High Level Of Toxicity Research Articles

Molecular docking study of modified isoniazid compounds on mycolic acid synthase in the cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis

Using the isoniazid in antituberculosis therapy can lead to mutations in the KatG and inhA genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in the development of resistance and necessitating modifications to the isoniazid compound. This study aims to assess the potential and level of toxicity of modified compounds, namely 4-pyridine carboxylic acid, pyridine aldehyde, and methyl pyridine, on the mycolic acid receptor through a molecular docking approach. PyRx was employed for the docking process using a protocol with an exhaustiveness of 106 and a center grid box at X=42.424, Y=22.4321, and Z=46.6391. Additionally, the ProTox-II website was used to determine the toxicity level of the test compounds. The results obtained from this research consist of the respective affinity values of the test compounds: -6, -5.4, and -5.2 kcal/mol. The toxicity levels of the test compounds are as follows: class 5, class 4, and class 4. All test compounds interact with amino acids on the target protein, specifically with residue numbers Histidine (HIS A:8), Phenylalanine (PHE A:142) through hydrogen bonding, Leucine (LEU A:95) through pi-Sigma (π) bonding, and Valine (VAL A:12) through pi-Alkyl (π) bonding. In conclusion, the 4-pyridine carboxylic acid compound exhibits potential as a promising drug candidate but comes with a high level of toxicity

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK INDEX OF THE MAIN HERBICIDES USED IN THE STATE OF MATO GROSSO

Given the concern about environmental contamination due to the intensive use of pesticides in Brazilian agriculture, such as in the state of Mato Grosso, it is necessary to analyze the particularities that active ingredients (AI) exert on the environment to help reduce their impacts. The Environmental Risk Index (IRA) is a means of identifying these damages. Thus, the objective of this study was to perform the IRA of the herbicides most commonly used in Mato Grosso to control weeds in soybean, corn and cotton crops. The survey was carried out by AI, based on data from the Mato Grosso Institute of Agricultural Defense, while the physicochemical characteristics of the herbicides, necessary for the IRA equations, were obtained from three databases (PPDB, PPD and IBAMA). The parameters used to construct the IRA were: persistence in the soil, leaching, volatility, dose and toxicological profile of the herbicides. The survey indicated 42 herbicides were used, but 11 compounds accounted for 98.2% of the total volume sold, with glyphosate being the first in the ranking, with a total mass of 134,138,025 kg ai sold in the last three years in Mato Grosso. The IRA results for the largest mass sold in decreasing order were: atrazine, diuron, trifluralin, glyphosate, 2,4-D, clomazone, S-metolachlor, diquat, haloxifop-methyl, clethodim and glufosinate-ammonium. The herbicides atrazine, MSMA, diuron, trifluralin and pendimethalin were the ai that presented the highest IRA. In general, all herbicides presented medium to very high toxicity levels, resulting in a worrying factor for ecosystems when they reach non-target organisms.

GENOMIC INSTABILITY IN ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) IRRIGATED WITH INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER: A CYTOGENETIC STUDY

Wastewater negatively affects the production of plants. The impact can vary depending on the wastewater content and the sensitivity of the plant type. The purpose of the current study was to look at the hazardous effects of wastewater from the steel and rubber industries on onions (Allium cepa). Twenty-four pots were filled with soil. Three replicates are used in this study to investigate the impact on Allium cepa. To evaluate the level of toxicity of the rubber and steel industries' waste waters, three concentrations of each wastewater and a control were selected. The concentrations for rubber industry effluent were chosen: 80% (S1), 90% (S2), and 100% (S3) and for steel industry 80% (R1), 90% (R2), and 100% (R3). Wastewater treatment inhibited root development when compared to control. Genotoxic research at different intensities showed chromosomal abnormalities. As the concentrations increased, the mitotic index fell and chromosomal abnormalities grew. Chromosome bridges, nuclear budding, sticky and coagulated anaphase and metaphase, and other chromosome abnormalities were seen. Overall, it was shown that the application of wastewater from the steel sector and wastewater from the rubber business had a detrimental effect on plant growth. However, when compared to rubber industry wastewater, steel sector wastewater has a higher level of toxicity. Compared to rubber sector waste water, steel industry wastewater has a higher concentration of heavy metals.

