High Amount Of Energy Research Articles

Transportation of melting heat in stratified Jeffrey fluid flow with heat generation and magnetic field

In current years, storage of energy is a challenging task for the scientists and researchers. So, they are interested to develop some extra ordinary techniques of energy storage. Thus, our main theme here is to focus on the latent heat energy (melting heat) which is more economical and sustainable. Transportation of melting heat in quadratic stratified Jeffrey fluid flow in the vicinity of stagnation point is scrutinized. The flow is deformed by linear stretchable sheet. Characteristics of heat transportation are scrutinized through viscous dissipation and heat generation or absorption. Constant magnetic field is implemented to electrically conducting fluid in vertical direction. The arising governing equations are converted in the non-dimensional state through suitable transformations. Homotopic technique is utilized for simulation of solutions. Graphical behavior of velocity and temperature fields is investigated corresponding to relevant parameters. As a conclusion, higher amount of energy can be achieved as melting phenomenon enhances, and also results in low temperature. Further, dominant stratification decays the temperature field. Current study will play key role in industrial liquids like polymer solutions to make high quality fiberglass, paints, silicone heat valves etc. This study will also deliberate efficiently for the storage of energy through phase change procedure i.e., melting phenomenon.

Effect of Al content in the pyrotechnic mixture on the properties of the BaAl2O4-based composite coating deposited on steel by a novel explosive spray technique

A low explosive material such as pyrotechnic mixture made of Al and Ba(NO3)2 powders, commonly known as the flash powder, is used to deposit BaAl2O4-based composite coatings on a flat mild steel surface by using a novel explosive coating setup developed in the laboratory. To achieve the high tribo-mechanical properties of the deposited coating, a suitable mixing ratio of Al to Ba(NO3)2 is to be found. In this work, the Al content of the flash powder is varied from 1 to 2.5 gm for 2 gm of Ba(NO3)2 to study the effect of Al content on the properties of the deposited BaAl2O4-based coatings. The fabricated coatings are characterized in terms of thickness, crystalline phase, microstructure, surface roughness, hardness, and wear resistance by using an optical microscope, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), stylus profilometer, Vickers micro-hardness tester, and linear reciprocating wear tester respectively. Up to 2 gm of Al addition, the hardness of the coatings is found to be enhanced remarkably. However, with further addition of Al, it is found to be decreased significantly. With 2 g of Al content, the major portion of Al powder is utilized well in the chemical reaction to produce mainly hard BaAl2O4 and AlN phases. The highest amount of energy is released from such a composition of feedstock. The presence of pure Ba and Al in the coatings from 1 g to 1.5 g of Al, respectively, have helped to enhance the wear resistance of those by reducing the coefficient of friction values. However, the high wear resistance obtained for the coating obtained from 2 g of Al content is due to the major presence of hard phases and low porosity in it. On the other hand, the high porosity and the major presence of partially melted pure Al particles make the coating from 2.5 g of Al less wear resistant. From a 1:1 mixing ratio of Ba(NO3)2 to Al powders in the flash powder, a hard and monolithic BaAl2O4-based composite coating with minimum defects can be obtained.

Orthogonal-Time-Frequency-Space Signal Design for Integrated Data and Energy Transfer: Benefits From Doppler Offsets

Integrated data and energy transfer (IDET) is an advanced technology for enabling energy sustainability for massively deployed low-power electronic consumption components. However, the existing work of IDET using the orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms is designed for static scenarios, which would be severely affected by the destructive Doppler offset in high-mobility scenarios. Therefore, we proposed an IDET system based on orthogonal-time-frequency-space (OTFS) waveforms with the imperfect channel assumption, which is capable of counteracting the Doppler offset in high-mobility scenarios. At the transmitter, the OTFS-IDET system superimposes the random data signals and deterministic energy signals in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain with optimally designed amplitudes. The receiver optimally splits the received signal in the power domain for achieving the best IDET performance. After formulating a non-convex optimisation problem, it is transformed into a geometric programming (GP) problem through inequality relaxations to obtain the optimal solution. The simulation demonstrates that a higher amount of energy can be harvested when employing our proposed OTFS-IDET waveforms than the conventional OFDM-IDET ones in high mobility scenarios.

In-vitro pulpal temperature increases when photo-curing bulk-fill resin-based composites using laser or light-emitting diode light curing units.

