High Alcohol Research Articles

Changes in disposable income of Polish households and growing trends in alcohol mortality.

Most of the studies investigate impact of affordability at national or regional levels with less attention being paid on changes in affordability and their impact on different socio-economic groups. The aim of this article is better understanding of variations in alcohol male mortality in different socio-economic groups by a careful examination of changes in disposable income and alcohol affordability in households of different education levels. Data (2004-2018) on disposable income per household member were taken from a survey - Statistics Poland. Mortality data were taken from the national death register of Statistics Poland based on death certificates. Linear regression models were used to establish relationship between income, affordability and mortality. In the study period, disposable incomes increased substantially in the households with primary, vocational, and secondary education. In the households with university education, where incomes were much higher their pace of growth was much lower. Parallel, proportional alcohol male mortality increased substantially in three lower educational groups while remained almost stable among men with university education, in particular in the last ten years under the study. Clear, linear relationship was found within primary, vocational, and secondary education between proportional alcohol mortality and disposable income. Even, after inclusion into the model alcohol affordability, crucial role of changes in disposable income was confirmed as it explained much higher variation in mortality than affordability. No association was identified within households with university education. The results of this study do not entirely confirm the relationship between alcohol affordability and mortality due to alcohol consumption in men as noted in the literature. Substantial and rapid increases in disposable income were shown as having much stronger impact. Policies which aim to reduce income disparities may produce negative unintended side-effects such as higher alcohol mortality among beneficiaries of these policies.

Anxiety, aggression and alcohol consumption over six months among Poles in early adulthood – The follow-up study

Aim of the studyThere are many studies about mental health during periods of various epidemics. In this study, it was decided to find how the studied parameters changed during six months in 2020.Subject or material and methodsA total of 105 results were obtained from respondents who met all inclusion criteria for the study. 84 people (80.00%) are women and 21 (20.00%) are men. The study included socio-demographic parameters and psychological scales: AUDIT — to determine alcohol consumption, GAD-7 — to measure the anxiety and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire.ResultsAnxiety levels decreased in the entire study population and some subgroups. Higher levels of anxiety were found among male respondents and health professionals. Increased levels of physical aggression were observed among respondents from small cities. A decrease in hostility was found among rural residents. A decrease in verbal aggression was noticed among those with secondary education. Increased levels of physical aggression were observed only among men, while verbal aggression and hostility were observed among those with secondary education. Higher alcohol consumption occurred among young people.DiscussionThe literature provides a wealth of data on various aspects of the mental health including aggression, anxiety and alcohol consumption. Our results are mostly in line with these, and show some features of adaptation in society.ConclusionsReductions in anxiety intensity may suggest some adaptive changes in society. Healthcare professionals are characterised by elevated anxiety levels relative to other respondents.

In Situ Reduced Ni–Sn Bimetallic Catalyst for Enhancing Direct Upgrading of Aqueous Ethanol to Higher Alcohols

In Situ Reduced Ni–Sn Bimetallic Catalyst for Enhancing Direct Upgrading of Aqueous Ethanol to Higher Alcohols

Alcohol consumption, polygenic risk score and the risk of colorectal neoplasia.

Excess alcohol consumption is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the evidence on the individual and joint effects of alcohol consumption and genetic risk on the occurrence of various stages of colorectal carcinogenesis is limited. We evaluated the associations of alcohol consumption and a polygenic risk score (PRS) based on 140 CRC-related loci with findings of colorectal neoplasia among 4,662 participants in the German screening colonoscopy program. Analyses were conducted by multiple logistic regression. We determined genetic risk equivalents (GREs) to quantify the effect of alcohol consumption in terms of the difference in PRS conveying equivalent risk. Moderate and high (12-<25 and ≥25 g/day) alcohol consumption was associated with increased risk of advanced colorectal neoplasia (aOR [95% CI]: 1.28 [1.03-1.58] and 1.44 [1.14-1.81], respectively), while associations with any colorectal neoplasia were weaker. No significant interactions between alcohol consumption and PRS were observed. Participants with high alcohol consumption in the highest PRS tertile had a 3.4-fold increased risk of advanced neoplasia compared to those with low or no alcohol consumption in the lowest PRS tertile. The estimated impact of high alcohol consumption on the risk of advanced neoplasia was equivalent to the risk increase by a 26 percentiles higher PRS (GRE 26, 95% CI 9-44). High alcohol consumption and PRS both have a major impact on the risk of advanced colorectal neoplasia. The estimated preventive impact of avoiding high alcohol consumption is as strong as the impact of having a substantially lower polygenic risk.