Оценка степени высвобождения и токсичности соединений цинка, используемых в фармацевтических и косметических средствах

The degree of release from ointments and the toxicity of three zinc compounds were assessed to establish their minimum sufficient concentration in antibacterial pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The properties of zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc pyrrolidone carboxylate (ZnРСА) and zinc salicylate (Zn(Sal)2·2H2О) were compared. The release rate of active substances from petrolatum-based ointments (the mass fraction of zinc compounds is 1%) was determined by the Kruvchinsky method. A cellophane film for dialysis served as a semipermeable membrane, which was fixed on a glass tube (length 15 cm, cross section 20 mm2). A sample of ointment (2.00 g) was applied to the inner surface of the membrane. The dialysis tube was inserted into a beaker with dialysis medium and immersed to a depth of no more than 3 mm. The toxicity of aqueous solutions (distilled water) of zinc compounds was determined in a bioluminescent biotest using “Ecolume” bacterial preparation based on a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli. It was found that a high level of toxicity of is achieved at 10-5 mol/dm3 zinc salts in a solution, zinc oxide – 10-4 mol/dm3. A similar amount of Zn2+ diffuses from ointments through a semipermeable cellophane membrane used for the study of dialysis into a 50% aqueous alcohol solution. Zinc ion release from ointment with ZnO was only 0.31%, as well as from ointments with ZnPCA and Zn(Sal)2·2H2О – 1.59% and 1.87% respectively. Thus, the tested approach is economically and environmentally effective, as it allows you to determine the lowest effective concentration of active substances, reducing the burden on the human microbiome and the environment.

Application of Nanotechnology and Phytochemicals in Anticancer Therapy.

Cancer is well recognized as a leading cause of mortality. Although surgery tends to be the primary treatment option for many solid cancers, cancer surgery is still a risk factor for metastatic diseases and recurrence. For this reason, a variety of medications has been adopted for the postsurgical care of patients with cancer. However, conventional medicines have shown major challenges such as drug resistance, a high level of drug toxicity, and different drug responses, due to tumor heterogeneity. Nanotechnology-based therapeutic formulations could effectively overcome the challenges faced by conventional treatment methods. In particular, the combined use of nanomedicine with natural phytochemicals can enhance tumor targeting and increase the efficacy of anticancer agents with better solubility and bioavailability and reduced side effects. However, there is limited evidence in relation to the application of phytochemicals in cancer treatment, particularly focusing on nanotechnology. Therefore, in this review, first, we introduce the drug carriers used in advanced nanotechnology and their strengths and limitations. Second, we provide an update on well-studied nanotechnology-based anticancer therapies related to the carcinogenesis process, including signaling pathways related to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), Wnt, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Notch, and Hedgehog (HH). Third, we introduce approved nanomedicines currently available for anticancer therapy. Fourth, we discuss the potential roles of natural phytochemicals as anticancer drugs. Fifth, we also discuss the synergistic effect of nanocarriers and phytochemicals in anticancer therapy.

Chemical Dermal Exposure Risk Assessment in the Water Treatment Plant of Fertilizer Industry

