Highest Amount Of Total Phenolic Content Research Articles

Preparation and evaluation of functional cocoa-free spread alternatives from different sources.

Spread products have an important market share as they have high nutritional value and they are increasingly consumed, especially by children as a source of energy. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential use of powdered chickpea, black rice, carob, doum, date seeds, and beetroot to produce novel functional spreadable products as cocoa-free alternatives. Additionally, to avoid the side effects of cocoa-based products and to assess the cocoa replacement effects on the sensory properties, chemical composition, texture analysis, viscosity, antioxidant, peroxide stability, and microbial quality during storage periods were compared to the ones of cocoa spread. Sensory evaluation revealed that most formulated spreads were accepted as chocolate spread alternatives since there was no significant difference in overall acceptability among cocoa, chickpea, black rice, carob, and doum, while date seeds and beetroot spreads were significantly less acceptable. A variation was observed in the proximate chemical analysis of the produced functional spreads, as the alternative spreads had different characteristics to each other in their physicochemical, texture, and rheological properties. Results indicated a wide variation in the total phenolic content (TPC) of the different spread extracts. The highest amount of TPC was obtained for beetroot spread (455.84 mg GAE/100 g) followed by black rice spread (436.08 mg GAE/100 g). The obtained results indicated that the antioxidant activity of different spreads was significantly different (p < .05) while based on their microbiological analysis, they could have a shelf life of up to 9 months. According to the results, chickpea, carob, doum, black rice, date seeds, and beetroot powders could be used for the production of cocoa-free alternatives as they were highly acceptable and they showed antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

Volatile Organic Compounds, Total Phenolic Content, Color, and Heating Uniformity of Lemon Peel as Affected by Rotational Speed of Turntable During Microwave Drying

In this study, the effects of rotational speed of microwave turntable (0, 6.5, 9.5, and 12.5 rpm) on surface temperature distribution of lemon peels during drying and, on some quality attributes (color, water activi-ty, total phenolic content (TPC), and volatile organic compounds) of dried lemon peel powders were investigated. The quality analyses were also performed in freeze-dried peels. During microwave drying with rotation, speed of turntable affected the surface temperature values and TPC depending on the power level but did not exert a clear effect on the homogeneity of the surface temperature distribution and the color parameters. The percentage amount of major monoterpene hydrocarbons (limonene, γ-terpinene, myrcene, p-cymene, and α-p-dimethylstyrene) detected in fresh lemon peel decreased after microwave and freeze-drying. At 600W, formation of furan compounds (furfural, furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, 2-acetyl furan, 5-methyl furfural, and HMF) were identified. Microwave drying without rotation (0 rpm) caused uneven heating which led to the production of peel powders with unacceptable dark color especially at 450 and 600W. Drying at 600W-0 rpm gave the darkest color, the highest amount of TPC (1730.7 mg GAE/100g d.b.) and furan compounds. Therefore, microwave drying at low power levels with rotation function preserved the quality of lemon peel powder better.

Enriched Turkish noodles (Erişte) with stabilized wheat germ: Chemical, nutritional and cooking properties

In this study, different stabilization processes (autoclave, dry heating, microwave, infrared and ultraviolet-C) were applied to wheat germ, and its optimum usage ratio (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) in Turkish noodle (Erişte) production was investigated. Some chemical and nutritional (protein, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), total phenolic content (TPC), phytic acid, total dietary fiber (TDF), minerals and HCL-extractable minerals and tocopherol contents) attributes, color values and cooking properties of noodle were determined. IVPD values of noodle samples changed with stabilization methods. Protein, TPC, TDF and phytic acid content of noodle increased as the wheat germ ratio increased in the noodle formulation. The highest amount of TPC was obtained from the infrared and ultraviolet-C stabilization. The stabilization method and wheat germ ratio had a significant effect on mineral, HCl-extractable mineral, α-, β- and γ-tocopherol contents and color values of the noodles. The highest α-, β- and γ-tocopherol contents in noodle samples were obtained with autoclave and ultraviolet-C stabilization methods and high wheat germ ratio. Cooking properties were only affected by the wheat germ ratio. As a result increasing stabilized wheat germ ratio improved the nutritional properties of noodle and the highest enrichment was obtained at 20% stabilized wheat germ ratio.

