High Work Hours Research Articles

Sustainability performance of enhanced weathering across countries: A triple bottom line approach

Enhanced weathering (EW) is a promising negative emission technology involving the application of crushed silicate rocks to croplands for carbon capture. There is limited research about the broad sustainability impacts in rolling out this intervention on a large scale. This research assesses the triple bottom line sustainability of EW in eight top-emitting countries using an extended input-output model. Results indicate that overall sustainability performance of EW is influenced by each country's environmental and social metrics than the economic. Compared to developed countries (UK, France, Germany, USA), emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China) show relatively lower economic sustainability due to high working hours impact but benefit from higher socio-economic contributions. Improving practices, particularly reducing emissions, energy use, labour rights and health and safety risk for silicate rock production, is vital for better sustainability outcomes.

An effort-recovery model for early-stage entrepreneurs’ work demands: the role of recovery experiences

Entrepreneurs can benefit from having non-work experiences that help them recover the psychological resources depleted from work tasks. Using the Effort-Recovery Model as a basis for understanding how recovery occurs, this study examines relationships between non-work recovery experiences (i.e. psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery, and control) and well-being (i.e. work engagement, emotional exhaustion, and sleep quality) in entrepreneurs, a unique sample population for studying the relationships between these constructs. We test hypotheses using a cross-sectional survey of 247 early-stage entrepreneurs that founded a business in the prior three years. Findings show that mastery and control experiences have a positive relationship with work engagement, control experiences have a negative relationship with emotional exhaustion, and psychological detachment experiences have a positive relationship with sleep quality. The results also suggest that higher work hours are related to lower relaxation and control experiences, whereas a higher number of employees is related to higher relaxation experiences and feelings of control over non-work time. Comparing these results to studies with employees, one implication is that low psychological detachment may be less harmful in the short-term for early-stage entrepreneurs. A second implication is that there are benefits of multiple after-work recovery experiences (i.e. psychological detachment, mastery, and control).

Kepala Rumah Tangga Perempuan Pekerja Sektor Informal di Indonesia: Situasi dan Tantangan

The percentage of female-headed households tends to increase from year to year, where in 2012 the percentage of female-headed households reached 14.4%. This literature review aims to compare the characteristics of Male Heads of Households (MHH) and Female Heads of Households (FHH) working in the informal sector based on data from August 2017-2019. Based on the results of the study, it is known that from the total workers in the informal sector, characteristics are obtained that can distinguish between MHH and FHH. In MHH, it is dominated by workers with marital status, working in agricultural business fields, sufficient working hours (> = 35 hours), having low income, education after elementary school, being in a fairly young age group of 30-49 years. Meanwhile, FHH is dominated by workers with dead divorced marriage status, working in trading businesses, lacking working hours (<35 hours), having low incomes, education not graduating from elementary school, and being in the old age group of 50-64 years. Based on these characteristics, the government can provide guidance and provide facilities and capital assistance to informal sector workers, especially in MHH and FHH who are productive, work in the agricultural and trade sectors, have a low level of education, and those who work with high working hours in order to improve the standard of living of both mhh and fhh and their families. In addition, the attention from the government is expected to shift their status from those who initially worked in the informal sector slowly but surely to enter the formal sector.

A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Work Hours on Resource Depletion, Resource Acquisition, and Strain

Employee work hours are a frequent topic of interest among academics and management practitioners alike. However, there is a lack of theory explicating why and under what conditions longer work hours are likely to cause employee strain. Accordingly, we adopt a resource-based framework to propose that work hours can deplete resources owing to their impact on on- and off-the-job stressors, which relate positively to strain, while simultaneously proposing that longer work hours can also aid in resource acquisition, owing to positive relations with income and promotions which are subsequently negatively related to strain. We also posit that these effects vary by culture (Eastern vs. Western) and that they are curvilinear in nature (becoming stronger at higher work hours in the case of resource depletion, and weaker in the case of resource acquisition). We tested our hypotheses using meta-analytic methods based on a sample of over 360 studies including over 800,000 individuals. We found that work hours are positively related to strain via more proximal on- and off-the-job stressors, and negatively related to strain via income and promotions, although the indirect effect via income relation was weak. We found mixed support for the moderator hypotheses, as work hours were more strongly related to on-the-job stressors and income in Western than Eastern cultures, but not the other variables; work hours were also more strongly related to off-the-job stressors and promotions at high vs. low levels of work hours. We discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice.