To evaluate the in vitro pulpal temperature rise (ΔT) within the pulp chamber when low- and high-viscosity bulk-fill resin composites are photo-cured using laser or contemporary light curing units (LCUs). The light output from five LCUs was measured. Non-retentive Class I and V cavities were prepared in one upper molar. Two T-type thermocouples were inserted into the pulp chamber. After the PT values reached 32°C under simulated pulp flow (0.026 mL/min), both cavities were restored with: Filtek One Bulk Fill (3M), Filtek Bulk Fill Flow (3M), Tetric PowerFill (Ivoclar Vivadent), or Tetric PowerFlow (Ivoclar Vivadent). The tooth was exposed as follows: Monet Laser (1 and 3s), PowerCure (3 and 20 s), PinkWave (3 and 20 s), Valo X (5 and 20 s) and SmartLite Pro (20 s). The ΔT data were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's post hoc test. Monet 1s (1.9J) and PinkWave 20 s (30.1J) delivered the least and the highest amount of energy, respectively. Valo X and PinkWave used for 20 s produced the highest ΔT values (3.4-4.1°C). Monet 1s, PinkWave 3s, PowerCure 3s (except FB-Flow) and Monet 3s for FB-One and TP-Fill produced the lowest ΔT values (0.9-1.7°C). No significant differences were found among composites. Short 1- to 3-s exposures produced acceptable temperature rises, regardless of the composite. The energy delivered to the tooth by the LCUs affects the temperature rise inside the pulp. The short 1-3s exposure times used in this study delivered the least amount of energy and produced a lower temperature rise. However, the RBC may not have received sufficient energy to be adequately photo-cured.

A Comparison of Traditional and Contemporary Buildings by Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emission: A Case-Study from Tabriz-Iran

It is evident upon a comparison between the examples of contemporary and traditional buildings that climate-responsive building design strategies of traditional buildings finds increasingly lesser use in contemporary architectural designs and that traditional building culture has begun to disappear. Due to the increasing building stock with the expansion of city centers over the years, a higher amount of energy is required for heating, cooling, and ventilation, which leads to a higher amount of greenhouse gas emission. The ever-increasing greenhouse gas emission is inevitably involved in the emerging global climate crisis. The present study investigated the climate-responsive design approaches adopted in traditional and current buildings in Tabriz, Iran. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of passive system strategies used in the design of traditional buildings in Tabriz on energy efficiency and to analyze current buildings in terms of annual energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions with a view to the changing building stock both architectural and mechanical design terms. The results of the study suggested that transferring the climate-responsive architectural design experiences of the past builders to new generations was crucially important and that it was necessary to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in newly constructed buildings by means of energy efficiency regulations and building standards as promulgated by the government.

The correlation between the micelle morphology of surface-active ionic liquids with self-assembly and thermodynamic characteristics: coarse-grained MD simulation and experiment.

Surface-active ionic liquids (SAILs) show great promise as novel green solvents due to their low vapor pressure, high thermal stability, high electrical conductivity, and bio-friendly nature to replace traditional volatile organic solvents in industrial processes. In the present work, the combination of coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with conductivity measurements was employed to explain the correlation between the micelle morphology and physicochemical and thermodynamic properties of self-assembly. A homologous series of SAIL molecules, 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [Cnmim][Br] (n = 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12), were chosen at various concentrations to shed light on this issue. Simultaneously two factors of concentration and alkyl chain length affected the morphology to control the physical and thermodynamic features. Moreover, the nature of the headgroup for two SAILs with the longest alkyl chain was assessed by shifting from imidazolium into ammonium. First, the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the degree of counterion dissociation of micelles, and the standard Gibbs energy of micellization of SAILs were determined using conductivity data. The micelle morphology such as the aggregation number, micelle radius, and moment of inertia was computed before, around, and after the CMC by MD simulation. Simulated results in accordance with the experimental measurements provide a quantitative understanding of the micellar properties. Increasing the alkyl chain length was associated with a non-spherical bigger micelle while the ammonium-based surfactant with a lower repulsion between neighboring monomers in micelles induced bigger and more spherical aggregates. Raising the SAIL concentration did not considerably influence the sphericity of the micelle except for the SAIL with the longest tail. The umbrella sampling method calculated the potential of mean force (PMF) for pulling a monomer of SAIL from a pre-assembled micelle into the solution. The dissociation energy of a SAIL monomer from a micelle increased with the tail length or with shifting into the ammonium head group and was substantially influenced by micelle morphology. Comparison between a sphere micelle with an oval one demonstrated that the dissociation of a SAIL monomer from a non-spherical shape needed a higher amount of energy. An improved understanding of how the shape of the SAIL micelles controls the physicochemical properties and stability helps to extend their application to different chemical processes.

