High Amounts Of Fat Research Articles

Comparative Research on Intestinal Functions of Wild and Cultured Hemibarbus maculatus in Jialing River.

Hemibarbus maculatus is a common economic fish in the midstream and downstream of the Jialing River. In order to resolve the difficulties in aquacultural cultivation, we tested the intestinal and liver digestive function of wild and cultured Hemibarbus maculatus. Histological methods and special biochemical staining methods were used to compare the differences of morphological structure, goblet cells, argyrophil cells, lymphocytes and Na+/K+ATPase in the intestine, and the morphological structure, glycogen and lipid in the liver between the two kinds of Hemibarbus maculatus. The results showed that higher amount of fat was found to attached to the gut, lower Na+/K+ATPase vitality in the foregut and hidgut (p < 0.01) and lower number of goblet cells in the hindgut (p < 0.01) of the cultured Hemibarbus maculatus when compared to the wild ones. The number of the argyrophilic cells did not show significant differences between the two kinds, but the number of lymphocytes was significantly lower in the segments of gut in cultured. This suggests the absorptive function and intestinal immunity are weaker in the cultured Hemibarbus maculatus. In addition, more glycogen and lipid were found in the liver of cultured fishes, which indicates the decreased digestive function of the cultured Hemibarbus maculatus. In conclusion, the intestinal digestion, absorption and lymphocytes level of the wild are generally better than those of the cultured, and more hepatic lipopexia and glycogen are present in the cultured ones. Future aquacultural activities should consider these changes when facing pragmatic problems.

Abdominal Hernia in a Common Mynah (Acridotheres tristis) Associated With Hepatic Lipidosis and Concurrent Respiratory Aspergillosis

Hepatic lipidosis and hernia are problems that can occur in pet birds due to different causes. Aspergillosis is also an important disease of pet birds. This article reports an interesting case which, to our knowledge, is the first one in Iran. A 7-year-old male common mynah was presented to the clinic of avian diseases at the University of Tehran, Tehran City, Iran, with a history of severe dyspnea, anorexia, feeding with a high-energy diet, and recently been in the northern parts of Iran. Unfortunately, the bird died. Necropsy was done to diagnose the cause of death. Tissue samples from abdominal viscera, lungs, and air sacs were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Bacterial cultures from the liver and bone marrow were performed on blood and MacConkey agars. In the external carcass examination, the abdominal swelling, hernia, and yellow discoloration under the skin were obvious. At necropsy, the liver was enlarged with yellowish discoloration. There was also a high amount of fat around the abdominal viscera. Microscopically, fatty change, hepatocellular necrosis, and hemorrhages were seen in the liver. There were also vegetative forms of Aspergillus on the lung’s parenchyma and air sacs. No bacterial growth was observed. Pet birds are usually restricted to a cage by minimal contact with other birds; thus, diseases related to management are common among these birds. So keeping in suitable conditions with an appropriate, balanced diet is important for their health.

The Role of High Fat Diet in Metabolic Diseases: An Inspection of Canadian Population

Metabolic diseases including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes account for about 20% of the population in Canada. Diets containing high amount of fats may be one of the most crucial causes of metabolic diseases. Canadian diets composing of large portion of ultra-processed foods containing saturated fatty acids constitutes for potential risks for health conditions regarding obesity and other diseases. Of the entire Canadian population, the aboriginal community and low-income households consume higher amount of ultra-processed foods and are more prone to metabolic diseases. Traditional diets of aboriginal people may be a healthier choice though the amount of fat contained in both diets are equal. As of non-aboriginal Canadians, alternative foods such as high-fat dairy product is not related with the progression of metabolic diseases. Thus, a switch in diet, proper education, and adjustment in public health policies regarding ultra-processed foods and high fat foods may be crucial in reducing the prevalence of metabolic diseases.

