Higher BC Ratio Research Articles

Identification of bio-intensive pest management (BIPM) approaches in sesame fororganically managed system

The result revealed that all the bio-intensive treatments recorded significantly higher population of natural enemies as compared to control. Among the treatments, the lowest larval population of Antigastra (0.20 and 1.00 larvae/plant at 7 and 14 days after first spraying respectively) was recorded from the treatment T7 (Farmer Practices) followed by (0.33 and 1.13 larvae/plant after 7 and 14 days after first spraying respectively) treatment T3. The highest seed yield (907 kg/ha) was recorded from the treatment T6followed by (903 kg/ha) T5, while the highest BC ratio (5.9) was received from the treatment T7 followed by (4.4) T2 and T3..

Comparative economics of paddy cultivation by transplanting, drilling and broadcasting methods of paddy cultivation in Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra

The present study has been taken in Gadchiroli district of Vidarbha. Gadchiroli is one of the major paddy growing district of Vidarbha and it comes under the high rainfall zone. Paddy is the major Kharif crop grown in the district. The cropping pattern of the district is dominated by the paddy crop.Two tahsils of the Gadchiroli district namely Gadchiroli and Chamorshi were purposively selected for the study. From each tahsil three villages were selected and from each village twenty farmers were selected randomly. In all 120 farmers were selected for the present study. The highest cropping intensity was observed in the farmers group adopting SRI method (180.78%) followed by drilling method (172.15%), conventional transplanting method (158.00%) and broadcasting method (126.31%) respectively.The highest gross returns received to farmers adopting SRI method of cultivation i.e. Rs.100102/- per hectare followed by conventional transplanting method Rs 74947/-, drilling method Rs.70042.75/ - and broadcasting method Rs.33701.00/-.The highest gross returns received to farmers adopting SRI method of cultivation i.e. Rs.100102/- per hectare followed by conventional transplanting method Rs 74947/-, drilling method Rs.70042.75/- and broadcasting method Rs.33701.00/-.The highest BC ratio was realised by the farmers adopting drilling method of paddy cultivation at Cost A, Cost B and Cost C, respectively.

Effect of NPK and Nano Fertilizers on Plant Growth, Yield and Quality of Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)

The current experiment was conducted in the Research Field of the Department of Horticulture, SHUATS, Prayagraj, from November 2021 to March 2022. The goal of the experiment, which used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments and three replications, was to determine which variety will grow best in Prayagraj agroclimatic conditions. It is determined from the current experimental results that the eight treatments in the American beauty variety under consideration demonstrated substantial diversity in all the parameters noted. to investigate "The Effect of NPK and Nano Fertilizer on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L)". The best growth in plant height (116.22cm), number of leaves (14.0), number of shoots 50% sprouting (19.73), spike length (72.33 cm), and first spike emergence were all recorded (76.8), days it took for the first flower to bloom (118.44 ) 50% florets (106.88 ), spike weight (93.81 gm), and first and second floret flower diameter (6.27, 6.01 cm) Corms per plant (2.33 gm), corms per plot (20.31), vase life (11.5), number of spikes (1.83), and number of florets(12.77) compared to other treatments, T5 nano iron 0.25g/l offered the best results in terms of gladiolus growth, yield, and quality. The highest T5 nano iron 0.25g/l net income was (1563017) Rs./Ha, the highest gross return was (2187165) Rs./Ha, and the highest BC ratio was (1:2.5).