Effects of hydrogen spillover on CO2 hydrogenation over Pt-Co-Al based catalysts

CO2 hydrogenation presents a crucial pathway for carbon circularity. The activation, adsorption, and hydrogen spillover are key processes in CO2 hydrogenation. This study investigates the effects of hydrogen spillover induced by Pt on CO2 hydrogenation over Pt-promoted Co-Al catalysts. A series of Pt-promoted Co-Al catalysts were synthesized via co-precipitation and employed for CO2 hydrogenation. The optimized Pt-promoted Co-Al catalyst efficiently converts CO2, leading to the formation of methane (46.6mmol gcat−1 h−1), methanol (509.4 μmol gcat−1 h−1), and higher alcohols (220.6 μmol gcat−1 h−1). The Pt-promoted Co-Al catalysts facilitate hydrogen spillover, optimizing the catalysts’ reducibility and exposing more active sites. Moreover, the hydrogen adsorption is weakened due to the Pt induced hydrogen spillover, which facilitates the formation of *HCOO, *CH3, and *CO intermediates. This in turn facilitate the coupling between *HCOO/*CO and *CH3, enhancing the formation of higher alcohols.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Kidney Stones in the Elderly Iranian Population: Findings from the Ardakan Cohort Study on Aging (ACSA)

Background: The incidence of kidney stones has been rising globally, particularly among the elderly. This study aims to determine the prevalence of kidney stones and its associated factors in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using the data collected in the first phase of Ardakan Cohort Study on individuals aged 50 years and above, in the Yazd province, Iran. Baseline data was collected using a comprehensive checklist and kidney stone occurrence was ascertained through participants’ self-reported response to the question "Have you ever been diagnosed with kidney stones?" Logistic regression analysis was used due to the binary nature of the outcome. Results: Period prevalence of kidney stone was 22.79 (95% CI=19.41 to 24.12). Thus, out of the total sample of 4,884 individuals, 1113 participants had a history of kidney stones. Among these, 412 (37%) were female and 701 (63%) were male. Significant associations were observed between a history of kidney stones and factors such as self-reported poor health, alcohol consumption, dysuria, higher education level, male gender, and presence of calcium oxalate crystals. Conclusion: This study shows the high prevalence of kidney stones compared to other studies. Considering the relationship between kidney stones and some preventable disorders in the elderly, such as high blood pressure and alcohol consumption, it seems that paying attention to kidney stone disorders can be part of preventive health and treatment interventions for this population group.

Enhancing carbon chain extension of higher alcohols to jet fuels by surface hydrophobicity modification of HZSM-5

Enhancing carbon chain extension of higher alcohols to jet fuels by surface hydrophobicity modification of HZSM-5

Dose-response Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Kidney Cancer Risk Differs According to Glycemic Status: A Nationwide Cohort Study of 9.4 Million Individuals.

