Higher Values In Men Research Articles

Physical Performance Tests in Male and Female Sitting Volleyball Players: Pilot Study of Brazilian National Team

Background: Sitting volleyball is a Paralympic team sport in which players use their upper limbs and hands to move and slide across the playing court. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the differences in physical performance tests between the men and women of Brazilian sitting volleyball national team players. Methods: Fifteen sitting volleyball national team players, (seven men, age = 33.7 ± 6.2 years; body mass = 88.4 ± 21.4 kg; body height = 1.74 ± 0.36 m) and (eight women, age = 29.6 ± 8.3 years; body mass = 75.9 ± 17.1 kg; body height = 1.73 ± 0.08 m) with similar time and volume of training, participated in this study. As a physical performance evaluation, five test trials were conducted for each player which included (1) modified agility t-test (MAT), (2) speed & agility test (SAT), (3) speed & endurance test (SET), (4) seated chest pass (SCP) and (5) handgrip (HG). Data were analyzed for normality, using Shapiro-Wilk’s test, and then a student t-test was used to examine the discrepancy of performance tests among the male and female players. Cohen’s effect size (d) was calculated for each result. Results: There were statistically significant differences, between the men and women of the Brazilian sitting volleyball players with higher values for men in MAT (27 %, P = 0.001), SAT (22 %, P = 0.008), SET (23 %, P = 0.008) and SCP (19 %, P = 0.03) scores. Conclusions: Results showed that male players had higher scores in the five performance tests, but according to the effect size calculations there was no significant difference between male players and female players in HG performance.

Odontometric study of premolars for sex determination

Objective: This cross-sectional blind study aimed to verify differences in odontometric measurements of premolars according to sex. Methods: Teeth size values were established for males and females based on a sample of 100 pairs of plaster models (50 from each sex) from dental students. Upper and lower, left and right, first and second premolars were examined with regard to their mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements and the distance between homologous premolars in each quadrant. Parametric tests were used with a 5% significance. The 95% confidence interval was determined to assess the differentiation power of each tooth. Results: There were statistically significant differences in all measures among the second premolars, with higher values in men (p<0.05). Among the first premolars, sexual dimorphism was found in the teeth 24 (mesiodistal length) and 34 and 44 (buccolingual length). As for homologous teeth, there was a significant difference between upper and lower premolars (p <0.001), with no distinction between right and left sides. The 95% confidence interval showed no overlapping values, thus indicating sex dimorphism in the mesiodistal measure of tooth 15 and in the buccolingual measure of teeth 15 and 34. Conclusion: We conclude that the tooth 15 has the greatest potential for sex dimorphism, which could be utilized for human identification in sex determination based on mesiodistal (females: 6.40 to 6.63; males: 6.64 to 6.89) and buccolingual (females: 9.28 to 9.54; males: 9.56 to 9.88) measurements.

Sex differences in relationship between body composition and digit length ratio (2D:4D) in students of military courses

It is believed that the second to fourth finger length ratio is an indirect indicator of fetal testosterone levels. It is pointed out that there is a relationship between the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio and the body structure in women and men. Studies on the relationship between body composition and 2D:4D finger length among military students have not been carried out so far. The work aims to determine the dependence of body composition and the quotient of the 2nd and 4th fingers length of military students. The research material has been gathered as a result of examinations of women and men studying military subjects. The study involved 55 women and 65 men. The tests included anthropometric measurements (body height, body weight, length of the second and the fourth fingers) and body composition measurements. As a result of the tests, no dimorphic differentiations in the digit length ratio (2D:4D) was indicated. The BMI, muscle mass, lean body mass and water in the body demonstrated higher values in men than in women. However, the fat content in men was low. It was found that the relationship exists between muscle mass, lean mass and total water content in the body and the 2D:4D finger length ratio in the left hand in women. A higher level of fetal testosterone, characterized by lower values of the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio, may be associated with a higher content of muscle mass, lean body mass and water in the body of adult women leading a similar lifestyle.

