Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Oxidative stability and sensory evaluation of sodium caseinate-based yak butter powder

Yak butter’s high unsaturated fatty acid level predisposes it to oxidation, hence must be converted into more stable forms like powder. This study aimed to spray dry yak butter using 10% yak butter and four sodium caseinate (NaCas) formulations: sample A: 100% NaCas; sample B: 50% NaCas, 50% lactose; sample C: 75% NaCas, 25% lactose; and sample D: 25% NaCas, 75% maltodextrin. The powders were vacuum and hermetically sealed, and evaluated for oxidative stability, physical and sensory properties during storage at 65 ℃ for 30 days. The results showed that samples B and D had similar and most favorable physical properties (such as, moisture, water activity, particle size, bulk density re-dispersion time, and encapsulation efficiency); though sample B, together with sample C, browned the most during storage. The majority of the sensory panelists preferred samples B and D; observed high caking in samples C and B; and the least whiteness loss and caking in samples D and A but high off-flavors in samples A and C. After storage, peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values of powder samples ranged from 34.98 to 69.54 meqO2/kg and 1.85–9.43 mg MD/kg, respectively, in the decreasing order of A, C, B, and D. Sample D, followed by B, showed the highest radical scavenging activity. Therefore, for optimum yak butter powder physical properties and oxidative stability, 50%:50%, NaCas: lactose, and 25%:75%, NaCas: maltodextrin formulations should be used. This study provides essential knowledge for butter powder processors.

Reproductive management of the mugilid Liza aurata and characterization of proximate and fatty acid composition of broodstock tissues and spawnings

The golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) is a promising species for aquaculture's sustainable expansion. However, the lack of sustainable juvenile provision, mainly related to the lack of reproductive control, is one of the most significant bottlenecks for further expanding the culture of this species. In many cases, mullet broodstock management needs the application of hormone treatments to induce gonadal maturation or spawning. However, no works are directly related to the broodstock collection, acclimation, and reproductive management of Liza aurata. On the other hand, the knowledge of essential fatty acids (EFA) requirements and mobilization patterns by the broodstock is a first step to designing appropriate feeding protocols and formulas, which are crucial for the success of reproduction and larval development.For these reasons, this study aimed 1) to describe for the first time the reproductive management of Liza aurata broodstock under controlled conditions and 2) to offer a first approach to the reproductive lipid metabolism of the former species.A selection of 22 Liza aurata broodstock from wild origin was acclimated in open seawater conditions. Additionally, the proximate and fatty acid composition of body tissues (gonads, liver, and muscle) of the initial wild population were evaluated, to be later compared with the profile of the eggs obtained after one year from the selected broodstock, for the first time described under cultured conditions.The results highlighted the feasibility for the obtention of natural spawnings from broodstock with a mean weight of 787 g and 604 g (females and males, respectively), at a sex ratio of 2:1 (females/males), under natural photoperiod and marine water conditions with temperatures decreasing from 20.4 ± 0.3 °C to 18.8 ± 0.4 °C.On the other hand, it was evidenced the crucial role of HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acids) precursors for the gonadal development of Liza aurata, primarily for females. Additionally, the wild males' gonads presented a remarkable high content of HUFA, predominantly DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) (34% of the total fatty acids). In the eggs, significant variations appeared under captivity conditions, with lower levels of ARA (arachidonic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and higher EPA/ARA and DHA/ARA ratios than the wild female gonad. Additionally, it was evidenced the significant role of the liver as a physiological reservoir of HUFA, which seem to be mobilized to the gonad during the maturation process.Present results may help obtain a better insight to adjust broodstock management conditions and feeds, contributing to a more sustainable aquaculture growth.

Influence of Dietary Palm Oils, Palm Kernel Oil and Soybean Oil in Laying Hens on Production Performance, Egg Quality, Serum Biochemicals and Hepatic Expression of Beta-Carotene, Retinol and Alpha-Tocopherol Genes.