Introduction:In water treatment plants (WTP), chemicals play a crucial role. However, some of these chemicals are hazardous. This study aims to conduct a dermal risk assessment in the WTP of an ammonia and urea production facility. Methods: The study was performed in August 2023 and assessed dermal exposure risk for four hazardous chemicals: NaOCl (30%), HCl (60%), H2SO4 (98%), and NaOH (48%), utilizing the Tier 2 RISKOFDERM model. Intrinsic toxicity was evaluated using risk phrases and toxicity information. Potential dermal exposure rates (PERBODY and PERHANDS) were determined based on task group and exposure modifier, while actual dermal exposure rates (AERBODY and AERHANDS) were determined based on clothing type and activity time. Health risk was assessed using actual exposure scores and intrinsic toxicity levels, which were categorized into 10 different levels ranging from 1 to 10. Results: The risk phrases indicated that four chemicals possessed a high level of intrinsic toxicity in terms of local effect but no systemic effect. PERBODY and PERHANDS were high (NaOCl, HCl) and low (H2SO4, NaOH). The actual exposure scores were determined to be 1 (high) for NaOCl and HCI, 0.01 (low) for H2SO4, and 0.03 (medium) for NaOH. Health risk values were 8 for NaOCl and HCI, 5 for H2SO4, and 6 for NaOH. Conclusion: Health risks in NaOCl and HCl were assigned action priority (AP) 1, followed by NaOH at AP-2, and H2SO4 at AP-3. The study recommends the implementation of control measures encompassing engineering solutions, administration, and personal protective equipment.

Gastroduodenal effects of leflunomide under experimental adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis and comorbid arterial hypertension

Use of leflunomide (LEF), a synthetic immunosuppressor, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), has become an innovation in the management of the disease. Despite the widely and successfully use of the LEF for RA treatment, its pharmacological properties and side effects are not well understood. The aim of the study was to examine the gastroduodenal effects of prolonged enteral use of the LEF in adjuvant-induced RA and comorbid arterial hypertension (AH). The experiments were carried out on male and female mature nonlinear rats, which were divided into five groups. The animals of control group (n = 10) were treated with starch suspension, the animals of the second group (n = 15) were injected with complete Freund’s adjuvant – adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA), the third group (n = 15) AA and comorbid AH (salt-loading model), the fourth group (n = 15) consisted of animals with AA treated with LEF, the fifth group (n = 15) – animals with comorbid condition (AA + AH), which were treated by LEF. Administering of starch-LEF suspension into the stomach was carried out through a special metal probe to rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis and comorbid pathology once daily for the first 3 days at a dose of 15 mg/kg (shock dose) and then at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg (therapeutic dose) for the next 53 days. After finishing the experiments, gastroduodenal toxic effects of the drug were determined according to the frequency of rats with pathological lesions (hyperemia, petechiae, edema, ulcers) and intensity of the damages using a point scale. It has been established that prolonged use of the LEF leads to high levels of gastroduodenal toxicity in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis and combined pathological condition: an increase in the frequency of rats with gastroduodenal mucosal pathology and intensity of various types of damages (petechiae, edema, ulcers). LEF induced higher prevalence of duodenal than gastric toxicity in rats with both adjuvant-induced arthritis and arterial hypertension comorbidity. Thus, gastroduodenal mucosa pathology after prolonged use of LEF in adjuvant-induced arthritis and comorbid state increases a need for adjuvant therapy to prevent such adverse effects. Moreover, further pharmacological research in order to introduce appropriate drugs is recommended. Furthermore, conducting preclinical and clinical studies to understand the pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and interaction of LEF, in particular, with antihypertensive and gastroprotective agents seem necessary. Implementation of the results of the study in healthcare practice will help to optimize the treatment regimen for rheumatoid arthritis and comorbidities.