Previous studies suggested an association between alcohol consumption and reduced kidney cancer risk. Given a potential interaction between alcohol's insulin-sensitizing effect and hyperglycemia-related insulin resistance, we aimed to assess whether the dose-response association between alcohol intake and kidney cancer risk varies based on glycemic status. This nationwide cohort study analyzed data from 9,492,331 adults who underwent a national health screening program in 2009 and were followed until 2018. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models were applied to estimate the hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Over a median follow-up period of 8.3 years, 12,381 participants were diagnosed with kidney cancer. A U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and kidney cancer risk was observed among individuals with normoglycemia (light-to-moderate; HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.99 and heavy; HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.91-1.09, respectively). In prediabetic individuals, alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with kidney cancer risk. In individuals with diabetes, a dose-dependent increase in kidney cancer risk was noted with higher alcohol consumption (light-to-moderate consumption: HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03-1.22; heavy consumption: HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.09-1.42; P for trend <0.01). A modest U-shaped dose-response association between alcohol consumption and kidney cancer risk was observed exclusively in individuals with normoglycemia. Individuals with diabetes demonstrated a dose-dependent increased risk of kidney cancer with higher alcohol consumption. Tailored patient education and personalized risk assessments regarding alcohol consumption and kidney cancer risk should be emphasized over a generalized 'one-size-fits-all' approach.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОРБЕНТА ИЗ СКОРЛУПЫ КЕДРОВОГО ОРЕХА НА СОСТАВ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ КИСЛОТ И ЛЕТУЧИХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ ЯБЛОЧНЫХ ВИН

The purpose of research is to study the composition of organic acids and volatile impurities in apple wine. As an object of study, we used apple wines obtained by fermentation of fresh squeezed and clarified juice from the fruits of a small-fruited apple tree of the Krasnaya grozd' variety. The resulting apple must was fermented using a pine nut shell nozzle (sample 2). As a control sample (sample 1), wine material obtained by fermentation of the same apple must without the use of a nozzle was used. The paper presents experimental data on changes in the content of organic acids and volatile components of wine during fermentation using pine nut shell packing. A decrease in the duration of the fermentation process by 96 hours is shown. In the studied samples of apple wines, methanol, acetaldehyde, esters (ethyl acetate, methyl acetate) and higher alcohols (propanol-1, butanol-1, isobutanol and isoamyl alcohol) were identified by gas chromatography, the concentrations of which do not exceed the normalized values. In apple wine obtained using a nozzle, there is a decrease in the total content of esters from 49.5 to 47.0 mg/dm3 and higher alcohols from 368.4 to 270.1 mg/dm3. Among higher alcohols, the maximum content of isoamyl alcohol is (179.6 mg/dm3) and the minimum amount of propanol-1is (44.6 mg/dm3). A change in the content of such organic acids as citric, tartaric, malic, succinic and lactic acids was noted. During the fermentation of the must using a nozzle in the finished wine, an increase in the concentration of biologically active succinic acid by 13.7% was found. The results of the study allow us to recommend the use of pine nut shell packing in the production of low-oxidized white wines.

B-phosphatidylethanol testing to identify hazardous alcohol use in primary health care—a game changer and a challenge for general practitioners: a qualitative study

Background and aims Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and hazardous alcohol use are common but underdiagnosed in primary health care (PHC). This study aimed to explore general practitioners’ (GPs’) experiences and perceptions of using B-Phosphatidylethanol (PEth), a specific quantitative biomarker for alcohol use, in their clinical work with patient consultations and treatment follow-up in Swedish PHC. Design, participants, and setting Individual interviews were conducted with GPs and resident GPs (n 20) in Swedish PHC and analysed using qualitative content analysis. Findings The overarching theme PEth testing in primary health care—a game changer and a challenge illustrated that PEth testing has improved the prerequisites for the GP-patient interaction while making it more complex. Four categories underpinned this theme: Comprehending the context, describing the challenges in the GP-patient interaction when hazardous alcohol use or AUD was suspected; Getting the pieces in place, illustrating the struggle of integrating PEth testing into clinical practice and how it diminished the role of alcohol history taking; The challenges and facilitators of the conversation, comprising both the difficulties in informing about PEth testing and the positive impact on the interaction, and Considerations based on the PEth test results, emphasising the consequences of elevated PEth test results and their influence on physicians’ motivation to using PEth. Conclusions PEth is an important tool in the identification of hazardous alcohol use. Emerging ethical dilemmas regarding patient information on PEth testing and management of medical and medico-legal obligations when test results indicate high alcohol use need to be addressed in future guidelines for clinical management of PEth.