Hubungan Stres Kerja dengan Kinerja Bidan dalam Masa Pandemik Covid-19 di Kota Pontianak

ABSTRACT Work stress on midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic can occurred due to high working hours, long working hours, mindset, limited number of health workers while the number of patients continued to grow and work safety procedures continue to change along with the development of the virus. If midwives did not manage work stress properly this will have an impact on their performance in providing health services to patients. To analyse the relationship between work stress and the midwife performance during pandemic covid-19 in Pontianak. Quantitative with cross sectional design. The sample of this study was 43 midwives in Pontianak. Sampling with total sampling method. The results of this study were 23 respondents (53.5%) who experienced work stress and 20 respondents (46.5%) who did not experience work stress. On the performance of midwives there were 25 respondents (58.1%) with good performance and 18 respondents (41.9%) with poor performance. Based on the Chi-square test, the p value = 0.004 meant that the sig value was smaller than(0.004 <0.05) indicating that work stress was related to the performance of midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pontianak. Work stress was related to the performance of midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pontianak with a p value = 0.004. Keywords: Work Stress, Midwife Performance, COVID-19 Pandemic

The Prevalence, Severity and the Contributive Organizational Factors of Burnout Syndrome among Pakistani Physiotherapists

Background: This is fast age where many underlying health issues go unaddressed in race of progress such as Burnout. This state of mental illness due to chronic stress that may be comprised of emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment and depersonalization. This is thought to be associated with occupation and organizational parameters. This can put physiotherapist compromised health, social and family life, dealing with patients and low performance at work. Objective: To determine burnout level and its severity among physical therapists and associated organizational factors Material and method: Cross sectional survey was conducted in sample of convenience comprising 120 physiotherapists. The participants were of both gender and age above 25 years. The data was collected by using Maslach Burnout Inventory Scale and data analysis was executed using SPSS version 20. Continuous variables including age, total scores were analyzed for mean and standard deviation, while frequency percentages were calculated against categorical variables. Results: Results of the study demonstrated that mean+SD score for emotional exhaustion was 16.55+ 5.07, mean+SD score for personal accomplishment was 44.73+1.54 and mean+SD score for depersonalization was 0.75+0.93. Conclusion: The study concluded that physiotherapists demonstrated mild to moderate level of burnout. Burnout symptoms apparently found significantly associated with high working hours, private sector, female gender and less physical activity.            

Psychological distress analysis among nurses during Covid-19 pandemic

Abstract. During Covid-19 pandemic, the workload of nurses has become much higher. The condition of Covid-19 cases rate that continues to increase, adaptation to HSE measures and strict procedures to prevent transmission put great pressure on the health workers who are on duty. This study aims to measure the level of psychological distress in the form of stress, depression, and anxiety experienced by nurses at XYZ Hospital in Pemalang, Central Java using DASS 42 measuring instrument. The data analysis was processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 24 application with multiple linear regression method. The population is all nursing staff at XYZ Hospital, totaling 198 people. By using the stratified random sampling technique, a sample of 133 people was obtained consisting of 84 people from non-Covid-19 work units and 49 people from Covid-19 work units. Psychological distress factors are associated with internal factors (gender, age, years of service, education level, level of use of personal protective equipment) and external factors (level of PPE use, limited PPE, no PPE changing room facilities, lack of training, no zoning area, minimal formal psychological support, low social support, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, minimal information on the development of Covid-19, high working hours, fear of infection, chronic illness, trauma because the family has been exposed). The results showed that 75.2% of nurses experienced stress, 51.9% of nurses experienced depression, and 78.2% of nurses experienced anxiety disorders. The foremost vital factor influencing depression is age, anxiety is level of PPE use, and stress is length of time worked.Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic; DASS-42; nurses; psychological distress; SPSS