Relatedness of the amount of energy obtained using solar cells to the lighting of the surface

This paper studies the dependence of the amount of energy obtained by solar cells depends on the illumination of the solar cell surface. It was shown that, if the angle between the normal which transferred on the surface of the solar cell and the incident sunlight is smaller, the illumination will be higher. Forever, the higher amount of energy which obtained by solar cell depends on the higher illumination.

Potential of Small-wind Turbine for Power Generation on Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms in Malaysia

On most of the offshore oil and gas platforms, the current means of generating power are through the use of generators i.e. gas turbines and diesel power generators, or micro-generators for some smaller equipment. These generator sets are less reliable, especially on unmanned platforms. Hence, the deployment of renewable energy, such as the use of wind turbines, would be better for energy security, economic development and also protection of the environment. Instead of using wind power to power up the whole platform, small wind turbines can be utilised to power up some utilities and instrumentations on the platform, while having generators as back up, as the wind speed is beyond control. However, the capability of a small wind turbine in generating enough power is constantly under doubt as it is yet to be widely employed and only meagre data is available. This is caused by the issue of having insufficient studies regarding the implementation of small wind turbines for power generation on offshore oil and gas platforms. Hence, this paper studied the capability of small wind turbines for power generation on offshore platforms in Malaysia. Several models of small wind turbines were selected and their abilities in generating power to fulfil the annual energy consumption on a typical offshore platform were examined through precise calculations. The common offshore locations in Malaysia were identified and the average wind speeds from 2017 to 2019 at these locations were analysed. The result shows that certain models of small wind turbines are able to provide a significant amount of power for an offshore platform especially to power up the low power machineries. It was found that Kerteh, Terengganu is the most suitable offshore location to harness wind power due to its averagely high wind speed throughout the year. The highest amount of energy that can be produced was around 1445kWh per annum at Kerteh by the small wind turbine with the largest swept area and the lowest cut-in speed. This paper aims to serve as numerical validation on the plausibility of integrating small wind turbines for the generation of electricity on offshore platforms in Malaysia while also providing the recommended locations that are suitable for this region.

Experimental investigations and 3D simulations by the overset grid method on twin-screw machines in both pump and turbine mode

Twin-screw pumps due to their particular capabilities, offer u nique b enefits in comparison to other types of pumps. They can also recover wasted energy from the fluid system when run in a reversed way, i.e., in turbine mode. In this study, the possibility of benefiting twin-screw machines instead of conventional control valves in order to recover energy is investigated. Flow physics and energy recovery are analyzed experimentally and by 3D flow simulations in both, pump and turbine mode. Pump and turbine characteristics under different operating points are experimentally measured for low and high viscous fluids, i.e., water and oil, respectively. It is observed that for higher viscosity the dependency of volume flow rate on the pressure difference imposed on the pump is reduced. This observation indicates the significant effect of viscosity on the gap flow. Based on a simulation method by means of overset grid technique, unsteady 3D flow simulations with a high grid quality and a high spatial resolution particularly in gap regions in terms of y + < 1 are conducted and results are validated against experiments. The profound assessment of gap flow based on the simulation results shows that for highly viscous fluids such a soil, the rotational speed of spindles as well as the direction of rotation have a significant effect on gap flow characteristics and consequently on the pump and turbine performance. From the experiments, it is clarified that with a lower rotational speed of spindles and a higher pressure difference, a higher amount of energy up to about 50% of the fluid energy in the piping system can be recovered instead of being dissipated by a conventional control valve.