Structure, properties, and applications of CoxC catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch reaction mechanism and perspective

The classical Fischer–Tropsch to Olefins (FTO) reaction is a pivotal method for converting syngas, derived from fossil energy sources, such as coal, biomass, and natural gas, into lower olefins. The growing interest in expanding or commercializing FTO has driven the development of catalysts with exceptional performance. Lower olefins (C2–4=) are widely used as fundamental components in everyday products such as detergents, lubricants, plastic, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic additives. Additionally, higher alcohols with functional C– groups can not only improve the atomic utilization in catalytic reactions but also serve as raw materials for combustibles, fuels or fuel additives, and various fine chemicals. In recent years, new transition metal carbide catalysts have attracted significant attention in the exploration and application of FTO catalytic reactions. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of non-noble metal cobalt carbide CoxC (x = 2, 3) catalysts for the efficient utilization of COx (x = 1, 2). The review covers the phase transitions during the formation of CoxC-based catalysts, their properties, activity, product selectivity, and interrelationships among these factors. Finally, the current challenges facing CoxC-based catalysts in effectively harnessing COx in FTO are discussed, along with perspectives on potential future commercial applications.

Loneliness is associated with adverse health behaviour and obesity: a Danish population-based study of 122,258 individuals

BackgroundLoneliness is a public health concern associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Adverse health behaviours and a higher body mass index (BMI) have been proposed as key mechanisms influencing this association. The present study aims to examine the relationship between loneliness, adverse health behaviour and a higher BMI, including daily smoking, high alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary habits, and obesity in men and women and across different life stages.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the 2017 Danish National Health Survey (entitled “How are you?“). Loneliness was assessed using the Three-Item Loneliness Scale. Logistic regression models were employed to analyse the association between loneliness, health behaviour and obesity in a sample of 122,258 individuals (16 + years). The models were adjusted for sex, age, educational attainment, country of origin, and partnership status. Stratified analyses were conducted to investigate differences by sex and life stages.ResultsLoneliness was associated with an increased risk of daily smoking (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.21–1.40), physical inactivity (AOR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.75–1.99), unhealthy diet (AOR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.47–1.70), and obesity (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.49–1.72). Conversely, loneliness was associated with a reduced risk of high alcohol consumption in men (AOR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.74-0.0.91).ConclusionsOur study provides evidence that loneliness is associated with adverse health behaviour and obesity in both men and women and across the lifespan. These findings suggest that health behaviours and obesity may influence the association between loneliness and poor health outcomes. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the causal relationships underlying these associations.

Correlates of length of stay in a short-term inpatient residential addiction treatment facility.

There is a gap in the extant literature regarding length of stay (LOS) in short-term inpatient addiction treatment facilities. Furthermore, there is a lack in focus on treatment factors which may be better indicators for positive patient outcomes than demographic profiles. The current study sought to examine modifiable correlates of LOS within a short-term inpatient residential facility to extend LOS and improve patient outcomes. N = 792 participants who completed a baseline assessment and either completed treatment or left against clinical advice were included in the sample. Outcomes of interest were self-efficacy (domains included negative affect, pro-social or positive use, physical discomfort, withdrawal, or urges), well-being (domains included symptom distress, interpersonal relations, and social role), and social network size. Baseline dysfunctional social role, larger social network size, and higher alcohol use disorder (AUD) severity all led to increases in LOS. No aspects of self-efficacy, symptom distress, interpersonal relatedness, substance use disorder (SUD) severity, nor other demographic variables were associated with LOS. This study highlights the importance of taking steps to improve self-perceived social role and social network size. Given that the purpose of this study was to determine modifiable correlates of LOS, we suggest that clinicians at inpatient, short-term addiction treatment centers adopt thorough measures of well-being and social network to support patient treatment and recovery.

