High Antioxidant Properties Research Articles

Cranberry: A Promising Natural Product for Animal Health and Performance

Cranberries are a distinctive source of bioactive compounds, containing polyphenols such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and triterpenoids. Cranberries are often associated with potential health benefits for the urinary tract and digestive system due to their high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. Cranberry induces the production of antioxidant enzymes, suppresses lipid peroxidation, reduces inflammatory cytokines, modulates immune cells, maintains gut microbiota, and inhibits bacterial adhesion and growth. Cranberry polyphenols also have metal-binding motifs that bind with metals, particularly zinc and iron. The combination of cranberry polyphenols and metals displays increased biological activity. In this review, an attempt is made to describe the physiological properties and health benefits of cranberries for livestock, including poultry, swine, canine, feline, and ruminant animals, as either feed/food or as supplements. Cranberry, and/or its components, has the capability to potentially control infectious diseases like diarrhea, urinary tract infection, gut integrity, and intestinal probiotic health. Moreover, cranberries show efficacy in suppressing the growth of pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella species, Campylobacter species, Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus species bacteria. Thus, cranberry could be considered as a potential natural feed additive or food supplement for animal health improvement.

Harnessing the nutraceutical and antioxidant potential of the sporocarp of medicinal mushrooms, Schizophyllum commune Fr.

The split gill mushroom, Schizophyllum commune Fr., naturally occurs on decaying wood during the rainy season and is consumed as a food source in many parts of North-East India due to its medicinal properties. In the present study, an isolate of S. commune was analysed for its proximate composition and nutraceutical potential to support the development of biofortified products. The proximate composition analysis of dried and fresh mushrooms of S. commune revealed the following results: carbohydrate content (74.00% and 30.51 %, respectively), calorific value (358.00 and 148.84 Kcal/100g, respectively), crude fiber (3.08 % and 1.20% respectively), crude protein content (13.70 % and 6.18%, respectively), and total antioxidant activity (1267.00?g/g and 1090.76?g/g, respectively). Glycemic potential assessments indicated that S. commune exhibited a low glycemic index of 10.33 and total starch digestibility of 7.65%. The nutraceutical analysis of dried S. commune powder in different solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) demonstrated that methanolic extracts recorded the highest DPPH inhibition percentage (89.60%), reducing power (37.20%), and phenolic content (0.230±0.005 mg/mL). Methanolic extracts also exhibited higher flavonoid content (0.455±0.003mg/mL). Ethanolic extracts were found to have the highest total tannin (0.250±0.001mg/mL) and saponin content (0.303±0.001mg/mL). A herbal infusion formulated with S. commune dried powder, dried basil leaf powder, and dried ginger powder demonstrated high antioxidant and phytochemical properties. Sensory evaluation of two treatments of the herbal infusion indicated good overall acceptability, highlighting its potential as a commercially viable fortified product with significant antioxidant properties.

Electronic structure modulation of ultrathin PtRuMoCoNi high-entropy alloy nanowires for boosting peroxidase-like activity and sensitive colorimetric determinationof isoniazid and hydrazine.

Self-supported ultrathin PtRuMoCoNi high-entropy alloy nanowires (HEANWs) were synthesized by a one-pot co-reduction method, whose peroxidase (POD)-like activity and catalytic mechanism were elaborated in detail. As expected, the PtRuMoCoNi HEANWs showed excellent POD-like activity. It can quickly catalyze the oxidization of colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue OXTMB through decomposition of H2O2 to superoxide radicals. Notably, isoniazid and hydrazine effectively scavenge the as-produced superoxide radicals and reduce the blue OXTMB, showing high reduction ability and antioxidant property. Thus, the PtRuMoCoNi HEANW-derived colorimetric method was developed for determination of isoniazid and hydrazine, which exhibited the linear ranges of 1.5 to 50μM and 25 to 200μM coupled with the lower detection limits of 2.3 and 12.6μM for isoniazid and hydrazine, respectively. The excellent analytical performance mainly results from the synergistic catalytic effect of the multiple metals and distinctive ultra-thin nanowires. This work provides a simple and rapid colorimetric method for the determination of isoniazid and hydrazine in actual samples.