Flexible polymer-based triboelectric nanogenerator using Poly(vinylidene fluoride) and bombyx mori silk

This paper demonstrates a flexible triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and silk by exploiting their inherent susceptibility for gaining and losing electrons. Bombyx mori silk possesses a strong capability of losing electrons whereas PVDF has the penchant for gaining electrons. Hence the combination of silk and PVDF could be explored as a novel and unique triboelectric pair for the fabrication of triboelectric nanogenerator. With this motivation, silk-PVDF-based TENG was fabricated on flexible substrate along with the systematic evaluation of its output performance. The primary objective of this paper is divided into two major parts. Initially, a comprehensive study was carried out to investigate the maximum output voltage of the TENG and its correlation with the morphology and composition of PVDF films. The structural optimization of the TENG was also performed in order to deduce the maximum output. Finally, various practical applications of silk-PVDF-based TENG were demonstrated. Through proper optimization, the maximum short circuit current and open circuit voltage acquired from the TENG was experimentally found out to be 11.3 μA and 611 V (peak to peak value), respectively. A relatively high output power density of 1.85 W/m2 was obtained from the optimized nanogenerator for a load resistance of 10 MΩ. The efficacy of this prototype was investigated by powering up commercial red LEDs, charging of capacitors, and harvesting energy from human body movement. The TENG is not only capable to light up 56 commercial red LED bulbs but also is able to harvest mechanical energy from body motion. The highest amount of energy was scavenged from human footsteps.

Comparison of dry and liquid carbon dioxide cutting conditions based on machining performance and life cycle assessment for end milling GFRP

In the present scenario, citizens’ concern about environment preservation creates a necessity to mature more ecological and energy-efficient manufacturing processes and materials. The usage of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) is one of the emerging materials to replace the traditional metallic alloys in the automotive and aircraft industries. However, it has been comprehended to arise a sustainable substitute to conventional emulsion-based coolants in machining processes for dropping the destructive effects on the ecosystem without degrading the machining performance. So, in this study, the comparison of the two sustainable cutting fluid approaches, i.e., dry and LCO2, has been presented based on machining performance indicators like temperature, modulus of cutting force, tool wear, surface roughness, power consumption, and life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis for end milling of GFRP. The cutting condition of LCO2 has been found to be superior in terms of machining performance by providing 80% of lower cutting zone temperature, tool wear, 5% lower modulus of cutting force, and reduced surface roughness with 9% lower power consumption that has been observed in the case of LCO2 in comparison with dry machining. However, to compress the CO2 for converting in liquid form, a higher amount of energy and natural resources is consumed resulting in a higher impact on the environment in comparison with dry machining. Considering the 18 impact categories of ReCiPe midpoint (H) 2016, 95% higher values of impacts have been observed in the case of LCO2 in comparison with dry machining.

Any alternatives to rice? Ethnobotanical insights into the dietary use of edible plants by the Higaonon tribe in Bukidnon Province, the Philippines

Though considered an agricultural country, the Philippines is the world’s largest importer of rice. The persistent problem of insufficient rice supply, however, has been exacerbated by economic crises and natural calamities. Yet, for the Higaonon tribe in Bukidnon Province, the Philippines, the rich agrobiodiversity and wild edible plants are vital for food security and resilience since the mountainous terrain in this province presents a challenge for rice cultivation. To gain insight from the indigenous edible plant knowledge of the Higaonon tribe, we conducted an ethnobotanical research to document the diversity, utilization, and biocultural refugia of both cultivated and wild edible plants. A total of 76 edible plant species belonging to 62 genera and 36 botanical families were documented. The most represented botanical families included the Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Zingiberaceae. In terms of dietary usage, 3 species were categorized as cereals; 8 species were white roots, tubers, and plantains; 3 species were vitamin A-rich vegetables and tubers; 16 species were green leafy vegetables; 12 species were categorized as other vegetables; 2 species were vitamin A-rich fruits; 27 species were classified as other fruits; 7 species were legumes, nuts, and seeds; and 8 species were used as spices, condiments, and beverages. Using the statistical software R with ethnobotanyR package, we further calculated the ethnobotanical indices (use-report (UR), use-value (UV), number of use (NU), and fidelity level (FL)) from 1254 URs in all 9 food use-categories. The species with the highest UV and UR were from a variety of nutrient-rich edible plants such as Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., Musa species, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, Zea mays L., and Manihot esculenta Crantz. The extensive utilization of root and tuber crops along with corn and plantain that contain a higher amount of energy and protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins were shown to be an important nutrient-rich alternatives to rice. Whilst males appeared to be more knowledgeable of edible plant species collected from the forests and communal areas, there were no significant differences between males and females in terms of knowledge of edible plants collected from homegardens, riverbanks, and farms. The various food collection sites of the Higaonon tribe may be considered as food biocultural refugia given their socio-ecological function in food security, biodiversity conservation, and preservation of indigenous knowledge.