Extraction of flaxseed and Plantago Psyllium mucilage: Investigation of rheological properties and efficiency as a fat substitute for the production of low‐calorie cookies

The purpose of this study was to extract flaxseed mucilage (FM) and Plantago Psyllium mucilage (PM) and to investigate the rheological properties and the substitutability of FM and PM instead of butter in the production of low-calorie cookies. Therefore, the D-optimal design was evaluated to investigate the effect of FM and PM replacement at 0%–60% levels on the physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of the cookie. The results of rheological properties indicated pseudoplastic behavior of FM, PM, and butter. Also, according to the results, PM was stronger than FM and maintained its structure more during rheological tests. The results showed that by increasing the replacement of FM and PM, the moisture content and water activity of the samples increased significantly (p < 0.05) whereas no noticeable changes were observed at 6 and 10 days after cooking (p > 0.05). Antioxidant capacity increased with increased FM replacement. Also, a* increased significantly with increased PM replacement percentage. The firmness and penetration energy of cookies decreased while L* increased with increased replacement of FM and PM. Overall acceptance of sensory evaluation also increased with the replacement of FM and PM. Hence the highest sensory score was related to samples with 30% FM together with 30% PM. A comparison between optimal and control samples showed that the amount of protein, fat, and peroxide in the control sample was higher than in the optimized cookies. In general, replacing butter with FM and PM in the cookie formulation to produce new products with low-calorie content is possible and it is easy to reduce the relatively high amount of fat in the cookie composition without significant decreases in the product quality. Practical applications Today, the tendency to use low-fat foods is very strong among consumers. Consumers are significantly concerned about the health risks of a high-fat diet and are trying to reduce the amount of fat in their diet. Flaxseed mucilage (FM) and Plantago Psyllium mucilage (PM) have the capacity to hydrate, develop viscosity, and maintain freshness, particularly in bakery products. In this study, FM and PM were extracted and were used as fat substitutes in the preparation of low-calorie cookies. The physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of the cookie were studied. According to the results, well-acceptable low-calorie and low-fat cookies could be prepared by substituting 20% FM +20% PM instead of 40% butter in terms of physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation.

Tumors of the Spine: When Can Biopsy Be Avoided?

Regarding osseous tumors of the spine, characteristic morphology is encountered in hemangioma of the vertebral body, osteoid osteoma (OO), osteochondroma, Paget's disease, and bone islands. In these cases, radiologic imaging can make a specific diagnosis and thereby avoid biopsy, especially when the radiologist has chosen the correct imaging modality to establish the diagnosis, such as thin-slice computed tomography in suspected OO. A benign lesion is suggested by a high amount of fat within the lesion, the lack of uptake of the contrast agent, and a homogeneous aspect without solid parts in a cystic tumor. Suspicion of malignancy should be raised in spinal lesions with a heterogeneous disordered matrix, distinct signal decrease in T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, blurred border, perilesional edema, cortex erosion, and a large soft tissue component. Biopsy is mandatory in presumed malignancy, such as any Lodwick grade II or III osteolytic lesion in the vertebral column. The radiologist plays a crucial role in determining the clinical pathway by choosing the imaging approach wisely, by narrowing the differential diagnosis list, and, when characteristic morphology is encountered, by avoiding unnecessary biopsies.

Nutrient Dense Ready to Prepare Meetha cheela for Elderly People at Risk of Malnutrition

Elderly people suffer from a number of physical, psychological, and social changes which makes them vulnerable to malnutrition. These changes present the need to develop nutrient dense products which can be easily prepared by them. The present study was planned with the objective to prepare such a product. The ingredients for the ready to prepare (RTP) sweet cheela mix were subjected to various processing techniques to increase nutrient availability and digestibility. A combination of wheat, green gram whole, and finger millet (ragi) was used in different proportions (15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%) in the first stage of value addition. Value addition was carried out in the most acceptable variation from Stage 1, using processed mango, nuts, and oilseeds in different proportions (10%, 20%, and 30%). The RTP meetha cheela mix of the most acceptable variation was selected through sensory evaluation and then subjected to biochemical analysis and shelf life assessment. The results revealed MCF3 (30%) to be the most acceptable variation after Stage 2 value addition, which contained flours of malted finger millet, wheat, green gram along with dried ripe mango, almonds, raisins, sunflower seeds, and sesame seeds. The prepared mix had statistically significant higher amount of fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrate, energy, Vitamin C, β carotene, Vitamin E, calcium, potassium, and total antioxidant activity. Low moisture levels and vacuum packaging provided the product a good shelf life till 3 months.

A Sample of Female Adolescent Self-Identified Vegetarians in New Zealand Consume Less Protein and Saturated Fat, but More Fiber than Their Omnivorous Peers.

