphorus in the soil and Pb, Cd, and Zn in the plant roots when the soil was heavily polluted with Pb, Cd, and As; similarly, there were significant (p &lt; 0.01) negative correlations between readily available potassium in the soil and Pb, Zn, and Ni in plant roots. Based on the higher than average concentration of HMs in plants, and higher bioconcentration factors and translocation factors, some plants were considered woody plant species with phytoremediation. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and indian azalea (Rhododendron simsii) had strong enrichment and translocation abilities for Cd, oriental white oak (Quercus glauca) and beautiful sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana) for Mn and paulownia (Paulownia fortunei) for Zn. The plants listed above can be used as potential species for phytoremediation in iron and lead-zinc tailing areas.

Effects of Soil pH on the Growth and Cadmium Accumulation in Polygonum hydropiper (L.) in Low and Moderately Cadmium-Contaminated Paddy Soil

Wetland macrophytes have advantages when used in the remediation of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated paddy fields because they can adapt to overly wet soil environments; however, only a few studies have tested the efficiency of macrophytes in Cd phytoremediation. In this study, we investigated the effect of soil pH (pHs of 5, 6, and 7) on the accumulation and translocation of Cd by Polygonum hydropiper (L.) in low and moderately Cd-contaminated paddy soil (0.56 and 0.92 mg/kg, respectively). Our results indicated that Cd accumulation in stems and roots, as well as subcellular distribution in P. hydropiper, was affected by soil pH, with significant interactions between the soil pH and Cd level. At low soil Cd levels, stem and root Cd contents were higher at a soil pH value of 6. In addition, with higher soil pH values, the proportion of Cd distributed in the cell wall increased, whereas that distributed in the organelles decreased. The Cd content in the roots and stems of P. hydropiper significantly decreased with the increase in soil pH in the moderate Cd-contaminated soil. In addition, with higher soil pH values, the proportion of Cd distributed in the cell wall decreased, whereas that distributed in the organelles increased. The translocation factor (TF) of P. hydropiper was higher than one in all treatments, indicating that it can effectively transport root-absorbed Cd to the aboveground shoots. Based on the relatively high bioconcentration factor and TF, P. hydropiper has the potential to remediate Cd-polluted paddy soil. Furthermore, the remediation efficiency of P. hydropiper can be enhanced by adjusting the pH as per the soil-Cd pollution.

Fluorescence turn-off sensing strategy based on Al-based MOF for selective detection of tricresyl phosphate

Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), a notable emerging pollutant with a high bioconcentration factor and biotoxicity, is a typical representative of aryl-organophosphorus flame retardants. The electrochemical and chromatographic technologies used in conventional TCP detection have a variety of drawbacks. Hence, it is crucial to suggest an easy, accurate, and selective method for detecting TCP. In this study, we presented a brand-new method based on NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanoprobe for the direct luminescence assay of TCP. NH2-MIL-53(Al) possessed an excellent crystal structure and superior optical qualities. Notably, the introduction of TCP caused a considerable dampening of the photoluminescence signal of the nanoprobe. The fluorescence response based on static quenching was verified by fluorescence lifetime decay curves. The thermodynamic analysis further concluded that TCP and nanoprobe spontaneously produced non-fluorescent complexes due to hydrophobic interaction. The quenching efficiency (F0–F)/F0 of the nanoprobe and the TCP concentration displayed good linearity in the scope of 0.3–3.0 μM (R2 = 0.996), and the LOD was 0.058 μM under the ideal detection conditions. More significantly, the technique was effectively used to identify TCP in lake and tap water (RSD ≤5.79%), which provided a fresh perspective on how to recognize OPFRs in environmental water.

Phytoextraction Potential of Sunn Hemp, Sunflower, and Marigold for Carbaryl Contamination: Hydroponic Experiment.

The phytoextraction ability and responses of sunn hemp, sunflower, and marigold plants were investigated toward carbaryl insecticide at 10 mg L-1 and its degradative product (1-naphthol). All test plants exhibited significant carbaryl removal capability (65-93%) with different mechanisms. Marigold had the highest translocation factor, with carbaryl taken up, translocated and accumulated in the shoots, where it was biotransformed into 1-naphthol. Consequently, marigold had the least observable toxicity symptoms caused by carbaryl and the highest bioconcentration factor (1848), indicating its hyperaccumulating capability. Sunflower responded to carbaryl exposure differently, with the highest carbaryl accumulation (8.7 mg kg-1) in roots within 4 days of cultivation, leading to a partial toxicity effect. Sunn hemp exhibited severe toxicity, having the highest carbaryl accumulation (91.7 mg kg-1) that was biotransformed to 1-naphthol in the sunn hemp shoots. In addition, the different models were discussed on plant hormone formation in response to carbaryl exposure.