Isolation of New Strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria from the Vaginal Microbiome of Postmenopausal Women and their Probiotic Characteristics

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), traditionally consumed as fermented foods, are now being applied to the medical field beyond health-functional food as probiotics. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously discover and evaluate new strains with suitable probiotic characteristics, mainly focusing on safety. In this study, we isolated eight new strains from postmenopausal vaginal fluid using culturomics approaches, an emerging area of interest. Data showed that most strains possessed significant cell surface hydrophobicity (≥ 76%), auto-aggregation capacity (17 to 61%), strong adhesion activity (8 to 34%), and excellent resistance to gastric acid, bile salt, and digestive enzyme, enhancing their survival in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the strains exhibited functional characteristics, including substantial antibacterial activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 12.5 to 50%. They also harbored bacteriocins genes, produced short-chain fatty acids (acetate and propionate), exhibited significant phagocytic activity, possessed high antioxidative properties, rapidly depleted sodium nitrite, and exhibited proteolysis and β-glucosidase activity. In addition, heat-killed LAB strains significantly reduced the gene expressions of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-β, IL-6, and iNOS in macrophages. Safety assessment revealed no cytotoxicity in macrophage cell lines. All strains tested negative for biogenic amine or H2O2 production, displayed no gelatinase or hemolytic activity, lacked virulence genes or detrimental enzymes, and displayed antibiotic susceptibility. In summary, these newly isolated strains demonstrate excellent probiotic functionality with a strong focus on safety, making them promising candidates for future drug development in the relevant fields.

Hydromethanolic extracts of Morus alba L. (Mulberry) young and ripe fruit induces apoptosis in lung carcinoma cells (A549)

Abstract The study investigates the potential of Morus alba L. (mulberry) young and ripe fruit extracts against lung cancer cells. Cancer ranking as the second leading cause of global mortality, it is essential to investigate natural compounds like phytochemicals for therapeutic benefits. The research investigates presence of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of both young (MAF-Y) and ripe (MAF-R) mulberry fruit extracts. Results revealed presence of various secondary metabolites, particularly high phenolic content and antioxidant properties in MAF-R. Both extracts demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549), with IC50 18.4 ± 3.01µg/ml (MAF-R) and 29.41 ±3.6 µg/ml (MAF-Y). Moreover, the extracts effectively inhibited cell migration. Treatment of extracts elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production which resulted in disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, and induced the process of apoptosis in lung carcinoma cells. This was evidenced through various assays including differential staining and DNA fragmentation analysis. These findings underscore the potential of mulberry fruit extracts as promising candidates for cancer prevention and treatment due to their antioxidant properties, cytotoxic effects, and ability to induce apoptosis in lung cancer cells.

Melanin-Deferoxamine Nanoparticles Targeting Ferroptosis Mitigate Acute Kidney Injury via RONS Scavenging and Iron Ion Chelation.

Rhabdomyolysis (RM)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) involves the release of large amounts of iron ions from excess myoglobin in the kidneys, which mediates the overproduction of reactive species with the onset of iron overload via the Fenton reaction, thus inducing ferroptosis and leading to renal dysfunction. Unfortunately, there are no effective treatments for AKI other than supportive care. Herein, we developed a multifunctional nanoplatform (MPD) by covalently bonding melanin nanoparticles (MP NPs) to deferoxamine. The nanoplatform has good dispersion and physiological stability, excellent chelating performance to iron ions, and broad-spectrum reactive species scavenging activity. Furthermore, cellular experiments showed that the NPs possessed high biocompatibility, antiapoptotic activity, antioxidant properties, and strong scavenging capacity of Fe2+ to mitigate iron overload, protecting the intracellular mitochondria from oxidative stress. Meanwhile, the intrinsic photoacoustic imaging capability of melanin allows the real-time monitoring of MPD NPs' target uptake and metabolic behavior in healthy and AKI mice. Most importantly, MPD NPs led to downregulation of the antioxidant pathway by targeting ferroptosis, thus effectively rescuing renal function in vivo, mitigating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and inhibiting renal tubular cell apoptosis. The nanoplatform offers a novel therapeutic strategy for RM-induced AKI.