МАССОВАЯ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИЯ ЛЕТУЧИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ В ВИНАХ ИЗ КРАСНЫХ АБОРИГЕННЫХ СОРТОВ ВИНОГРАДА ДОНСКОЙ АМПЕЛОГРАФИЧЕСКОЙ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ ИМ. Я.И. ПОТАПЕНКО

The purpose of research is to study the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the main food additives, volatile components and aromatic acids in wines from red native grape varieties of the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk). The objects of the study were must and wine from red technological varieties: Cimlyanskij chernyj, Krasnostop Zolotovskij and Varyushkin. Research was based on laboratory winemaking technologies. Pilot production of wines are produced in the conditions of micro-winemaking on the chemical technology of production of dry red wines. The wort has significant values of indicators: the amount of phenols, mass concentrations of total and amine nitrogen, pH, glucoacidometric index (GAI), technical maturity index (TMI), mass concentration of anthocyanins. After the end of fermentation, the content of alcohol, titratable acids, volatile acids, residual sugars, and reduced extract was determined. The organoleptic characteristics of the studied wine varieties were carried out according to a 10-point system by the tasting commission of the institute. According to the content of resveratrol, a sample from the Krasnostop Zolotovskij variety stood out – 4.48 mg/dm3. Ascorbic, chlorogenic, nicotinic, orotic, caffeic and gallic acids were determined in all wine materials. The background components of the aromatics of the studied wines are represented by volatile fermentation products (acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methanol, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, isobutanol, 1-butanol). In the studied samples of red wines, these components were found in threshold values, which had a positive effect on the taste and aromatic qualities of the final product and made it possible to obtain high tasting scores for all samples. It can be concluded that all the studied varieties not only have high organoleptic ratings, but also contain a valuable biological component - resveratrol, which has a positive effect on human health, as well as unique aroma-forming substances (phenolcarboxylic acids, higher alcohols, aldehydes, etc.).

Prevalence, Management, and Associated Risk Factors of Urolithiasis Among Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Bathinda

Background: Urolithiasis, a prevalent condition affecting the urinary system, is defined by the production of mineral crystals in the renal system or urinary tract. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence, demographic distribution, prognostic variables, and management findings among patients with urolithiasis at Adesh Hospital in Bathinda. Methods: A six-month prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Urology . The study comprised 170 individuals with urolithiasis.Data were collected on socio-demographic details, clinical history, risk factors, laboratory and radiological findings, treatment regimens, and therapeutic outcomes. Statistical analyses were performed to identify patterns and associations. Results: Among 1432 patients screened, the prevalence of urolithiasis was 11.8%. The condition was most prevalent in the 38–48 age group (26.5%), with a slight female predominance (52.4%). Stone sizes of 4–8 mm were most common (61.8%), and the interpole calyx was identified as the predominant stone site (34.1%). Calcium stones were the most frequent composition (77.1%). Risk factors included inadequate hydration (62.9%), high sodium intake (79.4%), obesity (40.6%), alcohol use (53.5%), and frequent NSAID use. Hypertension (28.2%) and fatty liver (22.4%) were notable comorbidities, with a family history present in 8.2% of cases. Treatment: Medical management primarily involved urinary alkalinizers like potassium citrate and citric acid (98.2%) and alpha-blockers such as tamsulosin (40.0%). Antibiotics, including levofloxacin (41.8%) and cefixime with potassium clavulanate (32.9%), were frequently prescribed. Rabeprazole with domperidone (64.1%) was the most utilized proton pump inhibitor. Significant symptom improvement was observed post-treatment, particularly in dysuria, urinary retention, hematuria, and straining (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Urolithiasis is a significant health issue influenced by modifiable lifestyle factors and comorbidities. This study underscores the importance of early diagnosis, effective medical management, and patient education to address underlying risk factors. The findings provide valuable insights for improving clinical outcomes and guiding evidence-based treatment strategies for urolithiasis.