Energy expenditure and perceived exertion during active video games in relation to player mode and gender

Active video games (AVG) increase energy expenditure (EE) with respect to sedentary video games. Although several AVG consoles allow playing in single-player (SP) or multiplayer (MP) mode, few studies investigated differences in relation to game modality in men and women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate gender-related psycho-physiological responses during Zumba Fitness Rush (ZFR) played in SP vs. MP mode. Twenty-four college students (women: 14, men: 10; age: 24.6±2.0 years; body weight: 60.2±12.5 kg; body height: 167.8±11.5 cm; BMI: 21.2±2.1 kg·m-2) participated in two experimental sessions: SP (a subject playing ZFR alone) and MP (two subjects playing ZFR simultaneously). Heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2) and EE (MET and kcal∙min-1) were continuously measured and averaged every 10 seconds, while Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was recorded 30 minutes after the end of each session. A two (gender: women vs. men) by two (modality: SP vs. MP) ANOVA for repeated measures was applied. No differences emerged in relation to gender and game mode for %HRmax, VO2, MET, and RPE. Conversely, a main effect (p=.0007) for gender was found in EE, with significantly (p&amp;lt;.004) higher values in men in SP (women: 5.5±0.6 kcal·min-1; men: 8.3±1.4 kcal·min-1) and MP (women: 5.3±0.7 kcal·min-1; men: 7.6±1.9 kcal·min-1). Present findings suggest that ZFR could be classified as a moderate physical activity, proving to be an alternative form to traditional exercise. Although an effect of number of players could be expected, different player modes did not affect EE, probably because the rhythm of the music imposes a time constraint, independently of the presence of other players.

Influence of previous body mass index and sex on regional fat changes in a weight loss intervention

ABSTRACTObjectives: Men and women may lose weight in a different fashion. This study compares the changes in different anatomical regions after a well-controlled weight loss program by sex and initial BMI.Methods: A total of 180 subjects (48 overweight women, 36 overweight men, and 48 obese women and 48 obese men) were recruited to participate in a 22-week weight loss programme (diet + exercise).Results: Regarding percentage body weight change from baseline, there was no triple interaction (BMI, sex and anatomical region), but there was interaction between BMI and anatomical region (F2,840 = 34.5; p < 0.001), and between sex and anatomical region (F2,840 = 98.8; p < 0.001). Usually, the arms and legs are the regions that lose more weight in obese participants, but men lose the highest percentage of mass from the trunk. There were differences between men and women for the areas of left trunk mass (750g), right trunk mass (700g), total mass of the trunk (1400g), android mass (350g), and finally in the total mass in overweight participants (1300g), with higher values for men than for women. The region that loses more weight and fat is the trunk, followed by the legs, and then the arms, when the loss is observed in function of the total weight or fat lost.Conclusion: Both BMI and sex exert a definite influence fat loss, especially in some anatomical regions.

Assessment of zygomatic bone using cone beam computed tomography in a Turkish population

To provide linear and volumetric measurements of zygomatic bone using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. CBCT images were assessed for 198 patients. Posterior and anterior zygomatic bone widths (M1 and M2), zygomatic bone projection (M3), zygomatic bone height (M4), combined zygomatic arch diameter (M5), maximum cortical thickness (M6), gray value obtained from maximum cortical thickness region (M7), minimum cortical thickness (M8), and gray value obtained from minimum cortical thickness region (M9) were measured. Volume and surface area measurements of the zygomatic bone were also conducted. Sex, age, and side were recorded for each patient. General linear model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed (P<.05). Age (P<.001) and gender (P=.001) significantly affected M1. Gender significantly affected M3 (P=.003) and M4 (P=.000), with higher values for men. Gender (P=.000) and age (P=.000) significantly affected M5 variation. Only age had a significant effect on M6 variation, with an increase with age (P<.015). Only gender had a significant effect on M7 (P=.005), M8 (P=.000), and M9 (P=.004), with higher values for men. All the factors significantly affected zygomatic bone volume variation (gender, P=.000; age, P=.000; and side, P<.004). Detailed examination of the zygomatic bone region can be performed with CBCT images.