Despite being used for many decades, there is a lack of poultry research investigating the effects of dietary palmitic, carotenoid and vitamin E-rich palm oils and medium-chain fatty acid-rich PKO. The current study aimed to elucidate the influence of different dietary oils in layers on production performance, egg quality, serum biochemicals and expression of genes related to β-carotene, retinol and α-tocopherol in the liver. A total of 150 Hisex brown laying hens were fed diets containing CPO, RPO, RBD, PKO or SBO at a similar level for 16 weeks. Different oils did not affect egg production performance and egg quality. CPO improved the freshness of eggs. CPO and RPO enhanced egg yolk color. There was no influence of different oils on serum biochemicals except greater serum ALP in PKO and SBO. CPO and RPO contributed to greater β-carotene in feed, liver and yolk. There was no difference in retinol and α-tocopherol of serum, liver and yolk. However, the liver RBP4A gene was upregulated in CPO and PKO, and the CYP26A1 gene was downregulated in palm oils and PKO. In conclusion, palmitic-rich saturated fatty acids in palm oils and MCFA-rich PKO did not negatively affect egg production performance and quality compared to oil with high unsaturated fatty acids.

Fatty acid profile driven by maternal diet is associated with the composition of human milk microbiota

Little is known regarding the impact of diet on the breast milk microbiome. We hypothesized that vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore diets would impact the human milk microbiota. We also aimed to explore associations between human milk fatty acid concentrations and microbial composition. A cross-sectional microbiome diversity analysis of human milk samples (N = 72) was performed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Human milk microbial diversity was not associated with diet type. However, analysis of microbiome in relation to fatty acid profiles revealed significant differences in the overall composition of the human milk microbiota between high (> 0.7% of total fat) and low (< 0.7%) trans-fatty acid groups (TF) (p = 0.039, pairwise PERMANOVA p = 0.035), high (> 40%) versus low (< 40%) saturated fatty acids (UniFrac p = 0.083, PERMANOVA p = 0.094), and high (>60%) versus low (<60%) unsaturated fatty acids (UF) (UniFrac p = 0.094, PERMANOVA p = 0.093). 84% of samples from omnivore mothers were in the high TF group compared to only 12% of samples from vegans. Gut-associated species (Faecalibacterium, Blautia, Roseburia and Subdoligranulum) and Lactobacillus were characteristic of both high UF and TF groups, but not the low-fat groups. Functional analysis revealed 2,4-dichlorophenol 6-monooxygenase was differentially abundant in the high UF group. Although microbiome diversity did not differ by diet type, TF breast milk content differed by diet group, highlighting the relationship between maternal diet and the microbial profile of human milk.

High–reactive powder concrete on the basis of organic nanomodifikatorov

A significant range of organic and mineral binders produced by the industry allows for a wide variety of combinations, providing a variety of resulting compositions. This, in turn, makes it necessary to establish general regularities in the formation of their properties. An attempt is made in this article. The results of studies of the properties of concrete, which are a composition of Portland cement, fine aggregate and mineral–organic complex, intended for the creation of special structures. It is shown that the use of the organic component of the mineral–organic complex of micelle–forming surfactants or polyalcohols leads to the sealing of the inner surfaces of the pores that are formed in concrete, which leads to an increase in the strength of concrete. It has been proven that the most effective use of the mineral is as a mineral component of complex organic compounds containing so–called d–elements, such as iron. The currently widely used mineral–organic compositions of the first type are, as a rule, "mineral binder – organic polymer" or "mineral binder – bitumen (tar)" systems. These types of mineral–organic compositions have undergone quite serious tests and have been tested in operation and have not sufficiently confirmed their effectiveness. But, as you know, these types of organic materials have the disadvantage of aging, which is accompanied by depolymerization (polymer) or a change in structure (asphalts, tars). Therefore, the durability of this type of resistance is limited by the organic component of the mineral–organic composition. It is known that the adsorption properties of derivatives of higher fatty acids depends on the length of the hydrocarbon radical. This is due to the strength of attachment of derivatives of higher fatty acid to the mineral surface. This largely depends on the solubility of the compositions are formed. The solubility of these compounds is, in turn, is determined by the order of solubility of the corresponding salts higher fatty acids. The solubility of these compounds, in turn, determined by the solubility of the respective salts of fatty acids. the authors obtained a mineral–organic material which is a system of "mineral binder based on calcium – fatty acid – a substance containing iron". Mechanism of structure obtained mineral–organic material explained as follows. As is well known, are unsaturated higher fatty acids with two or more double bonds with oxygen independently oxidized.