Integrated Weed Management in Summer Maize in Mid-Hills of Nepal

Weed is one of the major problems in maize production. To develop an appropriate weed management practice, a field experiment was carried out during 2017 and 2018 at Khumaltar. Twelve different treatments, Pendimethalin as pre @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1, Atrazine as pre @ 1 kg a.i ha-1, Metribuzine as pre @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1, Tembotrione as post @ 0.2 kg a.i ha-1, Pendimethalin followed by (fb) 1 HW, Atrazine fb 1 HW, Metribuzine fb 1 HW, Tembotrione fb 1 HW, Atrazine + Metribuzine (early post ) as tank mixed, Straw mulch, Weed free (2 HW) and Weedy check (control) were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental plot size was 12 m2 and maize variety Manakamana -4 was sown on 21 and 26 May in 2017 and 2018 respectively. The seed rate used was 20 kg ha-1 with row spacing of 60 cm and plant to plant 20 cm. Fertilizers dose of 120:60:40 kg N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1 was applied. Data on crop growth, weed and yields were recorded and analyzed. Weed count and biomass were recorded from a meter square quadrat and yield data taken from net plot of 5.4 m2. Results showed that plant height with straw mulch was maximum of 294 cm. Weed density was significantly influenced by different weed management treatments. Metribuzine post fb 1 HW recorded the less weeds (52.8) and highest (258.5) in weedy check. The lowest weed dry biomass was recorded in Metribuzine post fb 1 HW (9.3 g m-2). The highest grain yield (7.6 Mt ha-1) was found in Metribuzine @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1 as post emergence. The increased in grain yield due to the application of Metribuzine @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1 as post emergence was 32.5% over the weedy check. Similarly, the highest weed control efficiency (77.1%) and the highest BC ratio (2.46) was also recorded in Metribuzine @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1 as post emergence.

Impact of different spacing on production of pole type lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) with intercropping of brinjal crop

Lima beans are very nutritious underutilized legume crops. It is two types; bush type and pole type or vine varieties. Pole lima beans are grown for their distinctive flavour prized by local cooks (Namkeen) and high value as a fresh market crop in the district Farrukhabad. The pods are picked when they semi mature and seed sold for namkeen making. The experiment consisted three plant spacing (T1 S-1x1m Farmers practice without trellis, T2 S-2x2m+trellis, T3 S-3x3 trellis) and that effect on growth, yield and quality of lima bean and additional crop of brinjal as an intercrop at initial stage of lima beans. Flowering parameters Days to first flowering significantly earliest flowering was observed in the treatment T3 (S-3.0m x 3.0m + trellis), with minimum days for first flowering (72.50) and 50% flowering (92.50) at days after sowing. The number of pods per cluster (7.20) was found to be superior among all the treatment in spacing T3 followed by T2 and minimum in T1. Green Seed yield per hectare (q) as influenced by different spacing was found to be significant. The green seed yield per hectare (185q) was found significantly superior in the treatment T3 followed by (178q) in T2 and minimum (129q) in T1. The economics of the lima bean and intercrop of brinjal was found superior in treatment T3 with highest BC ratio.

ASSESSMENT OF PRECISION NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON CROP GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY, AND PROFITABILITY OF MAIZE GROWN DURING WINTER IN CENTRAL TERAI, NEPAL

To assess the effect of precision nutrient management practices on the growth, productivity, and profitability of different maize cultivars grown during winter, a field experiment was accomplished at Khairahani, Chitwan, during 2018/19. The field experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications for two maize cultivars as main-plot treatments (V1-Rampur Composite and V2-Rampur Hybrid-6) and four precision nutrient management practices as sub-plot treatments (T1-Blanket recommendation (60:30:30 kg NPK ha-1), T2-SSNM based Nutrient Expert-Maize model recommended dose (110:27:33 kg NPK ha-1), T3-Farmers’ fertilizer practices (82.5:34.5:15 kg NPK ha-1), T4-LCC based Nitrogen and farmers’ practice-based P and K). The experimental finding indicated that the overall performance of the Rampur Hybrid-6 cultivar was superior to Rampur Composite in terms of yield and yield attributes. SSNM-based NE-Maize model was superior to other nutrient management practices on growth attributes viz. plant height, leaf area index and crop growth rate, yield attributing characters viz. total number of kernels cob-1, number of rows cob-1, and kernel yield. SSNM-based NE- Maize model recorded the best performance with the highest BC ratio (2.47) followed by LCC-based Nitrogen over the farmer’s fertilizer practice-based P and K (2.42).