Chromatographic Assessment of Polyphenolic Profile and Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Common Leafy Vegetables in Bangladesh

Background: Polyphenolic compounds are known to provide health benefits and protect against degenerative chronic diseases. Utilization and identification of foods with a high content of these compounds are gaining greater attention nowadays. Objective: The present study reports the total phenolic content (TPC), polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP and TEAC) of 10 commonly consumed leafy vegetables growing in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: The samples were collected from different locations of Bangladesh and mixed together to ensure sample representativeness. Folin-Ciocalteu method was used for the analysis of TPC, and quantification of polyphenolic components was done by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC- DAD). Additionally, antioxidant activities of the selected vegetables were also analysed by utilizing DPPH, FRAP &amp; TEAC. Results and Discussion: TPC ranged from 23.64 ± 1.20 to 45.59 ± 3.04 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g freeze-dried sample (fds). The polyphenolic spectrum ranged from 0.30 ± 0.02 to 647.42 ± 147.12 mg/100 g fds; quantity and spectrum of which varied in the vegetables. Among the studied vegetables, Centella asiatica contained the highest amount of TPC (45.59 ± 3.04 mg GAE/g fds) and also exhibited high antioxidant capacities, as documented by DPPH, FRAP and TEAC assays. Moreover, Principal component analysis (PCA) of investigated variables clearly separated Centella asiatica from other samples. Conclusion: Phenolic compounds being strong antioxidants reduce the risk of chronic diseases and the finding of this study would aware the people to take vegetables rich in phenolics. It would also fill up the data gap in the existing food composition table of Bangladesh.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the fruit peel, flesh and seed of Ceri Terengganu (Lepisanthes alata Leenh.)

Malay cherry fruit or locally known as Ceri Terengganu (Lepisanthes alata Leenh.) is a local tropical exotic fruit and it is native to Malaysia. The Ceri Terengganu tree is widely distributed in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia particularly in Terengganu, Pahang and Johor and commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant in the villages and gardens. A limited number of studies had been done on the proximate analysis and postharvest quality of Ceri Terengganu fruit, but the studies on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Ceri Terengganu fruit extract are still lacking. Hence, this study aimed to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity in the peel, flesh and seed extracts of Ceri Terengganu. The Ceri Terengganu was extracted using 60% ethanol and the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total monomeric anthocyanins, antioxidant and antibacterial activities were measured using standard methods. The results showed that the seed of Ceri Terengganu had the highest amount of TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity, followed by the peel and flesh extracts whilst the peel extract had the highest total monomeric anthocyanins content. Furthermore, all three extracts of Ceri Terengganu showed inhibition against selected pathogens tested. In conclusion, the seed of Ceri Terengganu possessed the greatest potential to be explored as a source of natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent in the food industry, and thus warrant further investigation.

Leaf harvesting severity affects total phenolic and tannin content of fresh and dry leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. trees growing in Gauteng, South Africa

The most important chemicals common in Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves are polyphenols and tannins. They are synthesised during development and the amount and composition are primarily dependent on environmental conditions and factors such as leaf harvesting. Trials were conducted in the Gauteng Province at the University of Pretoria Experimental Farm on Hillcrest Campus (250 45′ 08.6″S, 280 15′ 30.S" E), with an altitude of 1372 m above sea level and an average annual rainfall of 640 mm. Five year old M. oleifera tree orchard were used for this study and treatments were laid in a randomised complete block design, where 12 plants were used in each plot within a row, with a plant spacing of 2 × 2 m2. Partial harvesting was done at 25% leaf removal, while severe leaf harvesting was done at 75% leaf removal. The control trees were not harvested, but only leaf (mature and immature) samples were harvested for analyses. Leaf samples from all plots were harvested in September, November, February and May in years 1 and 2. Leaf samples (equal quantities of immature and mature leaves) from partially, severely harvested and control plots were harvested and separated into batches, one to be analysed as fresh material and the other as dry material. The dry material was placed in paper bags and allowed to immediately air dry under normal room conditions of 26 °C. Partially harvested M. oleifera leaves produced an increased accumulation of total phenolic content (TPC) 35–44 g/kg dry weight, from spring to summer season, in comparison to severe harvesting 26–35 g/kg dry weight. With severe leaf harvesting (75%), because of probable lower photosynthetic capacity, phenols across September to May of years 1 and 2 decreased. The onset of low temperatures in May resulted mostly higher TPC and tannin build up, which means that cold stress may improve more bio-active compounds in the leaves. Dark and fully developed mature leaves mainly contained the highest amount of TPC. Moringa oleifera leaves collected and dried at each harvesting interval, instead of freshly milled, do show the same quantity of TPC and tannins across the season illustrating that air drying can be used as a post-harvest handling technique, extending shelf life without losses of vital phenols. With harvesting severity as a concern in Moringa, this study confirms that the TPC and tannins in mature and immature leaves did not rise to toxic levels for human consumption.