Genetic diversity and population structure of the USDA collection of Brassica juncea L.

The success of plant biofuels relies on finding inexpensive feedstocks that do not compete with food crops and can be cultivated economically in diverse geographical regions and agricultural production systems. Brassica juncea L. is a native crop of the western and central Asia, is considered a good biodiesel candidate due to its high oil content with high unsaturated fatty acids that can be refined into biofuels that equal petroleum-based fuels characteristics. To build genomic resources for B.juncea, a diversity panel consisting of 340 of accessions, were collected from 22 countries and stored at the USDA repository, and were genotyped to explore genetic diversity, relatedness, and population structure. A total of 99030 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers were identified using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology. Those SNP were distributed over the 18 chromosomes with an average of 5000 SNP per chromosome, an average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.23 and an expected heterozygosity (He) value of 0.281 indicating the genetic diversity within the USDA collection of B. juncea. Population structure and principal components analyses (PCA) based on identified SNPs revealed five distinct subpopulations, with the largest subpopulation containing accessions traced back to Pakistan and India. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 40% of the variation in USDA collection was among the five subpopulations, while 49% of the variation was due to the variation among accessions used in the analysis. High fixation index (FST) among distinguished subpopulations indicates a wide genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation among subpopulations. The results explored the genetic diversity in the USDA collection of B. juncea that could be used to genetically improve the crop. This information and accessions provide tools to enhance genetic gain in B. juncea breeding programs through genome-wide association analysis studies (GWAS) and marker-assisted selection (MAS) approaches.

Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Tamarindus Indica Seeds Oil

A research work was carried out on the physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of Tamarindus indica seeds oil using standard Analytical methods and PYE Unican 304 Gas Chromatography. The physicochemical properties results for seed oil were: acid value (5.10), peroxide value (9.60), free fatty acid (2.05), iodine value (82.50), saponification value (279.20), refractive index (1.467) and specific gravity (0.8423).The results indicated that the oils of Tamarindus indica seed might be useful for domestic consumption due to low acid value, free fatty acid and peroxide value. The fatty acids compositions showed that seed oil contained higher unsaturated fatty acids (74.0%) and low saturated fatty acid (26.0%) with most abundant acid being linoleic acid methyl ester (44.967%), thus making it more nutritionally important.

Oxidative stability and health-related indices of anhydrous milk fat and vegetable oil blends

Anhydrous milk fat (AMF), although relatively resistant to oxidation due to its low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs), raises certain health concerns due to a high saturated FAs content. Blending AMF with other edible fats is an ideal strategy for modifying its FA profile, health-promoting properties and oxidative stability. Addition of 30% vegetable oils to AMF significantly modified its FA profile. Oils with a high unsaturated FAs content, i.e., walnut, grapeseed and linseed oils, were particularly effective in increasing the content of unsaturated FAs in AMF and reducing its atherogenicity index and thrombogenicity index. AMF and vegetable oil blends were characterised by higher oxidative stability than pure vegetable oils. Blends comprising AMF and oils abundant in monounsaturated FAs, i.e., hazelnut, rapeseed and peanut oils, were most resistant to oxidation. Depending on intended use, the properties of AMF can be easily and cheaply modified through blending with selected vegetable oils.

Identification, characterization and nutritional regulation of fatty acid‐binding protein ( fabp ) genes by vegetable oils in European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) reared in low water temperatures

Dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), which are low in vegetable oils (VO), are natural ligands of fatty acid-binding protein (fabp) genes, which function in molecular n-3 HUFAs metabolism in fish. Low water temperature (LWT) also affects fish fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Therefore, in this study, we investigated mRNA expression levels of fabp genes in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) reared in LWTs. For this purpose, we cloned and characterized open reading frames of 10 fabp genes. Changes in the expression of fabp genes to VO-based diets for 60 days and fish oil (FO)-based diet for 30 days were determined. The present study's results suggest the following: (1) D. labrax fabp genes are orthologues of vertebrate fabp/FABP genes. (2) fabp1b.1/fabp1b.2 and fabp7a/fabp7b are retained in the D. labrax genome most likely because of the subfunctionalization. (3) The variation in tissue-specific expression of fabp10a/fabp10b and fabp11a/fabp11b paralogues also provides evidence of subfunctionalization; however, nutrigenomic results did not support this observation. Therefore, more detailed promoter analyses are needed to better understand their retentions in the D. labrax genome. (4) Feeding D. labrax with a FO-based diet following feeding with VO-based diets is insufficient for molecular FA metabolism recovery. This study is the first report on the characterization and nutritional regulation of fabp genes by dietary FAs in D. labrax reared in LWTs and suggests that transcriptional control of fabp genes by agonists would be helpful to maintain lipid homeostasis, protect fish health and increase fish welfare for sustainable aquaculture production.

Cross boundary fluxes: Basal resource use by aquatic invertebrates matches fatty acid transfers from river to land

Emerging insects transfer valuable lipids originating in aquatic food sources to terrestrial consumers. The objective of this study was to determine how the export of physiologically important fatty acids from a river to adjacent land via insect emergence relates to the type and quality of the aquatic food consumed, and which emerging insects were primarily responsible for these fluxes. We ran mixing models and hypervolumes incorporating stable carbon isotope ratios of basal resources and emergent invertebrates to determine the major contributors to insect larvae diets. Our data revealed that aquatic food sources (epiphyton, epilithon and suspended particulate matter) were the major organic matter sources (> 50 %) supporting consumers (Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Trichoptera), with allochthonous food sources (C3 plants) being of importance at upstream sites. We calculated fluxes of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) via emerging insects and found that these corresponded with the spatial and temporal patterns in the nutritional quality of these same basal resources in the river (quality measured as concentrations of HUFAs). These patterns provide evidence of a direct coupling between food quality and trophic subsidy fluxes from water to land, particularly by emergent dipterans and ephemeropterans.

Evaluation of Salicornia bigelovii Germplasm for Food Use in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates Based on Agronomic Traits and Nutritional Composition.

Climate change significantly aggravates the quality of soil and water, especially in desert regions such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Egypt concluding in an alarming increase in salinity in the reservoirs of the natural resources. Saline farming rises as a promising solution, utilizing low-quality water and land resources to grow salt-tolerant varieties of conventional crops and halophytes. Samphire (Salicornia spp.) is among the most popular multi-purpose halophytes that are locally consumed in several countries around the world as a vegetable. Six Salicornia bigelovii genotypes (ICBA-2, ICBA-3, ICBA-4, ICBA-8, ICBA-9, ICBA-10) were evaluated for their agronomic performance and nutritional composition in Dubai in UAE and, for the first time, at the Red Sea Governorate in Egypt in the 2019–2020 season using saline groundwater for irrigation (ECw = 26 and 6.6 dS/m, respectively). ICBA-10 performed well in both locations with high green biomass and seed yield (10.9 kgm−2 and 116.3 gm−2, respectively, in UAE; 7.7 kgm−2 and 82.9 gm−2, respectively, in Egypt). ICBA-10 was, overall, also good in ion accumulation, total amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids content in both locations for shoots and seeds. Our results indicated that a lack of a drainage system and leaching fraction, the silt loam texture and the drip irrigation system might have contributed in the gradual accumulation of salts in the soil at Mubarak Valley at the end of the experiment at a higher level than ICBA. Apart from the agronomic parameters, higher salinity levels also affected ion accumulation, the amino acids and the fatty acids content for both shoots and seeds, whereas the proximate composition was affected to a lesser extent. Our findings on the high unsaturated fatty acids content under higher salinity corroborate the nutritional value of S. bigelovii oil. Due to its euhalophyte nature, S. bigelovii is a valuable source of minerals, amino acids and antioxidants that render it the most promising salt-loving plant for food use.