Environmental Changes of the Temirnik River in Rostov-on-Don

General Background: The increasing anthropogenic impact on river ecosystems has raised concerns about water quality and its effects on surrounding communities. Specific Background: This study focuses on the Temirnik River, located in the northern part of the city, particularly assessing pollution levels in the beaches of "Druzhba" and "Surp Khash." Historical data from 2000-2001 and recent analyses from 2017-2019 reveal significant fluctuations in chemical and biological toxicity. Knowledge Gap: While previous studies have documented pollution levels, a comprehensive comparison of historical and recent data to understand long-term changes and community impacts remains insufficiently explored. Aims: This study aims to track changes in pollution levels over time, evaluate the chemical and biological toxicity, and assess the anthropogenic impacts on the Temirnik River. Results: Chemical analysis revealed increased hardness of water due to the accumulation of calcium and magnesium sulfates and chlorides. The river, heavily impacted by untreated industrial and municipal waste, showed high toxicity levels, especially in the years 2017-2019. Bioassays using Chlorella vulgaris, Raphanus sativus, and Daphnia magna confirmed these findings. Novelty: This study provides a detailed comparative analysis of historical and contemporary pollution data, highlighting the persistent and worsening impact of anthropogenic activities on the Temirnik River. Implications: The findings underscore the critical need for ongoing monitoring and intervention to mitigate pollution. They advocate for implementing effective cleaning operations and regulatory measures to protect water quality and community health. Highlights: Increased water hardness from industrial and municipal waste. Persistent high toxicity levels impacting ecosystems. Urgent need for continuous monitoring and pollution control. Keywords: Temirnik River, chemical pollution, biological toxicity, historical data, anthropogenic impact

Establishment and Evaluation of a Mouse Model of Experimental Ulcerative Colitis Induced by the Gavage Administration of Dextran Sulfate Sodium.

Given the critical role of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) mouse models in the appraisal of associated therapeutic drugs, the optimization of the administration method and dosages is of paramount importance. Therefore, UC was induced in mice through the gavage administration of a DSS solution instead of free drinking water. The effects of varying daily dosages (2, 4, 6, and 8 g/kg) and frequencies (once or twice) of administration on the body weight and survival rate of the model mice were evaluated. Concurrently, the inflammatory indicators and tissue sections of the model mice were thoroughly evaluated. The results revealed that when the daily dosage reached 8 g/kg, the dosage exhibited a high level of toxicity, resulting in a high mortality rate among the mice. The DSS administration of 6 g/kg*2 not only elicited conspicuous symptoms, significant weight loss, substantial shortening of the colon, and significant changes in various inflammatory indicators, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione (GSH), but it also maintained a high survival rate in the UC mice. The findings from this experiment lay a solid experimental foundation for future research on drugs intended for the treatment of UC.

Alexandrium catenella (Group I) Causes Higher and Faster Toxicity Than A. pacificum (Group IV) in Mytilus eduis

Consuming poisoned shellfish can lead to severe health problems and even death. Alexandrium catenella (Group I) and A. pacificum (Group IV) cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in Korea, and PSP is detected more in a wider area. However, the association between toxic dinoflagellates and shellfish poisoning is unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the toxicity, detoxification, and compositional differences in PSP in Mytilus edulis exposed to PSP caused by A. catenella and A. pacificum. High-performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation was used to analyze PSP toxicity in poisoned M. edulis. PSP in M. edulis increased as the A. catenella and A. pacificum cell density increased. However, the cell density of A. catenella peaked faster than that of A. pacificum, and a high level of toxicity was detected. In the detoxification experiment, PSP in M. edulis decreased rapidly within 24 h in filtered seawater. However, PSP was continuously detected without decreasing below the detection limit until the last day of the experiment. In addition, the carbamate composition (GTX1+4) was detected as the main toxic composition in poisoned M. edulis, unlike in vegetative cells. GTX1+4 can poison shellfish quickly when toxic dinoflagellates appear in the marine environment. However, poisoned shellfish take a long time to be completely detoxified. Moreover, if shellfish continuously feed on poisonous dinoflagellates, their toxicity can increase rapidly due to biotransformation. Our results can help identify the mechanisms of shellfish toxicity and detoxification after PSP caused by toxic dinoflagellates.

Multitarget Compounds for Neglected Diseases: A Review.