Determination of the Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties of $Smilax$ $excelsa$ L. Extracted with Different Solvents

$Smilax$ $excelsa$ L., an edible wild plant whose leaves and shoots are frequently consumed in the daily diet and used to treat various diseases in traditional medicine, grows in certain regions of Türkiye, especially in the Black Sea Region. This study aims to determine the phytochemical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of $S.$ $excelsa$ with different solvents. In this study, the shoots of $S.$ $excelsa$ were extracted with water, 70% ethanol, and 80% methanol solvents and an ultrasound-assisted extraction method was used. It was found that the total phenolic contents of the extracts obtained from the plant were higher in the ethanol (75.09 mg/g) and methanol (74.72 mg/g) extracts compared to the water extract (49.62 mg/g). While the water extract had the highest amount of flavonoids (22.96 mg/g), the 80% methanol extract had the highest amount of total anthocyanins (0.52 mg/g). The efficacy of the extracts against various pathogens was also investigated. It was determined that in the Petri dish in which $Enterococcus$ $faecalis$ ATCC 29212 pathogen was cultivated, a clear zone was formed around the disc into which only the water extract was impregnated. The zone diameter was 2.10 ± 0.08 cm. As a result of the study, it can be said that especially the ethanol and methanol extracts were effective in terms of both the phytochemical properties and antioxidant activities and therefore they exhibited high antioxidant properties.

Study of anthocyanins in several genetic resources from the national eggplant collection of Armenia

Background: The main components of eggplant skin extract are anthocyanins, which play a vital role in determining the skin's color. Cultivated eggplants can potentially increase their anthocyanin content by crossing with various forms that synthesize different types of anthocyanins. This strategy could lead to eggplants with even higher antioxidant properties. Consuming products rich in anthocyanins is beneficial for preventing the development of serious diseases. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the selection of eggplants due to their high content of these biologically active substances. Objective: The study focuses on the effectiveness of various eggplant genetic resources conserved at the National Eggplant Collection in Armenia, specifically examining the anthocyanin content in eggplant fruits. Methods: Experiments were conducted at the experimental station of the Scientific Centre of Vegetable and Industrial Crops in Darakert, Ararat Marz of Armenia during 2022-2023. For these experiments, several genetic resources from the Armenian National Eggplant collection were utilized, including the brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) varieties Mini Miss and Tavush, and wild relatives of eggplant, introduced from Taiwan and species from The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), namely Solanum macrocarpon and Solanum incanum. The quantitative determination of the total anthocyanins was carried out using pH differential spectrophotometry. The experimental data was subjected to two statistical processing methods. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Hierarchial Cluster Analysis. Results: The total anthocyanins content in eggplant fruits is 0,34-6,19(mass%), with a standard deviation of ±0.06 ±0.42 respectively. The moisture content in the eggplant fruits is 89,35-92,3 (mass%), with a standard deviation ±0,96 ±1,7. They have several promising anthocyanin-rich varieties such as Solanum melongena L. (Mini Miss and Tavush), and wild relatives from the deceased Tawan and species from the World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), namely Solanum macrocarpon and Solanum incanum, Conclusion: Several genetic resources of the national eggplant collection, including Armenian varieties such as Solanum melongena L. (Mini Miss and Tavush), as well as wild relatives from the deceased Tawan and species from the World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), namely Solanum macrocarpon and Solanum incanum, exhibited high anthocyanin content. These valuable resources can play a crucial role in breeding new eggplant varieties and hybrids, as well as in creating innovative forms of functional food. Keywords: eggplant, anthocyanins, genetic resources

Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Composition, Proximate Content and Heavy Metal Contamination in Naturally and Calcium Carbide-Ripened Bananas

The use of artificial ripening agents, particularly calcium carbide, in fruits such as bananas has raised concerns about their impact on nutritional quality. This study compared the phytochemical composition, proximate analysis, and heavy metal contamination of naturally ripened (NR) and calcium carbide-ripened (CR) bananas and analysed the adverse risk associated with the consumption of calcium carbide -ripened bananas. Mature unripe bananas obtained from the Institute of Agricultural Research and Development (IARD) were divided into two groups: one ripened naturally (NR) at room temperature and the other ripened using calcium carbide (CR). Phytochemical analysis detected phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids in both groups, but with significant differences in concentration. Notably, cyanogenic glycoside and oxalate levels were higher in CR bananas (7.0 × 10⁻⁴% and 1.82%, respectively) compared to NR bananas (6.0 × 10⁻⁴% and 0.50%). Additionally, NR bananas showed higher concentrations of flavonoids (11.64%), alkaloids (4.50%), saponins (9.84%), and tannins (7.5 × 10⁻4%), indicative of high antioxidant properties. In contrast, CR bananas had reduced levels of these compounds (10.22%, 4.2%, 6.41%, and 3.16 × 10⁻4% respectively), suggesting decreased antioxidant potential. Proximate analysis revealed that CR bananas had higher moisture content (82.05%) compared to NR bananas (79.83%). However, NR bananas contained higher levels of protein (1.88%), carbohydrate (19.68%), and fiber (2.40%). Heavy metal analysis identified elevated phosphorus levels in CR bananas (184.5 ppm), exceeding the FAO's permissible limits (80–120 ppm). In conclusion, our findings highlight the potential nutritional compromises and safety risks associated with calcium carbide-ripened bananas. The study emphasizes the need for strict regulation of artificial ripening agents to protect consumer health.