Omega-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids in Leydig cells facilitate male sex hormone production

Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) are fatty acids with more than three double bonds in the molecule. Mammalian testes contain very high levels of omega-6 HUFAs compared with other tissues. However, the metabolic and biological significance of these HUFAs in the mammalian testis is poorly understood. Here we show that Leydig cells vigorously synthesize omega-6 HUFAs to facilitate male sex hormone production. In the testis, FADS2 (Fatty acid desaturase 2), the rate-limiting enzyme for HUFA biosynthesis, is highly expressed in Leydig cells. In this study, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of FADS2 drastically reduces the production of omega-6 HUFAs and male steroid hormones in Leydig cells; this reduction is significantly rescued by supplementation with omega-6 HUFAs. Mechanistically, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL; also called LIPE), a lipase that supplies free cholesterol for steroid hormone production, preferentially hydrolyzes HUFA-containing cholesteryl esters as substrates. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Leydig cells highly express FADS2 to facilitate male steroid hormone production by accumulating omega-6 HUFA-containing cholesteryl esters, which serve as preferred substrates for HSL. These findings unveil a previously unrecognized importance of omega-6 HUFAs in the mammalian male reproductive system.

Quantitative High-Field NMR- and Mass Spectrometry-Based Fatty Acid Sequencing Reveals Internal Structure in Ru-Catalyzed Deuteration of Docosahexaenoic Acid.

Ru-based catalysis results in highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) ethyl esters (EE) deuterated to various extents. The products carry 2H (D) mainly at their bis-allylic positions, where they are resistant to autoxidation compared to natural HUFA and are promising as neurological and retinal drugs. We characterized the extent of deuteration at each allylic position of docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid deuterated to completion at bis-allylic and allylic positions (D-DHA) by two-dimensional (2D) and high-field (600 and 950 MHz) NMR. In separate experiments, the kinetics of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) EE deuteration was evaluated using Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis, enabling deuteration to be quantitatively characterized for isotopologues (D0-D14 DHA) at each internal allylic position. NMR analysis shows that the net deuteration of the isotopologue mixture is about 94% at the bis-allylic positions, and less than 1% remained as the protiated -CH2-. MS analysis shows that deuteration kinetics follow an increasing curve at bis-allylic positions with higher rate for internal bis-allylic positions. Percent D of bis-allylic positions increases linearly from D1 to D9 in which all internal bis-allylic positions (C9, C12, C15) deuterate uniformly and more rapidly than external bis-allylic positions (C6, C18). The mono-allylic positions near the methyl end (C21) show a steep increase of D only after the D10 isotopologue has been deuterated to >90%, while the mono-allylic position near the carboxyl position, C3, deuterates last and least. These data establish detailed methods for the characterization of Ru-catalyzed deuteration of HUFA as well as the phenomenological reaction kinetics as net product is formed.

Fatty Acid Profiles and Nutritional Evaluation of Fresh Sweet-Waxy Corn from Three Regions of China.

Fresh corn is a kind of herbaceous plant with rich nutritive value and a reasonable composition of fatty acids; however, there is little research on methods for the systemic nutritional evaluation of fatty acids in fresh corn. The aim of the present study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles of Chinese Huangnuo 9 sweet-waxy corn from the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Jilin, and Heilongjiang by gas chromatography; to establish a nutritional evaluation system according to the impacts of nutrients from fatty acids on human health; and finally, to evaluate, compare and rank fresh sweet-waxy corn grown in different regions. Tocopherols were detected by liquid chromatography in order to demonstrate the anti-oxidation activity of fresh corn’s fatty acids. The fatty acid contents and compositions of the 12 samples from the three regions are significantly different from each other. The nutrient value of the fatty acids in fresh corn was analyzed by factor analysis and a linear structural relation model, followed by the fitting and appraising of the model. The studied fresh sweet-waxy corn 1-4 from Inner Mongolia had the highest γ-tocopherol content and the closest saturated fatty acid:monounsaturated fatty acid:polyunsaturated fatty acid rate to the recommended value. The fatty acid profiles of sweet-waxy corns 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3 were the most diverse, and the comprehensive evaluation result of fresh corn 2-4 was the best; its total fatty acid content was the highest. Fresh corn 3-1 in Heilongjiang had the highest unsaturated fatty acids and lower values in its atherosclerosis index and thrombosis index, which suggested the strongest anti-atherosclerosis and anti-thrombotic ability. This work will give a reference to guide dietary choices and provide data support for dietary recommendations for residents.