This study aimed to describe the intake and food sources of macronutrients in vegetarian and non-vegetarian adolescent females. Cross-sectional data was collected between February and September 2019. Adolescent females, aged 15 to 18 years old, were recruited throughout New Zealand. Intakes were assessed via two 24-h diet recalls, adjusted to represent usual intake using the multiple source method. Of the 254 participants, 38 self-identified as vegetarian. Vegetarians had similar carbohydrate and fat intakes compared to non-vegetarians; however, their protein intakes were 2.1% kJ lower (95% confidence interval (CI) −3.0 to −1.1%). Vegetarians also consumed 1.1% kJ less saturated fat (95% CI –2.1 to −0.1%), 1.3% kJ (95% CI 0.7 to 1.9) more polyunsaturated fat, and 5 g/day (95% CI 1.8 to 8.0) more fiber than non-vegetarians. When consumed, bread-based dishes and discretionary foods were the highest sources of energy, fat, and carbohydrate in both vegetarians and non-vegetarians. This suggests that some adolescents, including vegetarians, were obtaining high amounts of fat and carbohydrate from food groups associated with poorer dietary quality. We recommend further research to assess how the changing food environment is influencing vegetarian eating patterns and their associations with health outcomes in the wider population.

Quantitative and qualitative properties of giblets from conventional, organic, and wild ducks

The aim of the study was to evaluate selected properties of giblets (liver, heart, and gizzard) from conventional (C), organic (O), and wild (W) ducks. A total of 24 giblets (24 of each organ) were analysed in each bird group. Production properties, colour indicators, haem pigment content and chemical composition were compared. The heaviest organ with the highest yield was the liver in C and W ducks and the gizzard in O ducks (P &lt; 0.05). The liver and gizzard of W and O ducks were darker (P &lt; 0.05) compared to the same organs in C ducks. The redness of the heart of O ducks was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than that of the heart of both other groups of ducks (C and W). All W duck organs contained (P &lt; 0.05) more haem pigment. The livers of reared ducks (C and O) contained more protein (P &lt; 0.05) than the livers of W birds. The liver of C reared poultry was about 3–4 × fattier (P &lt; 0.05) compared to the liver of the remaining two groups of ducks. The heart of wild ducks had the highest protein and lowest fat content, the heart of ducks from the C breeding system had the least protein, whereas ducks bred organically had the highest amount of fat in the heart. Ducks from the O system had a fattier gizzard compared to other birds (P &lt; 0.05). The highest protein percentages were found in the gizzards of W ducks, the smallest in the gizzards of C poultry.

Оценка биохимического состава зерна кукурузы селекции РосНИИСК «Россорго» для дальнейшего использования в АПК

The article examines the biological value of varieties, hybrids (hybrid populations) and lines of maize selection of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution RosNIISK "Rossorgo" in the framework of the biochemical composition of grain. The main indicators were studied: protein, fat, ash, fiber, starch, and nitrogen-free extractive substances. The maximum protein value of 13.58% was in the RSK 3 maize line. The largest number of mineral substances (1.79%) was also noted here. The highest amount of fat (7.50%) and starch (69.24%) was in the Zuckerka variety. A conclusion was made about the possibility of further selection for the breeding of forms with directional properties and biological value. Keywords: CORN, VARIETIES, BIOLOGICAL VALUE, PROTEIN, FAT, FIBER, MINERAL SUBSTANCES, STARCH

Dietary intake and obesity in oil and gas workers: A literature review

Introduction Working in oil and gas industries was found to be associated with unhealthy lifestyle, obesity, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aimed to systematically review the dietary intake, obesity status, and identify possible workplace health promotion strategies for oil and gas setting.&#x0D; Methods: This literature review was conducted through a comprehensive search of Scopus database. Search terms included diet (and synonym), worker (and synonyms), oil and gas (and synonym). The search was limited to paper in English and Indonesian. Combinations of the keyword yielded 76 papers, of which 13 articles were relevant.&#x0D; Results: Reviewed studies implied that diet consist high amount of fat, particularly saturated fat, and cholesterol, with low intake of dietary fiber. Fatigue, boredom, and inadequate sleep may influence unhealthy food choices. All studies revealed that mean BMI among oil and gas workers was found to be higher than general adult population, ranged from 24 to almost 30 kg/m2. Possible health promotion components to be modified are knowledge and beliefs, self-care, peer support, food availability and time restriction at cafeterias.&#x0D; Conclusion: It is confirmed that obesity and NCDs prevalence were high in oil and gas worker, however the updated studies addressing their dietary intake are needed. Health promotion initiative made by oil and gas company are unlikely to be found in scientific paper. There is a need for more health promotion program that scientifically designed so that the outcome and cost effectiveness can be measured properly