Late-season source limitation practices to cope with climate change: delaying ripening and improving colour of Cabernet-Sauvignon grapes and wine in a hot and arid climate

The current rise in temperatures is hastening grape ripening, resulting in unbalanced wines with high alcohol content but poor colour, aroma and phenolic composition. Late-season canopy manipulation practices aimed at reducing the size of the photosynthetic apparatus after veraison have been shown to delay ripening in cooler climates. However, these methods have not directly been compared in regions with high irradiance and temperature, where berry composition is negatively affected by late fruit exposure. In this two-year Cabernet-Sauvignon trial, we compared the application of pinolene (P) to late shoot topping (T) and late above-bunch zone leaf removal (LR), all performed during the late stages of ripening, with an untreated control (C). Vine water status was monitored weekly from the time of treatment application until harvest. Gas exchange was monitored only in 2021, from treatment application through to harvest. Berry samples were collected to measure berry weight, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and the anthocyanin profile. At harvest, we assessed yield components, rated sun damage on clusters, and produced experimental wines. Wine colour and chemical characteristics were evaluated. The application of P scarcely improved gas exchange and stem water potential. Conversely, LR and T increased water potential but did not affect leaf gas exchange. T was the only treatment that significantly decreased sugar accumulation, followed by P, which showed some effect although not significant. Grape yield was not altered, despite the use of P resulted in a lower berry weight in 2022. Canopy manipulation increased lighting conditions in the canopy and caused a significant presence of damaged fruits, especially in LR. Berry anthocyanins were not affected, but LR resulted in a lower concentration of total anthocyanins in the wine and altered the anthocyanin profile. P increased wine acidity, while LR and T improved wine colour. This study suggests that late-season canopy management can effectively control ripening speeds and improve the composition of grapes and wines. However, it is essential to avoid grape overexposure by employing the appropriate techniques to ensure grape quality is not compromised.

Substance Use Classes Among YMSM in an HIV Digital Health Intervention Program: Implications for Acceptability, Engagement, and Health Outcomes.

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) have high rates of substance use, which increases their risk for HIV. Digital Health Interventions (DHI) have the potential to address HIV risk overall and reduce harms in the context of substance use. However, there is limited research on how YMSM with different substance use patterns respond to HIV DHIs and how these programs impact participant outcomes. In this study, we used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify subgroups of participants with specific substance use behaviors in the Keep It Up! (KIU! ) program, an HIV DHI with prior documented effectiveness. This study involved 2,124 participants in a Type III Hybrid trial, comparing two implementation strategies: one via 22 community-based organizations and another through direct-to-consumer recruitment. Evaluations were done at baseline and 12-week follow-up. This analysis identified four classes of substance use: Low Use (minimal alcohol risks, low illicit drug use, infrequent marijuana), Heavy Use (highest alcohol problems, frequent marijuana, elevated illicit drug use), Alcohol and Marijuana Use (high alcohol problems, frequent marijuana), and Methamphetamine and GBH Use (low alcohol risk, moderate marijuana frequency, high illicit drug use). Participants in the Meth & GHB User class were more likely to have an STI at baseline compared to those in the Low User class. Moreover, Heavy Use, Alcohol & Marijuana Use, and Meth & GHB Use reported a greater number of condomless anal sex partners compared to Low Use. Additionally, although Alcohol & Marijuana Use were more likely to use PrEP at the time of their most recent casual partner at baseline, they exhibited the smallest increase in PrEP use during follow-up compared to the other substance use classes. Our analysis did not unveil substantial differences in the success of implementation in terms of reach, suggesting that both implementation strategies effectively engaged YMSM with different levels of substance use. Our research showed a similar level of engagement, as evidenced by the completion rates of modules and time spent, across all substance use classes. However, those within the Meth & GHB category found the intervention highly acceptable, but less so compared to Low Use and Alcohol & Marijuana Use. Understanding how distinct substance use profiles influence intervention outcomes and exploring varied implementation methods can augment future prevention endeavors, broadening the scope and impact of public health initiatives.

Educational attainment as a potential effect modifier of alcohol use and 100% alcohol-attributable mortality in the United States-A longitudinal analysis of mortality linked survey data from 1997 to 2018.