Effect of organic selenium on performance and gill transcriptome of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei.

Shrimp gill health is an indicator of their overall health and environmental stress, as gills are in direct contact with the external environment. Organic selenium (OS), known for its high bioavailability and antioxidant properties, potentially enhances shrimp growth, survival, and immune responses. This study investigated the physiological features through comprehensive gill gene expression profiling and growth parameters by incorporating OS into Penaeus vannamei diets. Two OS-containing products, AlkoSel (AS) and SelPlex (SL), were supplied to the diet of P. vannamei (0.90 ± 0.05g body weight, 4.54 ± 0.5cm length) at a dose of 0.4mg Se kg- 1 ration in the final feed. Three groups were organized: an AS-fed group, an SL-fed group, and a control (C) group without additives. After a one-month feeding trial, performance indices (PI) were assessed and RNA-Seq analysis was conducted. The PI revealed that both OS products had similar growth-stimulating effects, with no significant differences between the two groups. However, both groups showed significant improvement compared to the C-group. The P. vannamei gill transcriptome was strongly impacted by the two OS products, with several KEGG pathways implicated in their metabolic mechanisms. Pathways related to energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, non-specific immunity, and antioxidative responses were significant in regulating the addition of AS and SL to P. vannamei diets. While SL had some higher additive effects on the gene expression profile than AS, OS from either product is an essential micronutrient that promotes growth, normal metabolic activities, and good gill health in P. vannamei during the early feeding period.

A Review on the Antidiabetic Potential of Saffron in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Research Methodologies

This study is a review of the antidiabetic potential of the Saffron plant in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and research methodologies. The experimental design of this project study aimed to obtain crocin from the saffron plant. Crocin is considered a potential natural drug agent thanks to its high antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. However, in order to obtain the highest yield of crocin in obtaining this natural agent, it is very important to ensure optimization by selecting the right extraction techniques, phenolic content, antioxidant and antidiabetic analyses. In this project, it was aimed to apply extraction techniques under appropriate conditions to obtain crocin from the Crocus sativus plant, also known as saffron. In addition, an experimental design was created to apply HPLC to obtain high purity of crocin, TPC analysis to determine total phenolic content, ORAC and DPPH analyses to determine antioxidant capacity, and α-Amylase Inhibition Test and α-Glucosidase Inhibition Test techniques to determine antidiabetic potential. Once the desired results are achieved, experimental studies will be initiated to develop crocin into a natural market drug.

Block cationic copolymer/quaternary ammonium chitosan-based composite antibacterial hydrogel dressings with NIR photothermal effects for bacteria-infected wound healing.