Abdominal Hernia in a Common Mynah (Acridotheres tristis) Associated with Hepatic Lipidosis and Concurrent with Respiratory Aspergillosis

Background: Hepatic lipidosis and hernia, are problems in pet birds which can occur due to different causes. Aspergillosis, is also an important disease of pet birds, usually caused by inhalation of conidia or spores of Genus Aspergillus. This article is a case report of simultaneous occurrence of hepatic lipidosis, hernia, and aspergillosis in a common mynah, in Iran.Materials and Methods: A 7-year-old male common mynah was presented with severe signs of dyspnea, history of anorexia, feeding with high energy diet and traveling to northern parts of Iran. Unfortunately, before any medical interventions, the bird died. Necropsy was done to diagnose cause of death. Tissue samples of abdominal viscera, lungs and air sacs and were fixed in 10% formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Serial sections were also stained by PAS to highlight any fungal hyphae. Cultures from the liver and bone marrow were performed on Blood and MacConkey agars.Results & Conclusions: In carcass external examination, abdominal swelling, hernia and yellow discoloration under skin were obvious. At necropsy, liver was enlarged with yellowish discoloration. There was also high amount of fat around abdominal viscera. Microscopically, fatty change, hepatocellular necrosis and hemorrhages were seen in liver. There were also vegetative forms of Aspergillus on lung’s parenchyma and air sacs. No bacterial growth was observed. Pet birds are usually restricted to cage by minimal contact with other birds, thus diseases related to management are common among these birds, so keeping in suitable condition with appropriate balanced diet is important for their health.

Impact of Fat Intake on Blood Glucose Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.

Nutrition therapy is a cornerstone of type 1 diabetes (T1D) management. Glycemic control is affected by diet composition, which can contribute to the development of diabetes complications. However, the specific role of macronutrients is still debated, particularly fat intake. This review aims at assessing the relationship between fat intake and glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation, and microbiota, in children and adolescents with T1D. High fat meals are followed by delayed and prolonged hyperglycemia and higher glycated hemoglobin A1c levels have been frequently reported in individuals with T1D consuming high amounts of fat. High fat intake has also been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, which is higher in people with diabetes than in healthy subjects. Finally, high fat meals lead to postprandial pro-inflammatory responses through different mechanisms, including gut microbiota modifications. Different fatty acids were proposed to have a specific role in metabolic regulation, however, further investigation is still necessary. In conclusion, available evidence suggests that a high fat intake should be avoided by children and adolescents with T1D, who should be encouraged to adhere to a healthy and balanced diet, as suggested by ISPAD and ADA recommendations. This nutritional choice might be beneficial for reducing cardiovascular risk and inflammation.

Comparison of Volatile Compounds in Sesame Oil and Sesame Cake Extract

Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is one of the most important oilseed crops in the world due to its high level of lipid content and health benefits. Its seeds have high amounts of fat, protein, mineral, phenolic and volatile compounds. In addition, its oil, cake and shell also contain a high proportion of these components. Sesame cake is a by-product of the edible oil industry which could be recovered and used as a value-added product. In this study, it was aimed to compare volatile compounds in cold press sesame oil and its cake extract. The volatile compounds were extracted using purge and trap extraction and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The main volatile compounds were composed of aldehydes, alcohols, terpenes, pyrazines, ketones, furans and lactones. These compounds were identified as the dominant volatile groups and their amounts were significantly lesser in sesame cake samples than the sesame oil. Among these volatiles, hexanal was found in high levels in sesame oil while it was absent in the cake extract.

Effect of High Fat and Fructo-Oligosaccharide Consumption on Immunoglobulin A in Saliva and Salivary Glands in Rats.