To measure effects between educational attainment and alcohol use as a driver of unequal alcohol-attributable mortality. Nation-wide cohort study using a longitudinal design, linking data from the 1997-2018 National Health Interview Survey to mortality data of the National Death Index in 2019. The study has an average follow-up time of 10.7years (SD = 6.4). United States. Nationally representative sample of adults aged 25 years and older. The outcome was time to 100% alcohol-attributable mortality, censored or last presumed alive by 31 December 2019. Socioeconomic status was operationalized via educational attainment; alcohol use was self-reported and operationalized using a categorical measure with lifetime abstainers as reference category. Of a total of 562 632 adults, 901 (635 men and 266 women) died during follow-up from a 100% alcohol-attributable cause of death [15 per 100 000 person years (PY)]. We found a strong interaction effect between low education and Category III alcohol use (>60 g and >40 g per day for men and women, respectively), which was of additive nature as shown by the Aalen's additive hazards model, with 83.68 additional deaths per 100 000 PY (95% confidence interval = 16.48-150.87) found in individuals with low education with Category III drinking compared with a situation when there was no interaction between the two risk factors. A large and statistically significant relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) of 32.05 from the Cox model supported the interaction. For individuals with low education, the risk associated with Category III drinking was double that for those with high education. In the United States, people with combined low education and high alcohol consumption (>60 g/day for men, >40 g/day for women) appear to have a higher risk of 100% alcohol-attributable mortality compared with other combinations of educational attainment and drinking.

Evaluating sex and line differences in successive negative contrast and ethanol consumption using alcohol preferring and high alcohol drinking rats.

The loss of a job or relationship are a couple of examples of unexpected reward loss. Life events, such as these can induce negative emotional reactions (e.g., anxiety and stress), which have been associated with increased alcohol consumption and in turn, an increased risk of developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD). The present study analyzed consummatory successive negative contrast (SNC) for the first time in alcohol preferring (P) and high alcohol drinking (HAD) rats that have been selectively bred to consume high amounts of ethanol. Following reward loss, animals were given free access to ethanol to determine whether consumption would increase as a possible indication of any negative emotional reaction. Male and female P and HAD rats were split into shifted and unshifted groups receiving either 32% or 4% sucrose for 5 min across 10 preshift days. Subsequently, all animals received 4% sucrose for four postshift days, across which, animals were given access to 20% ethanol for 30 min after access to 4% sucrose. Male and female P rats demonstrated a longer contrast effect than HAD rats, indicated by a longer recovery time following the downshift in reward. Conversely, HAD males did not demonstrate a contrast effect following this downshift in reward unlike their female counterparts. Surprisingly, P rats who experienced a loss of reward consumed significantly less ethanol than animals who did not. Lastly, individual measure of contrast size, or shift ratio, was significantly associated with greater ethanol consumption in HAD males only, who did not display a contrast effect. These data indicate different reactivity to SNC between these two lines and sexes, suggesting different genetic and sex-related mechanisms underlying sensitivity to an unexpected loss of reward and ethanol consumption following this loss.

Rising Burden of Colon and Rectum Cancer in China: An Analysis of Trends, Gender Disparities, and Projections to 2030.

Colon and rectum cancer (CRC) is a major health burden in China, with notable gender disparities. This study was designed to analyze trends in CRC incidence, prevalence, and mortality from 1990 to 2021 and to project future trends. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021, we examined CRC burden in China, including incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs). Joinpoint regression, Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) models, and age-period-cohort (APC) analysis identified trends and projected incidence up to 2030. In 2021, CRC incidence was 658,321 cases, disproportionately affecting males, with an age-standardized incidence rate of 42.24 per 100,000 in males and 21.87 per 100,000 in females. The CRC-related deaths reached 275,129, with higher mortality in males (18.95 per 100,000) than females (9.34 per 100,000). The DALYs totaled 6,848,390 and largely impacted males. Joinpoint analysis showed a persistent increase in incidence and prevalence, especially in younger cohorts, whereas mortality declined slightly but began rising again after 2015. The BAPC analysis projected further incidence growth, particularly in males, through 2030. The APC analysis revealed higher CRC risk among younger cohorts, suggesting increasing early-onset CRC linked to lifestyle risk factors, such as smoking, high alcohol consumption, and diets low in fiber and calcium, with a stronger effect on males. The increase of CRC incidence and prevalence in China, particularly among males, underscores the need for targeted prevention and early detection. Future research should address gender disparities and modifiable lifestyle risks through public health interventions.