Wound infections caused by pathogenic bacteria can cause delayed wound healing and even threaten the life of patients. Drug resistance and effectiveness with regard to traditional wound dressings have become urgent issues which need to be addressed. The antibacterial effect of hydrogels, as novel wound dressings, is through contact-active antibacterial was limited by the contact area and time. In this paper, MXene (a 2D carbonitride) has been employed as the substrate and via the in-situ reduction of silver nanoparticles and the polymerization of dopamine on its surface the photothermal agent MXene-Ag-PDA was obtained. This was then introduced into the hydrogel matrix via the block cationic polymer (AM-VBIMBr-AAPBA), oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) and quaternary ammonium chitosan (HACC). Multifunctional composite hydrogels (PNVAO/M-A-P) possessing photo-thermal effects and inherent antibacterial activity were obtained after crosslinking, and were employed as medical materials to promote the healing of infected wounds. The cationic groups contained in the PNVAO/M-A-P were capable of capturing and killing bacteria by electrostatic interactions, and produced local heat killing adsorption and residual bacteria in the surrounding solution under NIR irradiation, thereby shortening the antibacterial cycle and improving the sterilization efficiency. Meanwhile, the introduction of glycerin in the hydrogel improved its anti-freezing and anti-drying properties, enabling the hydrogel to function stably under extreme environments. PNVAO/M-A-P composite hydrogels based on chemical and dynamic crosslinking exhibited the desired mechanical strength, and via their self-healing ability can adapt to dynamic wounds. The hydrogel dressing showed excellent anti-freezing and anti-drying properties, high bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption capacity (308.17mg·g-1), good biocompatibility (the cell viability exceeded 100% after 48h of incubation), antioxidant properties and excellent antibacterial activity (the sterilization rate can reach 99.9%). Furthermore, the hydrogel was applied to infected wound treatment and was able to control the wound infection, reduce pro-inflammatory factor production, promote collagen deposition and neovascularization formation, and thus promote wound healing. Therefore, multifunctional composite hydrogels with synergistic antibacterial effects can be used as an novel dressing for the treatment of bacterial infected wounds.

STUDY OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COM-POUNDS OF VARIOUS LUBRICANTS IN CASTROL ALPHA SP 680 OIL

Castrol ALPHA Sp 680 transmission grease, based on highly refined mineral oil, is used to lubri-cate gears in mechanisms. The presence in its composition of various functional groups and ele-ments provides the required performance properties of this oil. Castrol Alpha SP 680 gear oil, along with lubricating properties, has high antioxidant and anti-foam properties. The disadvantage of the oil is that it has low corrosion and extreme pressure properties. Therefore, the goal of our research was to develop a universal high-quality gear oil based on multifunctional and high-quality additives that meets modern requirements. The article presents an analysis of the IHP-14M addi-tive in Castrol Alpha SP 680 gear oil and the results of comparative tribological tests with foreign additives with the same functional properties. Keywords: transmission oils, tribological properties, additives, corrosion, lubricating effect.

In Vitro Antileishmanial and Immune Modulation of Trigonelline Against Leishmania major.

The mechanistic study of new pharmaceutical compounds is crucial for evaluating their efficacy, identifying potential side effects, and optimising drug formulations. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of trigonelline on the promastigote and amastigote stages of Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER). An initial in silico study was conducted to examine the pharmacological effects of trigonelline using molecular docking to evaluate the potential binding affinity of trigonelline with nitrate, a crucial molecule in the macrophage immune response against Leishmania. In this experimental study, the inhibitory mechanism of trigonelline on promastigotes was evaluated by measuring metacaspase expression levels. In the amastigote stage of L. major, the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin 12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) genes were assessed using Real-time PCR. Trigonelline demonstrated a high-binding affinity to the iNOS molecule in computer modelling. In macrophages treated with various concentrations of trigonelline, glucantime and their combination, the expression levels of metacaspase, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ and iNOS genes significantly increased compared to the control group (p < 0.05), whereas IL-10 and TGF-β gene expression levels significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Trigonelline exerts its antileishmanial effects through its high antioxidant properties, non-cytotoxicity to macrophages, and its ability to enhance apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in promastigotes of L. major.

Bioactivity of Grape Pomace Extract and Sodium Selenite, Key Components of the OenoGrape Advanced Complex, on Target Human Cells: Intracellular ROS Scavenging and Nrf2/ARE Induction Following In Vitro Intestinal Absorption.