Effect of HUFA‐ and vitamin C ‐enriched live food, infusoria on growth and survival of Clarias Magur (Hamilton, 1822) larvae

Asian catfish, Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822), known as magur, is a popular food fish in Asian countries because of its high nutritional and medicinal value. Aquaculture of magur is constrained by non-availability of seed due to very high mortality during the early larval stages. The strategies to enhance the larval survival during the early stages could be a major step in enhancing the seed production of this species. So, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA)- and vitamin C-enriched infusoria on the growth and survival of C. magur larvae. Eight-day-old larvae with an average weight of 3 mg and length of 5 mm were stocked in plastic crates (30 x 20 x 18 cm) each containing 40 litres of water. A total of 16 crates were used in experiment and in each crate 100 larvae were stocked. The larvae were fed three times daily with HUFA, vitamin C, both HUFA and vitamin C and un-enriched infusoria @ 9–10 numbers per ml of rearing water for 30 days in four different treatment groups. The proximate analysis of different enriched and un-enriched infusoria showed the highest (84.25%) moisture content in HUFA-enriched Infusoria, and the highest percentage of crude protein (9.80%), crude lipid (3.50%) and ash content (0.78%) in vitamin C-enriched Infusoria. The survivability analysis showed the highest survival in the treatment group fed with HUFA-enriched infusoria (49.25%) and the lowest in the control group (18.25%). This indicates that the enrichment of infusoria with HUFA could increase the survival rate significantly. The highest body weight gain (55.75 mg) was observed in HUFA-enriched group but not significantly different from the control group. The study indicates that the enrichment of infusoria with HUFA have a significant influence on larval survival.

Effects of enrichment Artemia with organic selenium and essential fatty acids on growth performance and fatty acid composition of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) larvae

A feeding factorial experiment was conducted, in which Artemia was enriched with two organic selenium (Se) concentrations (0, 12 mg/L) and three highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) levels (0, 0.3 and 0.6 g/L) to produce six dietary treatments, labelled as H0, H03, H06, H0S; H03S and H06S. The diets were fed to barramundi larvae (11 day after hatching) for 15 days to investigate the combined effects of selenium and HUFA on growth performance, fatty acid composition, skeletal deformities and stress resistance of the larvae. The results showed that enriching Artemia with Se significantly improved the final weight and specific growth rate of the larvae fed non or highest HUFA enrichment levels (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in survival of the larvae fed enriched HUFA diets, but they were significantly higher than those fed unenriched HUFA groups. Dietary Se supplementation significantly increased larval n-3 HUFA and DHA contents. High mortalities were recorded in the larvae fed unenriched HUFA diets, whereas Se supplementation significantly increased the survival of the larvae fed high HUFA level. Fish fed unenriched HUFA Artemia showed significantly higher skeletal deformities than those fed other diets. The results thus indicated the beneficial effects of dietary Se in preventing the reduced growth and stress resistance in the barramundi fed HUFA inclusion diets.

Fabrication, characterization, and oxidative stability of perilla seed oil emulsions and microcapsules stabilized by protein and polysaccharides

Perilla oil (PO) has a high unsaturated fatty acids content that is easily oxidized, causing nutritional and functional losses. This study investigated the fabrication of PO in emulsion and microcapsules using whey protein isolate (WPI), gum acacia (GA), maltodextrin (MD), and OSA-starch as wall materials, aiming to improve the oxidative stability and functionality of the PO. The results showed that both OSA-starch stabilized emulsion and microcapsules exhibited slower increases in peroxide and p-anisidine values and a slower decrease in antioxidant capacity than those produced with WPI/GA, WPI/MD, and WPI/GA via complex coacervation. The microcapsules fabricated with OSA-starch gave a better polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, and oxidative stability than the other samples, suggesting effective protection against primary and secondary oxidation during storage. Moreover, the oxidation stability of the emulsions and microcapsules could be improved via complex coacervation, although this technique could result in a larger droplet size. Overall, this study contributed to the knowledge of PO emulsions and microcapsules fabrication using protein and polysaccharides and provided insights for improving PO's oxidative stability and functionality. Novelty impact statement Perilla oil can be successfully encapsulated by OSA-starch-based carriers. The study contributed to the knowledge of perilla oil emulsions and microcapsules fabrication and provided insights for improving perilla oil's oxidative stability and functionality.

Biochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological attributes of caper (Capparis ovata) flowering buds and berries pickles.

Capparis ovata is a natural plant that grows widely in Turkey and its flowering buds and berry pickle are used in traditional medicine. Thus, the current study was expanded to evaluate the biochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects of the Capparis ovata water extract (COWE). To determine the biochemical properties of COWE, mineral and fatty acid content, elemental analysis, flavonoid/phenolic content, radical-scavenging capacity, and pesticide analysis were performed. Furthermore, to find out whether it had anti-inflammatory properties, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) luciferase activity tests were conducted. Whole-genome transcriptomic profiling was carried out at a dose level of 500 mg/kg COWE to understand its pharmacological effect. Transaminases in serum were tested, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was done using a custom design array that included the stress and molecular toxicology pathway to establish its toxicological qualities. As a result of the evaluations, it was observed that COWE has a high mineral and unsaturated fatty acid content, flavonoid/phenolic content, and radical-scavenging ability. It significantly inhibited NF-κB transcriptional activity as well as inflammatory cytokine expression in T-lymphoblast cells. Whole-genome transcriptomic profiling depicted that COWE modulates immune responses by upregulating natural killer cell activation, cellular response to type I interferon, B-cell proliferation and differentiation, and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathways. Molecular Toxicology Pathfinder RT2 Profiler PCR array analysis revealed that COWE at or lower dose of 500 mg/kg/day did not cause a comparatively adverse effect. According to the findings, COWE is a rich source of nutrients and can be used as an adjunct therapy for various inflammatory diseases.

UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS-based untargeted lipidomics reveals molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways of lipid changes during golden pomfret (Trachinotus ovatus) fermentation

Fermented golden pomfret (a popular marine fish product) is prepared via spontaneous fermentation. However, no comprehensive analysis has been reported on its lipid composition and metabolism. Herein, UHPLC-MS/MS-based untargeted lipidomic analysis identified 998 lipids (six classes; 29 subclasses) in fermented golden pomfret, including glycerolipids (47.70%) and glycerophospholipids (32.06%). As fermentation proceeded, triglyceride and diglyceride contents increased and subsequently decreased, while that of poly-unsaturated fatty acid-containing lipids increased (including those with docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid). Pathway enrichment analysis identified seven lipid-related metabolic pathways, with the glycerophospholipid pathway found to be the most pertinent. Moreover, the decreased abundance of phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines during fermentation results from their high unsaturated fatty acid (FA) content. Indeed, essential FA contents increase following fermentation, due to their occurrence as glycerolipid side chains. Collectively, the results of this study provide a theoretical reference for optimizing the quality of fermented fish products.

Alleviation of pulp breakdown in harvested longan fruit by acidic electrolyzed water in relation to membrane lipid metabolism

This study investigated the effect of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) on the inhibition of pulp breakdown of postharvest longan fruit. The harvested longan fruit were immersed in AEW (pH 2.5 and available chlorine concentration 80 mg L−1) for 10 min, then air-dried and stored at 25 °C. It was revealed that the AEW treatment reduced the cell membrane permeability and breakdown incidence of pulp by modulating membrane lipid metabolism. Compared to the untreated fruit, AEW treatment significantly suppressed the activities of lipoxygenase (LOX), lipase, and phospholipase D (PLD), down-regulated the expression of DlPLD1, DlPLD2, Dllipase1, Dllipase2, DlLOX1 and DlLOX2, and reduced the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) and the accumulation of phosphatidic acid (PA). In addition, a lower saturated fatty acids (SFAs) proportion, but a higher unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) proportion, the index of unsaturated fatty (IUFA), and unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio (U/S) were found in AEW-treated longan fruit. These findings indicated that AEW treatment inhibited the activities of membrane lipid metabolism-related enzymes (LOX, lipase, and PLD) and their expressions of associated genes, and altered the cell membrane lipid composition, which was conductive to maintaining the integrity of cell membrane, ultimately alleviating the progress of pulp breakdown in harvested longan fruit. Consequently, AEW treatment may be a reliable method to reduce the occurrence of pulp breakdown and improve the storability of harvested longan fruit.