Composting Limnocharis flava buchenau: A comparative analysis

Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau is fast achieving the status of an invasive weed in the sandy loam soils of Onattukara, Kerala, India. There is high prospect for composting Limnocharis due to its nutrient recycling compared to the normal weed management through herbicides. The present study was undertaken with a view of recycling Limnocharis flava using various composting methods during November 2020 to January 2021 at Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala. The treatments were Tj-normal composting, T2 - vermi-composting, T3 - composting using KAU inoculum and T4 - composting using enriched Pleurotus florida. The design used was CRD and was replicated five times. The results revealed that all the composting methods tried had converted Limnocharis flava to quality compost. The highest recovery percentage was registered for vermi composting. The highest N, Ca and Fe contents were found to be in composts from Pleurotus florida (T4) but the highest BC ratio was recorded for vermi composting (T2). Hence, for commercial use, Limnocharis flava can be profitably converted to vermi-compost.

Application of eco-friendly lubricants in sustainable grinding of die steel

ABSTRACT In recent years, increasing demand for biodegradable lubricants has been observed in precision machining owing to ISO 14000, which draws more attention toward the operator’s health and environmental issues. In this context, vegetable oils are adopted as eco-friendly lubricants in sustainable lubrication techniques such as Small Quantity Lubrication (SQL). The grinding performance and surface integrity of AISI H13 die steel may also be improved via SQL. The present study aims at revealing the best lubricant for work material by comparing the lubricating characteristic of vegetable oils like castor, groundnut, sunflower, and soybean. The lubrication characteristics were studied in terms of force ratio, surface roughness, surface topography, microchip morphology, and wettability. Experiential results revealed that castor oil exhibited superior lubricating performance, including the lowest force ratio and surface roughness (Rɑ : 0.147 µm and Rz : 1.122 mm), and outstanding surface quality. Furthermore, the wide bearing area (BC) curve and a higher BC ratio (81.76%) indicated the development of an excellent antifriction ground surface in the case of castor oil. The spherical and burnt chips were observed at an infeed of 32 µm in the case of soybean oil. The viscosity of the lubricant significantly influenced the wettability. The lower viscous soybean oil promoted better lubricant wettability in the machining zone.

Irrigation management in Pigeonpea under rainfed Alfisols

Pigeonpeais one of the major crops and grown in an area of 67,547 ha in drought prone Ananthapuramu district. However due usage of the long duration traditional Pigeonpea varieties and continuous failure of the NE monsoon coincides with the crop critical stages (Flower bud initiation, flowering, pod development in the district are the major drawbacks for the declined productivity. An attempt was done at Agricultural Research Station, Ananthapuramu on different options available for the irrigation to the pigeonpea crop during kharif,2016. Experimental results revealed that growth parameters like plant height and stem girth were higher with continuous irrigations whereas higher yield and yield attributing parameters were registered with flooding (irrigation at all five critical stages irrigations). Flood irrigation at 5 critical stages registered the highest additional net income of Rs 1,10,300 ha-1 which was closely followed by Drip irrigation at flowering and pod development stages with an additional net income of Rs 94,100, However higher BC ratio (7.63) was obtained with Drip irrigation at flowering and pod development stages. Drip irrigation at Flowering and Pod development registered higher water use efficiency (3.68 kg ha-1mm-1) on mean basis.