USE OF COPEPTIN IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF (ACS) FOR MALES VS FEMALES IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMEN

ABSTRACTDifference between men and women in the treatment and outcome of acute coronary syndromes has been demonstrated with increased deaths rates in women. Treatment of ACS must be revised and related to the sex and race of the patient. The aim of this study was to introduce new copeptin cutoff levels in ACS patients depending of gender. Also, to compare copeptin to hs-cTnI, CRP levels to predict time delayed between ACS symptoms onset and admission to ED. Sixty two consecutive patients with ACS presenting to the emergency department of the National Heart Institute, Giza (Egypt) between March and June 2014, were recruited for the study. The present study involved thirty patients with unstable angina (19 male & 11 females), thirty two MI patients (18 males & 14 females) and twenty healthy subjects (10 males &10 females) on admission and after 6 hours. Results revealed significant difference between cardiac levels on admission with higher values in men on admission only for CPP, disappeared after six hours. Only copeptin levels were diagnosing on admission (higher with clear cut off levels either for men or women) compared to that of six hours (decreased and get non-significant differences). Early measurement of the combination of troponin I and copeptin may revolutionize the diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic decision-making in patients with symptoms suggestive of ACS, differentiate between UA or AMI patients on admission. Female patients require reevaluation criteria for treatment and outcome.

Coronary Artery Calcium as an Independent Surrogate Marker in the Risk Assessment of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and an Intermediate Pretest Likelihood for Coronary Artery Disease Admitted to a German Chest Pain Unit.

About 10% of patients admitted to a chest pain unit (CPU) exhibit atrial fibrillation (AF). To determine whether calcium scores (CS) are superior over common risk scores for coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients presenting with atypical chest pain, newly diagnosed AF, and intermediate pretest probability for CAD within the CPU. In 73 subjects, CS was related to the following risk scores: Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score, including a new model of a frequency-normalized approach; Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction score; European Society of Cardiology Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE); Framingham risk score; and Prospective Cardiovascular Münster Study score. Revascularization rates during index stay were assessed. Median CS was 77 (interquartile range, 1-270), with higher values in men and the left anterior descending artery. Only the modified GRACE (ρ = 0.27; P = 0.02) and the SCORE (ρ = 0.39; P < 0.005) were significantly correlated with CS, whereas the GRACE (τ = 0.21; P = 0.04) and modified GRACE (τ = 0.23; P = 0.02) scores were significantly correlated with percentile groups. Only the CS significantly discriminated between those with and without stenosis (P < 0.01). Apart from modified GRACE score, overall correlations between risk scores and calcium burden, as well as revascularization rates during index stay, were low. By contrast, the determination of CS may be used as an additional surrogate marker in risk stratification in AF patients with intermediate pretest likelihood for CAD admitted to a CPU.

Gender Difference in Ability Using the Stretch-Shortening Cycle in the Upper Extremities

A gender difference in ability using the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC ability) in the upper extremities has not been studied in detail. This study aimed to devise an index to evaluate SSC ability during powerful elbow flexion and to examine its gender differences. Thirty-three men athletes (19.9 +/- 1.0 years) and 21 women athletes (20.6 +/- 1.2 years) with mastered SSC movements participated in this study. They pulled a 20% load of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) by elbow flexion as quickly as possible with the dominant upper extremity from the following two preliminary conditions: a static relaxed muscle state (SR condition) and using a countermovement (SSC condition). The muscle power was measured accurately by a power measurement device, which adopted the weight loading method. The peak power under both conditions showed significantly higher values in men than in women. In both genders, the peak power showed significantly lower values in the SSC condition than in the SR condition (p < 0.05). The potentiation of using the SSC was not found in the peak power test. However, the initial power showed significantly higher values under the SSC condition (men: 37.2 +/- 6.4 W; women: 17.4 +/- 5.1 W) than in the SR condition (men: 18.3 +/- 4.3 W; women: 11.2 +/- 3.1 W). Hence, assuming a difference between initial muscle power outputs of the SR and SSC conditions as a difference in SSC ability, an SSC index was devised to evaluate the above ability. The SSC index showed significantly higher values in men (50.1 +/- 12.4) than in women (32.1 +/- 23.2). However, the individual difference of SSC ability was very large in women. The ability of women to use SSC in the upper extremities may be inferior to that of men.