Correlates of vocational outcomes of youth with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders: Evidence from a vocational rehabilitation program

AbstractYouth with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders are at higher risk for vocational rehabilitation exclusion. This study aimed to (a) explore the personal factors associated with vocational outcomes of youth with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders and (b) highlight services that have shown the greatest promise for this population in the state-federal rehabilitation program in the United States. Our analytic sample was extracted from the Rehabilitation Services Administration’s Case Service Report data set for 2013, 2014, and 2015 fiscal years. Multiple regression analyses results identified personal factors such as gender, race/ethnicity, level of education, and severity of disability as predictors of the achievement of competitive employment, hours worked, and income. The receipt of vocational rehabilitation services such as job search support, job placement assistance, vocational training, and on-the-job support are significantly associated with the achievement of competitive employment, higher work hours, and income. These finding have implications for vocational rehabilitation practice as they highlight who is at higher risk for poor outcomes, effective services, and additional factors to consider when working with youth with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders.

Perceived and sources of occupational stress in intensive care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic

ObjectiveTo determine the level of occupational stress in intensive care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and factors of perceived stress. MethodsThe study had a descriptive design. A total of 262 nurses working in adult intensive care units (ICUs) across Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic constituted the sample. Data were collected by an online survey and the Perceived Stress Scale-14. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one- way analysis of variance, regression analysis and Bonferroni test were used for data analysis. ResultsPercentage of nurses with moderate level of occupational stress was 62%. High working hours and nurse:patient ratios, heavy workload and failure in patient treatment were the main factors of occupational stress. Level of occupational stress was affected by gender, number of children, years of experience in intensive care and the type of work shift. ConclusionIntensive care nurses in Turkey experienced moderate stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions to prevent occupational stress among intensive care nurses in the long run might be implemented.

Abstract 16121: Wellness in Pediatric Cardiac Intensivists - How are We Doing?

Introduction: Poor physician wellness is associated with detrimental effects on patient outcomes. There are no data on physician wellness in pediatric cardiac critical care. We aimed to define the prevalence of and risk factors for impaired wellness using a targeted survey of the North American pediatric cardiac critical care workforce. Methods: We developed a survey to examine physician wellness and potential risk factors, incorporating the Expanded Physician Well Being Index. Unit directors at 120 congenital heart surgery centers were contacted to provide faculty emails. The survey was distributed to each faculty with targeted reminders from June - September 2019. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed comparing the at-risk respondents to those not at risk for poor wellness. Results: Of the 477 faculty, 294 completed the survey (62%). Faculty reported working a median of 83 hours on service weeks and 50 hours on non-service weeks. Based on Well-Being scores, 34% were in the “at risk” category; 56% reported feeling burned out in the past month and 46% reported feeling overwhelmed. However, 96% felt their work was meaningful. Faculty reported a high incidence of developing unhealthy habits including poor nutrition (50%), infrequent exercise (56%), and lack of self-care (46%). Factors associated with well-being risk are shown in Table 1. Poor interpersonal experiences, higher work hours, and being primarily trained in critical care with an additional cardiac year were associated with risk of poor wellness. Working >100 hours per service week had a significant increase in risk (odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.31-4.40). Availability of wellness services was associated with reduced risk. Conclusion: Burnout and risk of poor wellness are common in pediatric cardiac critical care faculty. Modifiable factors, including wellness service availability and reduced hours of clinical service may improve wellness in the workforce.