Effects of geometrical and processing parameters on mechanical properties of auxetic polyurethane foams

This study aimed to investigate the influence of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of auxetic polyurethane foams including Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus. 12 different processing scenarios were considered using the method of Plackett–Burman in the design of experiments with three replicates for each one. Eventually, 36 foams were prepared with different densities and initial thicknesses, heating temperatures and times, applied compression ratios, and the rest times between two heating steps. The microstructures of the conventional and auxetic samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All samples were subjected to tensile loading in one direction with two different strain values. The strains of the foams in two other directions were recorded using a digital image correlation method. Also, the required force to create each strain value was recorded. The results showed that depending on the changing parameters, Poisson’s ratio of about 42% and 58% of the samples reduced at the strains of 10% and 20%, respectively. Heating temperature and time, the initial thickness of the foam, and the applied compression ratio were proved to have significant effects on the variations of both Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus of the foams. It was concluded that the Poisson’s ratio of foams was reduced at higher heating temperature, time, and applied compression ratio and also a lower foam initial thickness. On the other hand, these changes increased Young’s modulus of the polyurethane foams. The strain energy of the auxetic samples showed higher amounts of energy compared to the other foams.

A REVIEW ON RECYCLING OF THERMOSETS

Thermosets are a type of plastics that pose a major problem when it comes to easy reusability and recycling because they become irreversibly rigid when subjected to progressive increase in temperatures. Epoxy resins, Phenol Formaldehyde, and Polyurethanes are a few of the many thermosets that are widely employed in several different fields. The rigid, brittle, opaque thermosets, in general, possess qualities like good mechanical strength at elevated temperatures, good chemical resistance in addition to even being self-extinguishing at times (mostly with the help of additives), with low smoke emissions, as highlighted by the British Plastics Federation. However, these properties which serve as an advantage to the end product also affect their recyclability, which is difficult and limited, because of their ability to undergo cross-linking on heating, which ultimately results in the formation of strong covalent bonds that cannot be broken easily. Several commercial techniques are now available for recycling thermosets, which include - Mechanical Processing, Thermal Processing and Chemical Processing. These methods demand higher amount of energy for offering feasible results. There are several studies that have focused on degradation (which is the essential first step that progressively leads to recycling) of thermosets. This review highlights the importance of such studies, techniques and methodologies on aspects including feasibility, cost, sustainability and technological innovation.

Optimal selection based K‐mean clustering technique to improve the energy efficiency in cognitive radio networks for 6G applications

SummaryThe main objective of the cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) is to minimize the energy consumption in channel sensing and switching when sensor nodes sense and switch to a licensed channel for improving the energy efficiency for 6G applications. The drawback in CRSN is that the sensor network uses a higher amount of energy by intrabunch and interbunch of data emission energetic medium ingression assignment problem when the sensor nodes sense the channel. In this brief, a K‐mean clustering technique (KMCT) is proposed for CRSN to minimize the energy used by the sensor nodes in CRSN for 6G applications. The KMCT‐based joint power medium ingression technique (JPMIT) is introduced for enhancing the energy efficiency in a bunch of interdata emissions, and the KMCT‐based energetic medium ingression technique (EMIT) is introduced for minimizing the energy utilization in a bunch of intradata emissions. Simulation results show that the proposed KMCT for CRSN provides a better result compared with existing techniques. The performance parameters such as medium available duration, data loss rate, quantity of data, number of authorized mediums, and probability of false alarm have been analyzed using MATLAB R2012a.

Chemical composition and nutritional value of some varieties of soybean cultivated in Mongolia

Soybean has a lot of benefits for human nutrition, well-being and soil nutrition. Soybean seed contain higher concentration of protein and fat. The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional composition and mineral contents in soybean seeds of four different varieties of soybean for their future application as food products. The soybeans were cultivated in Mongolia. The moisture, protein, crude fat, reducing carbohydrate’s concentrations were determined by Kjeldahl, Soxhlet and Bertrand’s method in dried soybean seeds, and the calory of 100 g seed was calculated. The mineral concentration in the ash was determined by ICP-OES method. Among them, the Severnaya-4 variety contained the highest amount of protein, 31.5%, the Sibiryachka variety had the highest concentration of crude fat, 20.35%, and reducing sugar, 1.24%. Moreover, the Severnaya-4 and Sibiryachka soybean seeds had the highest mineral concentration. The lower concentration of protein of these four soybean varieties was probably due to the lower temperature during the seed-filling period in Mongolia. Sibiryachka and OAC vision had the highest amount of energy in 100 g raw seed than other two varieties. The Severnaya-4 and Sibiryachka soybean seeds could be better sources for protein, fat and minerals than the Nei dou-4 and OAC vision varieties.