Plasma lactate accumulation is reduced during incremental exercise in untrained women compared with untrained men

The lactate threshold (LT) is commonly reported as not different between sexes, yet lower blood lactate concentrations have been reported in women during submaximal exercise. The purpose of the present study was to measure the changes in plasma lactate concentration [La(-1)] in men and women during incremental cycle ergometer exercise using the same protocol and compare the data using several different methods of analysis. A group of untrained men (n = 21) and women (n = 22) were studied and venous blood drawn at regular intervals during and after exercise for assay of plasma [La(-1)]. Plasma [La(-1)] increased during exercise in both sexes, reaching higher values in men, both at exhaustion (men 8.6 +/- 2.3 mmol l(-1); women 6.2 +/- 2.3 mmol l(-1); P = 0.01) and post-exercise (men 11.8 +/- 2.1 mmol l(-1); women 10.2 +/- 2.4 mmol l(-1); P = 0.03). Logarithmic transformation of the data yielded LT values that were not different between sexes (men 44.2 +/- 12.9; women 50.2 +/- 12.6; %VO2peak; P = 0.45), yet both the 2 and 4 mmol l(-1) fixed concentration LT occurred at lower relative intensities in men (2 mmol l(-1): men 50.9 +/- 12.9; women 66.9 +/- 11.1; %VO2peak; P = 0.01). 4 mmol l(-1): men 75.7 +/- 11.0; women 90.6 +/- 9.2; VO2peak; P = 0.01). However, when the plasma [La(-1)] was examined in both sexes throughout exercise, using a single exponential function, plasma [La(-1)] was significantly lower in women (P < 0.05) at all relative intensities between 30 and 100%VO2peak. While the basis of this sex difference is unknown, reduced plasma [La(-1)] during submaximal exercise in women may offset to some degree the endurance performance disadvantage of their lower VO2peak.

The integrity of the blood?brain barrier in Alzheimer?s disease

To evaluate the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in incident Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mean age of the 157 patients (45% men) was 69.7(9.4) years (range 51-88 years). The patients had undergone a thorough investigation including magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography of the brain. The cerebrospinal(CSF)/plasma albumin ratio (albumin ratio) was used as a measure of BBB function. There were gender differences with respect to albumin ratio and plasma creatinine with higher values in men (P < 0.001). 42% of the men and 13% of the women (P < 0.001) had a mild to moderate BBB dysfunction when applying the reference limit of the laboratory (<9.2). Both male gender (P = 0.002) and plasma creatinine (P = 0.009) were independently associated with the albumin ratio when controlling for putative confounders. The BBB is dysfunctional in a portion of patients with AD, both women and, primarily, men. The dysfunction might influence the clearance of both harmful and beneficial substances across the barrier. Renal function might have an impact on the BBB.

Analysis of ITPA Phenotype-Genotype Correlation in the Bulgarian Population Revealed a Novel Gene Variant in Exon 6

Mutations in the inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (ITPA) gene causing enzyme deficiency were shown to have pharmacogenetic implications in azathioprine-induced adverse drug reactions. The distribution of ITPA activity as well as the types and the frequencies of gene variants associated with a lower enzyme activity were determined in healthy volunteers from a Bulgarian population. The ITPA activity was measured in 185 erythrocyte samples by an established high-performance liquid chromatography procedure. All samples were genotyped for 94C > A, IVS2 + 21A > C, and IVS2 + 68T > C/G by real-time polymerase chain reaction with hybridization probes. The ITPA activity ranged from 7.5 to 587.8 micromoL IMP/(g Hb x h) with a median value of 162.9 micromoL IMP/(g Hb x h). The enzyme activity showed significant differences between females and males (P = 0.006) with 17% higher values in men than women. Mutant allele frequencies were 0.038 (94C > A) and 0.130 (IVS2 + 21A > C). Mutations at IVS2 + 68 were not identified. Using a cutoff at 75 micromoL IMP/(g Hb x h) phenotyping detected all heterozygous carriers of 94C > A, two compound heterozygotes, all IVS2 + 21A > C homozygotes and 12.5% of IVS2 + 21A > C heterozygous cases. A novel frameshift mutation 359_366dupTCAGCACC in exon 6 was found in a subject with reduced enzyme activity of 61.2 micromoL IMP/(g Hb x h). The interindividual variability in ITPA activity among the Bulgarian population resembles the distribution of enzyme activity in other whites, although the observed median activity was approximately 25% lower in the Bulgarians [163 vs 219 micromoL IMP/(g Hb x h)]. The most common mutant allele IVS2 + 21A > C showed a similar frequency like in other white populations, whereas the 94C > A mutation was less frequently observed compared with other whites. Heterozygosity for the novel gene variant 359_366dupTCAGCACC was associated with 30% enzyme activity of the wild-type median value. The role of this rare variant for the thiopurine intolerance is not explored. These data further extend the knowledge for ITPA heterogeneity in whites.

Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of thiopurine s-methyltransferase polymorphism in the bulgarian population.

Genetic polymorphism of TPMT activity is an important factor responsible for large individual differences in thiopurine toxicity and therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of TPMT activity as well as the types and frequencies of mutant alleles in a Bulgarian population sample. TPMT activity was measured in 313 Bulgarians, using an established HPLC procedure. All individuals with TPMT activity less than 12.0 nmol/(mL Ery.h) (n = 76) were additionally genotyped using a color multiplex hybridization assay. The samples were tested for TPMT*2, *3A, *3B, *3C, *3D, *4, and *6 mutant alleles. TPMT activities varied from 1.1 to 24.0 nmol/(mL Ery.h) [mean 14.2 +/- 3.2 nmol/(mL Ery.h)]: 92.3% of the individuals investigated had high TPMT activity [>10 nmol/(mL Ery. h)], whereas 7.4% were intermediate [2.8-10 nmol/(mL Ery.h)], and 0.3% were low metabolizers [< 2.8 nmol/(mL Ery.h)]. A significant gender-related difference in TPMT activity (P = 0.02) was observed with 6.2% higher values in men than in women. There was no significant correlation between age and enzyme activity (r = 0.06, P = 0.27). Genotype analysis revealed three mutant TPMT alleles: 2, 3A, and 3C. The frequency of these alleles among the TPMT-deficient individuals was 2.17%, 30.4%, and 2.17%, respectively. These data show a similar distribution of TPMT activity among the Bulgarian population investigated as in most other white populations with the frequency of intermediate metabolizers being somewhat lower (7.4% versus approximately 11%) in the Bulgarians. The most common variant allele was TPMT-3A, as in other white populations.

Evaluation of nutritional status of adult middle class healthy subjects. Energy and protein intake, anthropometry, blood biochemical tests, and immunocompetence tests

Nutritional status was assessed in 151 middle-class healthy adult individuals (69 medical students, 18-29 y, 34 males, 35 females); 48 university personnel, 30-49 y, 24 males, 24 females; and their older relatives, 34 subjects, 50-79 y, 19 males, 15 females) living in Botucatu, S. Paulo. Methods included anthropometric measurements, energy and protein intakes, blood biochemical analyses and cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity tests. Anthropometric measurements showed higher values in men, with the exception of the triceps skinfold thickness (higher in women) and of the arm fat area (higher in the older age female groups); aging seemed to be associated with increases of weight, arm muscle variables and with arm fat accumulation in women and with increases of arm muscle variables in men. The values for anthropometric measurements were in general higher than those found in other Brazilian studies; on the other hand, they approximate to but do not entirely agree with the data representative of the international referential adult population: differences were mainly concerned with body weight and upper arm muscle parameters, which were lower in our sample. As regards energy intake, values found in subjects under 50 years of age were lower than the recommended dietary allowances; averages found for protein intake were above the level recommended by WHO/FAO/UNU (1985). The mean values for serum proteins and lipids were similar to those of referential data. As regards the hypersensitivity tests, it was found that none of the individuals challenged with four antigens (PPD, Candidin, Vaccinia and phytohemagglutinin) presented less than two positive skin reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Hormones in 'young' and 'old' elderly: pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-adrenal axes.

Changes of the pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-adrenal hormone axes with age and possible differences between the sexes in the elderly were studied in 60-year-old (n = 39) and 80-year-old (n = 34) non-hospitalized subjects. The 80-year-old age group had a significantly lower response of thyrotropin (TSH) to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; p less than 0.05). Otherwise, there were no significant differences between the two age groups. Sex differences were found for plasma arginine vasopressin and cortisol excretion (higher values in men), and free thyroxine index, TSH and prolactin response to TRH (higher values in women). Cortisol levels after dexamethasone were negatively correlated to body mass index. There were no differences in hormone levels between smokers and non-smokers. In obtaining reference values for hormones in old age it is important to consider possible changes after the age of 60 years and to adjust for gender and body mass.

Influence of race, sex, and blood pressure on erythrocyte sodium transport in humans.