Self-Medication Practice and Associated Factors Among Health Professionals at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundSelf-medication is the use of medication to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms. In the current time, there has been an increasing tendency in self-medication in pharmacies and retail outlets in our country Ethiopia and alarmingly high in healthcare professionals. In spite of the adverse impacts, there were scarcity of data on self-medication practice among health professionals in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the practice of self-medication and its determinant factors among health professionals at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA Cross-sectional study design was employed using a simple random sampling technique to recruit the study participants. We used self-administered questionnaires to collect the data. Epi Info 7 and SPSS 20 were used for data entry and statistical analysis, respectively. Frequencies and mean with standard deviation were computed. Measure of association between self-medication and independent factors was determined using logistic regression. Variables with a p<0.05 were declared as determinant factors of self-medication practice.ResultsFour hundred and twelve health professionals were involved in the study with a mean age of 29.9 years (±5.43, range=20–60). In this study, self-medication practice was 54.6% (95% CI: 49.8–59.4). Health professionals who had worked less than 3 years after last graduation (AOR=1.67, 95% CI (1.02, 2.76)), those with 44–55 working hours per week (AOR=2.44, 95% CI: 1.07,5.57), and who knew over-the-counter classification of drugs (AOR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.03,2.99) had significantly higher self-medication practice.ConclusionSelf-medication practice was remarkably high in the current study which is a major public health problem. The findings suggest a cooperative implementation of pharmaceutical regulations particularly focusing on those health professionals with high working hours per week.

“Making it work: Migration, motherhood and employment in Australia”

The transition into motherhood is often associated with a reduction in women's labor force participation, reinforcing gender employment hierarchies. Our study compares women's employment status and paid work time prior to and following birth among immigrants and native-borns in Australia. We also consider how these outcomes differ by generation status and racial and ethnic background. Australia provides a valuable context to understand these outcomes given its skilled migration policy, racial and ethnic diversity, limited childcare and family leave policies, and high rates of part-time work among mothers. We examine longitudinal data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) for women from 2001 to 2016. We find that migrant women show lower employment levels and commensurate work hours than native-borns prior to childbirth. After childbirth, migrant mothers maintain lower employment levels, but higher work hours than native-born mothers. Overall, we find that relative to native-borns, migrant women typically experience a smaller reduction in employment and work hours following childbirth, but some of this is likely due to their lower starting position prior to childbirth. Our findings have implications for skilled immigration policies and highlights the unique work-family pressures facing immigrant and native-born women.

Prevalence of Lower Back Pain and its Relation to Stress Among Medical Students in Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

Background:Lower back pain (LBP) refers to pain in the back between the last rib and the gluteal fold. Recent psychological research indicates a relevant connection between severe pain and emotional stress. The etiology of musculoskeletal pain shown to be influenced by low social support, high job demands, and low job control.Methods:A cross-sectional study of 640 medical students in Taif University was carried out from November 2018 to April 2019. A standardized Nordic questionnaire was employed to assess musculoskeletal pain and K10 was used to assess psychological stress.Results:Our study found 33.3% of medical students reported lower back pain, 20.7% reported lower back pain 0–7 days during the last 12 months, and 18.8% reported reduction of activity due to lower back pain during the last 12 months. The mean stress score was 22.7 ± 8.8; 20.7% of students with mild stress reported lower back pain. LBP showed non-significant association to stress categories (P = 0.409).Conclusions:Our survey found no significant association between LBP and psychological stress. The three main risk factors associated with lower back pain were being a 2nd year medical student, female gender, and high working hours.

Occupational stress among medical residents in educational hospitals

BackgroundOccupational stress and its related psychological strain is a concern among resident doctors that may affect patient care adversely. Residents face many stresses because of their high job demands in delivery of hospital care. They are often subject to work load and pressure due to direct involvement with patients, prolonged working hours, poor job opportunities and low support. Their multiple educational and clinical roles can also affect their performance and quality of personal or professional life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occupational stress among residents of various medical specialties.We aimed to explore the reasons of occupational stress in residents’ life and determine how we can enhance the stress-coping strategies and create more suitable conditions.MethodsThis cross-sectional analytical-descriptive study was conducted on all medical residents with various specialties in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Data was collected using Osipow occupational stress questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software version 17.ResultsThe response rate was 88.8%. The average stress score of all residents was 156.35 out of 250. The highest and lowest average stress scores belonged to gynecology and dermatology specialties, respectively. The highest average score of the stress factors was related to the workload with the score of 35.09 of 50 (moderate to severe stress). The total stress score had a significant relationship with age (P = 0.030) and sex (P = 0.009) as well as lack of time to get the needed healthy meals (P = 0.047), high work hours (P < 0.01), surgical specialties (P < 0.01) and on call shift (P < 0.01).ConclusionSince most of the stressors were related to the workload, interventions such workload reduction, education about occupational stress and its management, promoting interpersonal relations and more supportive measures are recommended.