Oenobiol Sun Expert, a food formulation designed to enhance skin health prior to sun exposure, has been optimized by incorporating the OenoGrape Advanced Complex, which includes grape pomace extract, increased selenium content and 10% lycopene-rich tomato extract, with these constituents exhibiting high antioxidant potential. To evaluate the effects of these individual ingredients and the overall formulation at the cellular level, the AOP1 cell antioxidant efficacy assay was employed to measure the intracellular free radical scavenging activity, while the Cell Antioxidant Assay (CAA or DCFH-DA) assay was used to assess peroxidation scavenging at the plasma membrane level. The indirect antioxidant activity was examined using stably transfected cell lines containing a luciferase reporter gene controlled by the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE), which activates the endogenous antioxidant system via the Nrf2/Keap1-ARE pathway. Our results indicate that among the individual components, grape pomace extract and sodium selenite possess high and complementary antioxidant properties. Grape pomace extract was particularly effective in inhibiting free radicals (AOP1 EC50 = 6.80 μg/mL) and activating the ARE pathway (ARE EC50 = 231.1 μg/mL), whereas sodium selenite exerted its effects through potent ARE activation at sub-microgram levels (EC50 = 0.367 μg/mL). In contrast, the lycopene-rich tomato extract did not show a notable contribution to the antioxidant effects. The antiradical activity of the OenoGrape Advanced Complex, comprising these three ingredients, was very efficient and consistent with the results obtained for the individual components (AOP1 EC50 = 15.78 µg/mL and ARE EC50 of 707.7 μg/mL). Similarly, the free radical scavenging activity still persisted in the Oenobiol Sun Expert formulation (AOP1 EC50 = 36.63 µg/mL). Next, in vitro intestinal transepithelial transfer experiments were performed. The basolateral compartments of cells exposed to the ingredients were collected and assessed using the same antioxidant cell assays. The direct and indirect antioxidant activities were measured on both hepatocytes and keratinocytes, demonstrating the bioavailability and bioactivity of grape pomace extract and sodium selenite. These finding suggest that the ingredients of this food supplement contribute to enhanced cytoprotection following ingestion.

In-Depth Phytochemical Profile by LC-MS/MS, Mineral Content by ICP-MS, and In-Vitro Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Antiepilepsy, Anticholinergic, and Antiglaucoma Properties of Bitlis Propolis.

Propolis is very significant in terms of its phytochemical content and biological activity among bee products. In this study, the antioxidant activities (total phenolic and flavonoid, Fe3+, Cu2+ (CUPRAC), Fe3+-TPTZ (FRAP) reducing, and DPPH•, ABTS•+ scavenging assays) of propolis collected from the Bitlis province of Türkiye were determined. In addition, the carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II), α-glycosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition activity and phytochemical profile of propolis and mineral content were determined by LC-MS/MS and ICP-MS, respectively. In propolis, 31 phytochemicals were found, and the highest concentration of acacetin (23.604 mg/g) was detected. It is seen that the phytochemicals in propolis provide antioxidant properties. The mineral content was screened for 18 elements and determined to be rich in the elements that make up the salt content. Total phenolic content was 215.14 mg GAE/g, and total flavonoid content was 79.11 mg QE/g. The Fe3+ reduction result was 0.940 (µg/mL), CUPRAC 1.183 (µg/mL), FRAP 0.963 (µg/mL), DPPH• scavenging IC50: 16.7 (µg/mL), and ABTS IC50: 8.01 (µg/mL). hCA I enzyme inhibition results in IC50: 7.19 (µg/mL), hCA II 8.15, AChE 5.17, BChE 7.50, and α-Glycosidase 5.72. As a result of this study, it was determined that Bitlis propolis has high antioxidant properties and a rich phytochemical content. It was also observed that it is an effective enzyme inhibitor against epilepsy, glaucoma, Alzheimer's, and diabetes, which are important diseases, and it can be evaluated in the treatment of these diseases and drug production.

Evaluation of the Effect of Growth Factors on Chlorophylls a and b Production from Microalgae.

Microalgae contain two main groups of pigments: chlorophylls and carotenoids. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs light energy and transforms it into chemical energy to facilitate the synthesis of organic compounds. This pigment serves as a valuable primary source for biotechnological input products in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to its high antioxidant properties and coloring capabilities. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of growth factors (CO2 concentration, light color, and light intensity) through a Taguchi L4 experimental design on cell growth and the cellular content of chlorophyll a and b in Chlorella sorokiniana, followed by validation of the method using Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae as an additional study model. Cell growth was quantified using the optical density spectrophotometric technique at a wavelength of 550 nm. For the quantification of chlorophylls, a cell extract was obtained using a 90% pure acetone solution, and subsequently, the concentrations of chlorophylls a and b were quantified using spectrophotometric techniques at wavelengths of 647 nm and 664 nm, according to the method described by Jeffrey and Humphrey. The experimental results indicated that controlling conditions of low CO2 addition, purple light, and low light intensity increases both cell growth and the concentration of chlorophylls a and b within the cells. The implementation of this chlorophyll quantification method allows for quick, simple, and precise determination of chlorophyll content, as the wavelengths used are at the absorbance peaks of both types of chlorophylls, making this technique easily reproducible for any microalgae under study.