Evaluation of the complementary feeding practices, dietary intake, and nutritional status of infants on a cow's milk protein elimination diet

ObjectiveTo evaluate the complementary feeding practices, food intake, and nutritional status of infants on a cow's milk protein elimination diet. MethodsA cross-sectional and observational study was conducted to compare infants aged 4–18 months who were on a cow's milk protein elimination diet with a control group of healthy infants without any dietary restrictions. General information on the child's health, demographic data, and food consumption were collected. ResultsThe study included 96 infants in the elimination diet group and 99 in the control group. In the elimination diet group, the median age (in months) of introduction of solid foods (5.0 × 4.0; p < 0.001) and water (5.5 × 4.0; p < 0.05) was later, consumption of soft drinks and industrialized cookies was less frequent (p < 0.05), and a lower index of complementary feeding inadequacies (2.75 × 3.50; p < 0.001) was observed. The elimination diet group presented lower individual values of Z scores for weight/age, weight/height, and body mass index/age, although they were fed with higher amounts of energy (117.4 × 81.3 kcal/kg of weight; p < 0.001) and macro-and micronutrients, except for vitamin A. In the elimination diet group, breast milk and its substitutes contributed to more than 67% of energy intake. Although calcium consumption was a deficit in 31.5% of the infants, none received supplementation. ConclusionInfants on an elimination diet presented more adequate complementary feeding practices and higher nutritional intake, despite lower body weight values.

Simulation analysis of a 3.37 MW PV system using bifacial modules in desert environment

This study is conducted to investigate the performance of bifacial solar PV with high albedo in desert regions. High amount of radiation falls on the Arabian Peninsula where there is an average amount of 2200 kWh/m 2 annually and needs to be utilize as much as possible to get higher amount of energy. A 3.37 MW system is simulated by PVsyst software using two different scenarios which the first is without an axis tracker while the other is with a dual axis tracker to track the sunlight from all directions. When the tracking system is not included the yearly energy production set to be 6684 MWh/year where the system is simulated at a fixed mounting at a single direction facing the south at an optimum tilt angle of 25?. On the other hand, when the tracking system is set to be dual trackers at a minimum tilt angle of 0? and maximum tilt angle of 80? vertically, and minimum azimuth angle of -120 and maximum azimuth angle of -120? horizontally. There annual energy production is set to be 8897 MWh which has a gain of 25% using bifacial solar module with tracking system which can add a value to the solar PV projects and decrease the levelized cost of energy (LCOE).

Feasibility Analysis of Solar Power Generation System for Office Building in Academic Institution

This paper study the potential of energy-saving through lighting located at the office building in an academic institution known as Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah (PSAS). Exercise through energy audit has been conducted at 3 main academic building to identify energy usage of lighting. 3 academic building involved is Mechanical Engineering Department (MED), Civil Engineering Department (CED), and the Electrical Engineering Department (EED). This study analysis 5 types of lighting to identify which types of lighting use the highest amount of energy in academic buildings. The 5 types of lighting involved in this study are Fluorescent T8 36W, Fluorescent T8 18W, Compact Fluorescent (CFL) 24W, Metal halide (MH) 400W and Ttube 18W. Energy savings are calculated based on the installation of hybrid solar in 3 related buildings. From an energy audit, the energy-saving at-least 5% from previous data has been estimated through the installation of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. Through feasibility analysis, it is found that energy-saving potential obtained in the year 2019 for MED, CED and EED are about 4299 kWh, 2,319 kWh and 3,269 kWh respectively. Besides, the energy bill saving obtained is about RM 1,569, RM 846 and RM 3,269 respectively for MED, CED, and EED.

Ammonia‐based energy solutions and research and development efforts in Canada: A perspective

Ammonia‐based energy solutions and research and development efforts in Canada: A perspective