Yield And Economics of Sesame Based Cropping System In North Coastal Zone of Andhra Prades

A field experiment was conducted during 2011 rabi and 2012 kharif at Agricultural Research Station, Yellamanchili. In the first year of experimentation rabi 2011-12, sole crop sesamum was sown in bulk as base crop or main crop to study sesame based cropping system with other sequential crops greengram, groundnut, cowpea, ragi, fodder cowpea and sunhemp, sunhemp fodder sown during kharif . Average yield of sesamum sown during rabi was 380 kg/ha. During kharif 2012 all the crops were sown on 12-06-2012, the yields realized by different crops were converted into sesamum equivalent yield. The prevailing sesame- horsegram sequence cropping system is not at all remunerative to the farmers and hence introduction of new crops in the cropping system with, Maize, Ragi, ID crops and with other cropping systems were tried when there is deficit in rain fall for maximum profitability. The initial soil sample analysis revealed a pH of 6.7, Electrical Conductivity dsm-1 of 0.17, Organic Carbon % of 0.51in the experimental site. Available N was 247 kg/ha, P2O5 29 and available K2O was 262 kg/ha. The results revealed that the cost of cultivation, gross income, net income and the BC ratio was highest for T7 (Sesame-maize). The same is the case with rabi season also, where in the net income and the benefit cost ratio was Rs.50329 and 4.35, respectively. In the cropping sequence, highest BC ratio was recorded with T7- Sesame- maize - sunhemp (Green manure) 3.91 with sesamum and maize crop only, Green manure crop (Sunhemp) is an added advantage crop to improve soil fertility. The other highest recorded B C ratio was with Sesamum-ragi and Sesamum- cowpea based cropping system with 2.92 and 2.83.

Studies on yield and economics of high value vegetable crops grown under low-cost polyhouse in the mid-hill conditions of Meghalaya

An experiment was conducted under naturally ventilated low-cost polyhouse during 2011–2013. The highest yield of tomato was recorded from cultivar Megha Tomato 3 (3.05 kg/plant), capsicum hybrid Pusa Deepti (0.88 kg/plant), chilli hybrid Fungale (0.99 kg/plant), King chilli genotype Red Long (0.98 kg/plant) and cucumber genotype, RCC 2 (4.28 kg/plant). From the economic analysis of cropping sequences, the highest per annum net income (19, 02, 043.4/ha) was recorded from the tomato (Megha Tomato 3)-capsicum (Pusa Deepti) followed by 18, 10, 082.0/ha from King chilli sole cropping and 15, 60, 163.4/ha from tomato (variety Megha Tomato 3)-chilli (hybrid Fungale) cropping sequence. However, the highest BC ratio (4.2) was observed from the King chilli sole cropping followed by tomato-capsicum cropping sequence (3.5). In all the crops, over 50% of the total cost of production was contributed by cost of polyhouse followed by operational cost. The farmers of the region can increase their income by adopting the above identified most economical crops, varieties and cropping sequences.

Response of Perlka (Calcium cynamide) on Plant Growth and Production of Kinnow Mandarin(C.nobilis XC.deliciosa)in Sub Montane Low Hill Zone of Himachal Pradesh

Perlka, a multifunctional fertilizer was tested in kinnow mandarin as a soil application at four different doses, 500 g, 1000 g, 1500 g and 2000 g per tree and its effect on plant growth and production was compared against the soil application of CAN (800 g and 1600 g/tree). Perlka and CAN were applied during the month of February & May in two equal splits. Effect of Perlka application on annual shoot extension, fruit production and fruit quality was recorded. Annual shoot extension in kinnow mandarin was observed significantly more with the Perlka treatment 1000 g per tree when compared to other Perlka treatment (500 g, 1500 g and 2000 g) and as well as the CAN application. Significant improvement in response to soil application of Perlka (1000 g) when compared to other Perlka treatments including the application of CAN was observed for fruit size, fruit weight and fruit volume. Biochemical analysis of fruits showed variable results for total soluble content of kinnow fruits in response to different treatment. Maximum TSS (10.3° B) was observed with the treatment of 800 g CAN and 2000 g Perlka individually. Maximum fruit yield (32.18 Kg) per tree was obtained with 1000 g Perlka application followed by 1600 g CAN. Perlka application at 1000 g per tree resulted in significant improvement in annual shoot growth and tree health particularly by exhibiting resistance against collar rot and root rot fungi caused by Phtopthora citrophora, Phtopthora nicotiane in all of the trees receiving perlka in comparison to CAN treatments, fruit yield and other fruit quality parameters of the fruits in kinnow mandarin. The highest BC ratio of 3.5 was obtained in trees of kinnow mandarin treated with 1000g of perlka per tree.