Consumption of indigestible dietary fiber increases immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in saliva. The purpose of this study is to clarify the synergistic effect of the intake of a high amount of fats and indigestible dietary fiber on IgA levels in saliva and submandibular glands (SMG). Seven-week-old Wistar rats were fed a low-fat (60 g/kg) fiberless diet, low-fat fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS, 30 g/kg) diet, high-fat (220 g/kg) fiberless diet, or high-fat FOS diet for 70 days. The IgA flow rate of saliva (IgA FR-saliva) was higher in the low-fat FOS group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the concentration of tyrosine hydroxylase (a marker of sympathetic nerve activation) in the SMG was higher in the low-fat FOS group (p < 0.05) and positively correlated with the IgA FR-saliva (rs = 0.68. p < 0.0001. n = 32) in comparison to that in the other groups. These findings suggest that during low-fat FOS intake, salivary IgA levels may increase through sympathetic nerve activation.

The effects of a high-fat diet vs. high-fat diet plus Dihydronortanshinone in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Obesity is common in the Appalachain population and contributes of disorders of metabolism of lipid called, collectively, dylipidemias. These are primarily the result of consuming western diet, which contains high amounts of fats and cholesterol. The goal of our study is to determine the effects of diet induced oxidative stress on larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Our first hypothesis is when larval zebrafish are fed a high-fat diet, oxidative stress will be induced. Our second hypothesis is that when a high-fat diet is combined with the natural product Dihydronortanshinone (DNT), there should be a reduced amount of oxidative stress. To test these claims, we will have three dietary conditions for the zebrafish, a low-fat diet, a high-fat diet, and a high-fat diet plus DNT. Zebrafish will be fed for eight weeks, and their food consumption will be calculated after each feed. After eight weeks, the body fat volume will be calculated, and a dissection of the intestines will occur. The dissected intestines will be processed for RNA extraction and RT-PCR of oxidative stress genes. We expect to see increased BMI in the high-fat diet animals. In the high-fat diet plus DNT aimals we expect to see a decrease in oxidative strees response gene expression. This study's significance is to fill in knowledge gaps associated with oxidative stress created by high-fat diet consumption. NIH GrantP20GM103434 supported this work to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence, and NIH Grant P20GM103434 awarded to Bluefield State College and the McNair Scholars Program.

Süt ve Ürünlerinde Tatlandırıcıların Kullanımı

Obezite ve ilişkili hastalıklar günümüzde yetişkinler ile birlikte çocuklarda ve ergenlerde artmaktadır. Fiziksel aktivitede azalma, özellikle yağ ve şekeri yüksek miktarda içeren yüksek enerjili ürünlerin tüketimindeki artış obezitenin yaygınlaşmasına sebep olan en önemli faktörler arasındadır. Buna bağlı olarak piyasaya sunulan düşük enerjili ürünlere olan talep de giderek artmaktadır. Düşük enerjili ürün üretiminde en çok kullanılan yöntemlerden biri; şeker yerine besleyici özelliği olmayan doğal ve yapay tatlandırıcıların kullanımıdır. Dondurma, aromalı süt ve yoğurt, sütlü tatlılar gibi içerisinde önemli miktarda şeker bulunan süt ürünlerinin tüketimi tüm toplumlarda yaygındır. Bu ürünlerde bulunan şeker; lezzetin yanı sıra tekstür, renk gibi gıdanın birçok özelliğinden sorumludur. Süt ve ürünlerinin içeriğinde insan sağlığı için oldukça yararlı besin bileşenleri bulunmaktadır. Şeker yerine tatlandırıcı kullanımı; süt ve ürünlerinin tüketiminin artmasını sağlarken aynı zamanda aşırı şeker alımının da önüne geçebilmek için oldukça önemlidir. Bu derlemenin amacı dünya çapında otorite olarak kabul edilen kuruluşlar tarafından onaylı doğal ve yapay tatlandırıcıları ve bunların süt ürünlerinde kullanımlarını incelemektir.

The ketogenic diet: a co-therapy in the treatment of mood disorders and obesity - a case report

Abstract Introduction: There has been a growing interest in the ketogenic diet (KD) due to its suggested therapeutic potential to support numerous chronic diseases. KD is characterized by high amounts of fats and a reduced amount of carbohydrates and protein intake. During following the nutrition protocol, ketones are synthesised, which are the primary source of energy. The elevated concentration of ketones in blood serum inhibits hunger, what leads to reduced body weight. Some authors suggest KD has antidepressant potential and could stabilise mood by affecting neurotransmitters homeostasis in the central nervous system. Material and methods: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of KD on body weight reduction and improvement of mood in the patients with mood disorder diagnosis. To interpret the results of nutritional intervention, the laboratory parameters and structuralised scales and questionnaires were used. Results: After following 4-week therapy, the reduction of body weight, correction of some laboratory measurements and reduction in mood symptoms were noticed. Conclusions: The ketogenic diet affects the anthropometric measurements. However, a variety of simultaneous therapeutic approaches makes impossible determination of the effect on depressive symptoms.

A Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet and Treadmill Training Enhanced Fatty Acid Oxidation Capacity but Did Not Enhance Maximal Exercise Capacity in Mice.

The low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) is a dietary approach characterized by the intake of high amounts of fat, a balanced amount of protein, and low carbohydrates, which is insufficient for metabolic demands. Previous studies have shown that an LCKD alone may contribute to fatty acid oxidation capacity, along with endurance. In the present study, we combined a 10-week LCKD with an 8-week forced treadmill running program to determine whether training in conjunction with LCKD enhanced fatty acid oxidation capacity, as well as whether the maximal exercise capacity would be affected by an LCKD or training in a mice model. We found that the lipid pool and fatty acid oxidation capacity were both enhanced following the 10-week LCKD. Further, key fatty acid oxidation related genes were upregulated. In contrast, the 8-week training regimen had no effect on fatty acid and ketone body oxidation. Key genes involved in carbohydrate utilization were downregulated in the LCKD groups. However, the improved fatty acid oxidation capacity did not translate into an enhanced maximal exercise capacity. In summary, while favoring the fatty acid oxidation system, an LCKD, alone or combined with training, had no beneficial effects in our intensive exercise-evaluation model. Therefore, an LCKD may be promising to improve endurance in low- to moderate-intensity exercise, and may not be an optimal choice for those partaking in high-intensity exercise.

Physicochemical Analysis of Different Brands of Chocolates and Their Comparative Studies

There is no metaphysics on earth like chocolate.” Chocolate is a blessing which contain almost all nutrients necessary for the growth of human health. In this study, composition of different branded chocolates available in Pakistan including Dairy milk, Chocolate chip, Toblerone (black), Toblerone (sweet), Nutella, Smarties, Now, Sonnet, Novella and Snickers were qualitatively analyzed in triplicate. We successfully study proteins, fats, carbohydrates, sugar, alcohol, caffeine, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and nickel in different branded chocolates. From the results it is confirmed that pH of all chocolates are 6-9 depend on the concentration of cocoa which is same as reported in literature. All the chocolates contain high amount of fats, sugar and carbohydrates. Protein is present in excess amount in Chocolate chips and Snickers while Smarties, Sonnet and Novella contain small amount of protein but absent in rest of chocolate samples. None of the chocolate sample contain traces of alcohol. All chocolates contain calcium except Nutella, Now and Toblerone (black) while magnesium is only present in Smarties. All chocolates contain nickel except Sonnet and Now, zinc is absent in Sonnet, Now, Smarties and Nutella whileiron is only present in Dairy milk and chocolate chips. Some samples like Dairy milk, Chocolate chip, Toblerone (black), Snickers and Toblerone (sweet) contain traces of caffeine which act as stimulant and reduced liver damage. From the given results it is also confirmed that chocolates contain important ingredients which are helpful for proper body functioning.

Changes in Fatty Acids Content in Organic Rosehip (Rosa spp.) Seeds during Ripening.

Studies on the determination of the optimal harvest time of rosehips are very limited. Therefore, the aim of this research was to ascertain the effect of the ripening stage on the quality and content of fatty acids of organic rosehip seeds. A two-factor field experiment with two rosehip species and cultivars (Rosa rugosa, Rosa canina, and Rosa rugosa cv. ‘Rubra’, Rosa rugosa cv. ‘Alba’) was conducted during two growing seasons (2018–2019) on an organic farm. The fruits were harvested five times per season. The fatty acid composition of rosehip seeds was determined using a Gas Chromatograph with Split/Splitless Injector Liners. The highest amounts of fat were recorded in all rosehip seeds at ripening stage IV. The most dominant fatty acids in the seed samples were polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (73.88–79.52%), followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (14.67–18.89%) and saturated fatty acids (SUFAs) (5.22–7.36%). The highest amount of PUFAs was established in Rosa rugosa cv. ‘Alba’ seeds harvested at fully ripe stage V. It can be concluded that the rosehip seeds may be utilized as a source of fatty acids, especially PUFAs.