Phytoremediation plants of metals in leached urban solid waste Phytoremediation in landfill

Leachate is among the main pollutants in landfills, specifically because its components can cause danger to the environment. One of the treatment options is phytoremediation, which is an efficient technique with low environmental impact and reduced costs. The potential for phytoremediation of heavy metals in plants exposed to Urban Solid Waste leachate from a final disposal site located in Tabasco, Mexico was evaluated. Five plant species predominant in the landfill coverage were selected and identified: Pennisetum purpureum, Cyperus esculentus, Canna indica, Dactylotenium scindicun and Echinochloa colona. Subsequently, leachate samples were collected from each plant and adjacent soil for determination of Heavy Metals through ICP-OES (n=3). The metals with the highest concentration in the leachate were Ba and Zn. Independently of the species, Barium was absorbed at a higher concentration. The higher Bioconcentration Factor was observed in Thallium by D. scindicum and C. indica, and the Translocation Factor identified hyperaccumulating species: E. colona (Zing and Barium) C. indica (Zing and Barium), P. purpureum (Thallium) and D. scindicum (Barium and Thallium).

Phytoremediation Potential of Native Hyperaccumulator Plants Growing on Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil of Khatunabad Copper Smelter and Refinery, Iran

The characterization of prospective plants is one of the critical issues in the efficiency and success of the phytoremediation process. Due to adaption and tolerance to different environmental stresses, native plant species have priority in this method. This study examined fifty plants of five species, namely Launaea acanthodes, Artemisia sp., Cousinia congesta, Peganum harmala, and Stipa sp., growing near a smelter and refinery in Iran to identify potential species for phytoextraction and phytostabilization. Therefore, Pb, Ni, Mn, Mo, S, and Cu concentrations in sampled plants and soils were analyzed. Three different pollution indices, namely metal accumulation index (MAI), translocation factor (TF), and bioconcentration factor (BCF) were used for evaluating the metal concentrations in roots and shoots of each plant species. The results indicated that Artemisia sp., with values of 3.21, 1.09, and 1.14 for MAI, BCF, and TF, respectively, is appropriate for phytoextraction in the study area. Plants such as Launaea acanthodes and Cousinia congesta with high BCF and low TF values showed the potential for phytostabilization. Investigating the indices for different elements demonstrated that Launaea acanthodes had a BCF value greater than 1 and a TF value less than 1; therefore, this plant could be used in the phytoremediation of arsenic through the phytostabilization technique. Furthermore, copper has very low bioavailability in these plant species. In addition, these native plant species were highly capable of accumulating sulfur from the soil because the BCF and TF indices for all inspected species were higher than 1; for Launaea acanthodes, the relevant TF value was about 10. The proposed native plant could be applied in practical applications of phytoremediation for soil remediation of contaminated sites around the metal factories and mines in southeastern Iran.

Suitable light combinations enhance cadmium accumulation in Bidens pilosa L. by regulating the soil microbial communities

Light is one of the natural resources greatly influencing plant growth, and light regulation has been recently considered one of the effective means of enhancing phytoremediation. In this study, monochromatic (red, blue, green), bichromatic (red and blue light combinations at different ratios), and trichromatic (red, blue, and green light combinations at different ratios) lights were applied at the same intensity (100 ± 5 μmol m−2 s−1) to enhance cadmium (Cd) accumulation in Bidens pilosa L. Compared with the control (fluorescent light), the translocation factor (TF), bioconcentration factor (BCF), and total metal extraction (TE) values of the plant were increased by 13.47–99.24%, 5.33–39.64%, and 20.51–109.62%, respectively, under light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation. The highest BCF and TE values were observed in plants under R20B70G10 (20% red, 70% blue, and 10% green light) irradiation, whereas a higher TF value was detected in plants under the condition of R50B50 (50% red and 50% blue light) and R20B70G10. Hierarchical clustering and heatmap analysis showed that trichromatic light influenced plant growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, and soluble protein contents more than bichromatic and monochromatic lights. Additionally, the abundances of rhizosphere microbes and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, such as Lysobacter and Ramlibacter, were significantly higher under LED irradiation, along with enhanced soil enzyme activity. Our findings suggested that the R20B70G10 trichromatic light efficiently induces plant Cd extraction and can significantly improve the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils by Bidens pilosa L.