Comparative efficacy of selected insecticides and aqueous neem seed kernel extract against Pieris brassicae infesting cauliflower in dry temperate zone of North Western Himalaya

Five insecticides, i.e. lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC [Bravo5000®] (0.0025%), profenofos 50 EC [Profenofos®] (0.05%), triazophos 40 EC [Hostathion®] (0.04%), imidacloprid 17.8 SL [Maharaja®] (0.0178%), dichlorvos 76 EC [Nuvan®] (0.018%) and aqueous neem seed kernel extract (5.0 ml/L) were evaluated for the management of Pieris brassicae. Experiments were conducted in randomised block design (RBD) with three replications at research farm of Highland Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Kukumseri, Lahaul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh during kharif 2008 and 2009. It was concluded that all the insecticides evaluated in the present studies were effective in controlling P. brassicae on cauliflower and helped in increasing the marketable yield of curds by manifolds. However, lambda cyhalothrin was best in reducing the P. brassicae population, whereas triazophos gave highest reduction in plant infestation by P. brassicae. NSKE was least effective in curtailing P. brassicae infestation. The highest mean yield (16.16 tonnes/ha) was obtained in dichlorvos sprayed plots which also proved to be the most economical insecticide having the highest BC ratio (2.51).

Value chain analysis of mentha cultivation and processing cluster in Punjab

Mentha oil is an important ingredient used in various products of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries. The present investigation envisage to analyse entire value chain of mentha farming and Processing Cluster and to undertake the benefit-cost analysis of mentha and competing crops. The study was based on primary and secondary data sources. The results of the study brought out that the margin between variable cost and gross returns was 79.08 per cent per acre in mentha crop while margin in input and output in wheat, potato, paddy and maize is 59.55, 55.90, 55.38 and 51.38 per cent, respectively. The benefit-cost ratio also supports the results with higher BC Ratio on mentha cultivation (4.78) as compared to wheat (2.47), potato (2.26), paddy (2.24) and maize (2.05) cultivation.

Adoption of IPM Approach-An Ideal Module against Thrips (Thrips tabaci Linderman) in Onion

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important export oriented vegetable among the cultivated Allium crops in India. Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci Linderman) is the key biotic factor for reducing yield loses in both onion as vegetable crop as well as seed crops. Besides direct damage to both foliage and bulbs, thrips can also indirectly aggravate purple blotch and act as a vector for viral disease such as Iris yellow spot. In absence of high levels of host plant resistance to Thrips tabaci and development of resistance towards number of pesticide of late, there is an urgent need to look at other IPM options for effective management. A field study was conducted under the All India Network Research Project on Onion and Garlic, at the College of Horticulture (OUAT), Sambalpur, Odisha, India during the winter season 2010-11 to 2012-13 to find out the most effective eco-friendly IPM modules for management of thrips in onion. The treatment consists of M1: IPM module, M2: Farmers’ Practices and M3: Control, laid out in RBD. The results obtained over three years indicated that both M1 and M2 not only significantly reduced the thrips population (21.68 and 21.02 thrips plant-1) but also increased total marketable yield (25.86 and 25.70 tha-1), respectively over the control, M3 (39.13 thrips plant-1and 20.58 tha-1) . Higher BC Ratio was recorded in M1 (3.26) than M2 (2.70). It is concluded that adoption of the IPM module approach consisting of planting of border crop of two rows of wheat and one row of maize, 10-15 days prior to planting of onion seedling, dip treatment with Carbosulfan and need based insecticides spray, when thrips population exceed ETL (30 thrips/plant-1) not only reduces the thrips infestation but also increases the bulb yield with quality of onion bulbs.