Sodium transport of erythrocytes from normotensive and essential hypertensive subjects was evaluated by determining ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux rates, Na+-Li+ countertransport rates, Li+-K+ cotransport rate constants (lithium replacing sodium), intracellular sodium concentrations, and the number of Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) sites per erythrocyte. Subjects included men and women, blacks and whites. Hypertensive subjects had significantly higher sodium transport than did normotensive subjects for ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux (p less than 0.025) and Na+-Li+ countertransport (p less than 0.001). Sexual differences were noted for ouabain-sensitive (p less than 0.001) and ouabain-insensitive (p less than 0.001) sodium efflux, for intracellular sodium concentration (p less than 0.025), and for the Li+-K+ cotransport rate constant (p less than 0.005), all with higher values for men than for women. Racial differences were noted for ouabain-insensitive sodium efflux (p less than 0.005), Na+-Li+ countertransport (p less than 0.001), and the Li+-K+ cotransport rate constant (p less than 0.001); values were higher in whites than blacks for all three measurements. The number of [3H]ouabain binding sites was lower for blacks (p less than 0.001) and the intracellular sodium concentration was higher for blacks (p less than 0.001). Among all subjects, significant (p less than 0.001) correlations were found between intracellular sodium concentration and the number of Na+,K+-ATPase sites per erythrocyte (r = -0.78) and between the ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux per site and intracellular sodium concentration (r = 0.85, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Red Blood Cell Insulin Binding Studies in Reye's Syndrome Survivors and Families

RBC insulin binding was examined in Reye's survivors and families of affected patients to determine whether their previously reported hyperinsulinemic responses to oral glucose are accompanied by alterations in insulin binding and could contribute to the hypercatabolism seen in this disorder. The mean (125I)-insulin binding to 3 X 10(9) RBC's was 5.7 +/- SEM 0.4 percent in survivors compared to 6.6 +/- 0.3 in siblings (p less than .05) and 6.6 +/- 0.4 in control children (p = .05). Sex and maturity differences were found with higher binding values in men than women as well as higher values in men than boys. Receptor numbers in survivors were comparable to control values. Average affinities varied widely. Plasma insulin levels were low in the fathers (9 +/- SEM 1.4 uU/ml compared to 18.3 +/- 1.8 for control men and 20 +/- 4.5 for mothers of affected patients). The acute syndrome is accompanied by hypercatabolism in the presence of increased plasma insulin levels and familial clustering of cases and recurrences are known to occur. Reduction in insulin binding may play a role in the acute disease if such is shared by more traditionally hormone-responsive cells.

Studies on cold insoluble globulin in dermatological patients, I. Immunochemical quantitation in citrated plasma from patients with increased amounts of heparin precipitable fraction (HPF)

Cold insoluble globulin (CIG) is the main non-clottable protein of heparin precipitable fraction (HPF) from dermatological patients. Quantitation of CIG from citrated plasma was performed to find out whether an increase of CIG in blood would account for the phenomen of HPF in these patients. CIG values in a control group of 67 healthy adults demonstrated sex and age differences. In men an increase of CIG with age was found above 30 years, statistically significant however only for the age group of 30–49 years (p < 0.1). In women, a significant increase of CIG with age was found above 50 years (p < 0.01). When comparing the sexes, there was a significant difference in CIG values in the age groups 30–49 years (p < 0.02) with higher values for men than for women. In dermatological patients demonstrating the HPF phenomenon, an increase of CIG compared with the control group could not be found.

Individual urinary 17-ketosteroids of healthy persons determined by gas chromatography: biochemical and clinical considerations.

ABSTRACT The 6 major individual 17-ketosteroids contained in 24-hr urine specimens from individuals 2—87 yr old were measured by gas chromatography. For both C19O2 and C19O3 compounds the values were very low during infancy. Both gradually increased until the late teens. From then until old age the C19O3 level did not change appreciably, supporting the concept that production of corticosteroids and their reduction to C19O3 ketosteroids was maintained. C19O2 compounds, on the other hand, continued to increase and highest values were reached between the ages of 20 and 30 yr, with a gradual decline thereafter. Higher values for men than women became apparent in the middle teens. Dehydroepiandrosterone was not detected in the urine until after the age of 7 yr. From then on it was present in some persons in gradually increasing quantities. It was found in greatest amount in some subjects between the ages of 20 and 30 yr. In men it varied from none to 12.8 mg/day; in women from none to 3.8 mg. The coefficient o...