Student Debt and Labor Market Outcomes

We study the impact of student debt on various labor market outcomes, namely, labor market income, hourly wages, hours worked, and probability of full-time employment. Using data from the NLSY97 surveys and a difference-in-difference approach, we find statistically significant differences in labor market outcomes for individuals who received a student loan versus those who received no student loan. Our findings are that the difference in income post-college enrollment is 8-9 percent higher for individuals that received a student loan relative to individuals that did not. We find evidence that this higher income is due to higher work hours rather than higher wage rates. We also find that the difference in full-time employment, post-college, is 5 percentage points higher for individuals that received a student loan when compared to those that did not.

Working Mothers Satisfaction: The Influence of Time Demands and Time- Based Conflict

A comprehensive model of work-family conflict and family-work conflict for working mothers was examined and tested. Specifically, the hypothesis that time-based work-family conflict and time-based family-work conflict was expected to fully mediate the relations between work hours, work demands, and family demands on work and family satisfaction. The 677 working mother participants were well-educated and married, a limitation and consideration. Results demonstrated support for the hypothesized fully mediating model. Working mothers with greater demands and higher work hours had higher work-family conflict, and this in turn was related to lower work satisfaction. Working mothers with greater demands experienced significantly higher family-to-work conflict and subsequently had lower family satisfaction. Implications, strengths, limitations and directions for future research are addressed.

Student Debt and Labor Market Outcomes

We study the impact of student debt on various labor market outcomes, namely, income, hourly wages, and hours worked. Using the NLSY97 and a difference-indifference approach, we find statistically significant differences in labor market outcomes for individuals who received a student loan versus those who received no student loan. We find that the difference in post- versus pre-college income is 8-9 percent higher for individuals that received a student loan relative to individuals who received no student loan. Further, we find evidence that this higher income is due to higher work hours.

Do Employers Prefer Undocumented Workers? Evidence from China's Hukou System

We study urban Chinese employers' preferences between workers with and without a local residence permit (hukou) using callback information from an Internet job board serving private sector employers. We find that employers prefer migrant workers to locals who are identically matched to the job's requirements; these preferences are especially strong at low skill levels. We argue that migrants' higher work hours and effort help to account for employers' preferences, and present evidence that efficiency wage and intertemporal labor substitution effects might explain these hours/effort gaps.

Impact of Working Hours on Work-Life Balance

To examine the influence of working hours on employees’ satisfaction, this article uses a large, representative set of panel data from German households (GSOEP). The results show that high working hours and overtime in general do not lead to decreased satisfaction. Rather, increasing working hours and overtime have positive effects on life and job satisfaction, whereas the desire to reduce working hours has a negative impact on satisfaction. In 2009, nearly 60% of employees wanted to reduce their working hours. The overall number of hours by which employees want to reduce their working time is driven mainly by overtime compensation.

Working-Class Jobs and New Parents' Mental Health

Little research has explored linkages between work conditions and mental health in working-class employed parents. The current study aims to address this gap, employing hierarchical linear modeling techniques to examine how levels of and changes in job autonomy, job urgency, supervisor support, and coworker support predicted parents' depressive symptoms in a sample of 113 dual-earner couples interviewed five times across the transition to parenthood. Increases in job autonomy and decreases in job urgency predicted fewer depressive symptoms in fathers at 1 year postpartum. For mothers, coworker support predicted fewer depressive symptoms, and supervisor support mitigated the negative effects of job urgency on depressive symptoms. Higher work hours coupled with low job urgency predicted declines in mothers' depressive symptoms across the first year of parenthood. Our findings suggest that interventions that lead to greater autonomy, less job urgency, and more supportive work relations may enhance employee well-being among working-class families.