Effects of sodium alginate elicitation on secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of safflower genotypes under in vitro salinity stress

The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of different concentrations of sodium alginate (NaAlg) (0.075 and 0.15% (w/v)) on the production of secondary metabolites (SMs) and antioxidant activity of seven safflower genotypes under in vitro salinity stress. The results showed that total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids (TFD), total flavonols (TFL), anthocyanin (Ant), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), catalase (CAT) activity, and lipid peroxidation significantly increased under salinity stress consisting of the concentration of 1.5% (w/v) of NaCl, but callus growth traits decreased. The highest amount of TPC, Ant, and callus growth traits was observed under the elicitation of the sample with the concentration of 0.075(%) NaAlg under salinity stress, but the highest amount for TFD, TFL, CAT, PAL, and TAC was observed under elicitation of the sample with the concentration of 0.15% of NaAlg under salinity stress. This indicated the superiority of NaAlg for elicitation to increase SMs in safflower under salinity stress. Overall, the results showed that genotypes of Mex.22-191 and GE62918 could be processed to produce SMs by eliciting NaCl in safflower as an important medicinal plant at cellular level. A positive and significant correlation between CAT and TPC was observed and indicates that phenolic compounds are the major contributors to the antioxidant potential in safflower. This new elicitor introduced new ways to select and exploit the best NaAlg concentration to develop SMs that are of tremendous importance in terms of commercial purposes along with medical features in safflower at cellular level.

Study of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Crude Methanol Extract and Fractions of Acacia seyal Gum

Acacia seyal gum (ASG) is a dried exudate from tropical plants in the family Leguminosae. It has been used in the medication of eczema, inflammation, renal failure, and hypertension in folk medicine. This study presents methanol crude extracts (MCE) and different fractions of ASG in the form of raw (ASG) and commercial type Prebio-T, (PTC) using different solvents. Evaluations were performed to observe the biological activities of the extracts and fractions with certain bioassays procedure of anti-inflammatory, total phenolic content (TPC) and radical scavenging activity (DPPH). The only MCE was assessed against inflammatory reaction using carrageenan paw oedema (in-vivo). However, the antioxidant activities of MCE and its fractions were evaluated. As a result, the highest amount of TPC was observed in the Prebio-T, with an average of 694.68 ± 3.60 mgTE/100 g DW, compared to only 155.78 ± 2.58 mg TE/100 g DW for ASG Crude Extract. The highest DPPH value was seen in methanol fraction (MF) was 235.34 ± 1.57 mg TE/100 g DW for Prebio-T, compared to ASG without any significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). Both MCE of ASG and Prebio-T at 150 mg/kg dosage developed a mean and maximum percentage inhibition of 23.63% and 23.54% respectively, during the 24h observation of the acute inflammatory test. The chemical composition of the 57 phenolic compounds in methanol crude extract (MCE), and its active fractions were detected using GC-MS/MS. The major constituents in the ASG and Prebio-T MCE were iso vitamin C (42.37%), crypton (5.86%), hydroquinone (4.86%), triacetic acid lactone (2.67%), 2,4-Di-tert-butyl phenol (2.67%), cyanidin cation (2.05%), apigenin 7-glucoside (1.9%), benzoic acid (1.83%), (+)-α-tocopherol (1.58%), methyl catechol (1.42%), and 2,6-dimethylol-pcresol (2.16%). The PBT methanolic crude extract (MCE) was found to be the most potent inhibitor of oedema formation by inducing a maximum inhibitory effect of 23.54% at the 300 mg/kg dose, during 24h post-carrageenan injection. Both PBT and ASG methanolic crude extracts showed good anti-inflammatory activities at the same dose (300 mg/kg). The results of these studies support the potential use of ASG for treating inflammation.

Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activity of Datura metel Linn. and Cynodon dactylon Linn. Extracts.

Aim:To evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of Datura metel L. and Cynodon dactylon L. extracts.Materials and Methods:The extraction of plants parts (datura seed and fruit pulp) and areal parts of durva was carried out using soxhlet and cold extraction method using solvents namely methanol and distilled water. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined by established methods. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed in vero cell line by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay method. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extract was performed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method.Results:We found that the highest amount of TPC and TFC in methanolic extracts of seed (268.6 μg of gallic acid equivalence/mg of dry plant material) and fruit pulp (8.84 μg of quercetin equivalence/mg dry plant material) of D. metel, respectively prepared by Soxhlet method. The methanolic extract of C. dactylon prepared using soxhlation has shown potent free radical scavenging activity with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 100 μg/ml. The IC50 of a methanolic cold extract of datura fruit was found to be 3 mg/ml against vero cell line.Conclusion:We observed that plant parts of C. dactylon and D. metel have a high antioxidant activity. Further research is needed to explore the therapeutic potential of these plant extracts.SUMMARY In the present study we observed a positive correlation was between the phenolic and flavanoid content of the Datura metel and cynodon doctylon (durva) extracts with the free radical scavenging activities. Both were found to have a high antioxidant activity. Abbreviations used: BHA: Butylated hydroxyanisole, BHT: Butylated hydroxytoluene, CC50: 50% cell cytotoxic concentration, CNS: Central nervous system, DPPH: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, IC50: 50% inhibitory concentration, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), TFC: Total flavonoid content, TPC: Total phenolic content.