Association between dietary vitamin E and osteoporosis in older adults in the United States.

Increased oxidative stress due to aging can lead to increased bone loss. The most abundant form of vitamin E, namely α-tocopherol, has high antioxidant properties and biological activity; however, its effect on osteoporosis has not been well studied in humans. We aimed to investigate the association between dietary vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and osteoporosis among older adults in the United States. This cross-sectional study analyzed data on older adults in the United States aged ≥50 years from the 2007-2010, 2013-2014 and 2017-2020 pre-pandemic cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sample-weighted multivariate regression models were used, with adjustments for relevant confounders. This study comprised 5,800 individuals with available data on dietary intake and bone mineral density of hip and spine. The mean participant age was 61.4 (standard deviation, 8.7) years, and approximately 9.9% had osteoporosis. High vitamin E intake was significantly associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis (odds ratio, 0.96, 95% confidence interval, 0.93-0.98). In addition, there was evidence of interaction between dietary vitamin E and prior fracture on preventing osteoporosis. Our study indicated a linear association between dietary vitamin E levels and osteoporosis in an older population in the United States. Further research is required to explore the potential effects of different forms of vitamin E on osteoporosis.

Trehalulose: Exploring its benefits, biosynthesis, and enhanced production techniques

The increasing concern over sugar-related health issues has sparked research interest in seeking alternatives to sucrose. Trehalulose, a beneficial structural isomer of sucrose, is a non-cariogenic sugar with a low glycemic and insulinemic index. Besides its potential as a sugar substitute, trehalulose exhibits high antioxidant properties, making it attractive for various industrial applications. Despite its numerous advantages and potential application in various sectors, the industrial adoption of trehalulose has yet to be established due to lack of studies on its characteristics and practical uses. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the properties of trehalulose, emphasizing its health benefits. The industrial prospects of trehalulose as sweetener and reducing agent, particularly in food and beverages pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical sectors, are explored. Additionally, the review delves into the sources of trehalulose and the diverse organisms capable of producing trehalulose. The biosynthesis of this sugar primarily involves an enzyme-mediated process. Thus, these enzymes' properties, mechanisms, and the heterologous expression of genes associated with trehalulose production are explored. The strategies discussed in this review can be improved and applied to establish trehalulose bio-factories for efficient synthesis of trehalulose in the future. With further research and development, trehalulose holds promise as a valuable component across various industries.

Synthesis and research of dithiophosphate additives

The article provides a history of the origin, methods of synthesis and research of dithiophosphate additives. One of the necessary components of motor oils is dithiophosphate type additives. Dithiophosphate additives have high antioxidative and anti-wear properties. From year to year, with the emergence of new car engines and various equipments, improving the quality of motor oils becomes one of the pressing problems. Dithiophosphate additives being antioxidative additives are one of the main components of lubricating compositions that are used to improve qualities of motor oils. Dithiophosphate additives are divided into ash, low ash and ashless additives. Additives of the dithiophosphate type are obtained with various metals. Due to the ash content of these additives, ash settles on the engines, their parts corrode and quickly fail. Therefore, ashless or ash additives are preferred. Nevertheless, metal-retaining dithiophosphate-type additives are produced in large numbers. Quality ashless dithiophosphate additives are not available in the industry. The quality of ashless dithiophosphate additives is inferior to metal-containing additives. Of the metal-containing dithiophosphates, the most widely used are the zinc dithiophosphates. The composition of base oils plays an important role in the thermal stability of metal-containing dithiophosphates. The composition of base oils makes dithiophosphates thermally unstable. The persistence of zinc dithiophosphates in motor oil is explained by their easy reaction with thermal decomposition products of the base. In industry, zinc-containing dithiophosphate additives are most widely used in motor oils. The purpose of the article is to show the appearance, methods of obtaining, research of present in literature dithiophosphate additives and to show the methods of obtaining new dithiophosphate additives that improve the quality of motor oils developed the Institute of Chemistry of Additives after acad. A.M.Guliyev of Azerbaijan Republic.