Neglected diseases are a group of infectious diseases, many of them parasitic, that mainly affect the poorest populations with limited access to health services, especially those living in remote rural areas and slums. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), neglected diseases put the lives of more than 200 million people at risk, and treatment is made difficult by the occurrence of resistance to existing medications, as well as the high level of toxicity. In this way, the potential of multitarget compounds is highlighted, defined as compounds designed to modulate multiple targets of relevance to disease, with the overall goal of enhancing efficacy and/or improving safety. Thus, the objective of our study is to evaluate existing multi-target compound approaches for neglected diseases, with an emphasis on Leishmaniasis, Chagas Disease, and Arboviruses. A literature review was performed by searching the database "Web of Sciences". In relation to the diseases covered in this work, Leishmaniasis, individually, was the one that presented the largest number of articles (11) that dealt with the topic, which can be justi-fied by the high prevalence of this disease in the world, the second most common disease was Dengue, followed by Chagas disease, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus. Furthermore, the multi-target potential of phenolic compounds was observed in all diseases under study, with the mecha-nisms related to the nucleus and transcription being the most reported mechanisms. From this per-spective, it is worth highlighting the effectiveness of approaches related to multitarget drugs in discovering new therapeutic agents for neglected diseases.

Financial toxicity, coping strategies, and quality of life among Chinese patients with hematologic malignancies: a cross-sectional study.

Financial toxicity is used to describe the financial hardship experienced by cancer patients. Financial toxicity may cause negative consequences to patients, whereas little is known in Chinese context. This study aimed to explore the level of financial toxicity, coping strategies, and quality of life among Chinese patients with hematologic malignancies. We conducted a prospective, observational study among 274 Chinese patients with hematologic malignancies from November 2021 to August 2022 in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Clinical data were extracted from electronic clinical records. Data on financial toxicity, coping strategies, and quality of life were collected using PRO measures. Chi-square or independent t test and multivariate logistic regression were performed to explore the associated factors of financial toxicity and quality of life, respectively. Effects of financial toxicity on coping strategies were examined using Chi-square. The mean age of the participants was 50.2 (± 14.6) years. Male participants accounted for 57.3%. About half of the participants reported high financial toxicity. An average median of ¥200,000 on total medical expenditures since the diagnosis was reported. The average median monthly out-of-pocket health expenditure relating to cancer treatment was ¥20,000 (range ¥632-¥172,500) after reimbursement. Reduce daily living expenses (64.9%), borrowing money (55.7%), and choosing cheaper regimens (19.6%) were the commonly used strategies to cope with financial burden. Financial toxicity was negatively associated with quality of life (β = 0.071, P = 0.001). Financial toxicity was not uncommon in patients with hematological malignancies. Reducing daily living expenses, abandoning treatment sessions, and borrowing money were the strategies commonly adopted by participants to defray cancer costs. Additionally, participants with high level of financial toxicity tended to have worse quality of life. Therefore, actions from healthcare providers, policy-makers, and other stakeholders should be taken to help cancer patients mitigate their financial toxicity.

Microbial communities as indicators of marine ecosystem health: Insights from coastal sediments in the eastern Adriatic Sea

Considering the adaptability and responsiveness of microorganisms to environmental changes, their indicator potential is still not acknowledged in European directives. This comprehensive study examined the changes of microbial communities in sediments and a range of geochemical parameters from pristine and anthropogenically impacted coastal areas in the eastern Adriatic Sea. Various analytical methods found evidence of sediment contamination (high toxicity level, enrichments of metals, tributyltin) in certain areas, leading to the categorization of sediments based on the level of anthropogenic disturbance. Prokaryotes were identified as the most promising group of microbes for further research, with specific bacterial families (Rhodobacteraceae, Ectothiorhodospiraceae, Cyclobacteriaceae) and genera (Boseongicola, B2M28, Subgroup 23, Sva0485, Thiogranum) proposed as potential indicators of environmental status. Finally, predictive models were developed to identify key indicator variables for assessing anthropogenic impact in sediments. This research represents an essential step toward incorporating microbial communities into assessments of benthic environmental health.

Prediction of developmental toxic effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) water-soluble components via machine learning through observation of PM2.5 from diverse urban areas

The global health implications of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) underscore the imperative need for research into its toxicity and chemical composition. In this study, zebrafish embryos exposed to the water-soluble components of PM2.5 from two cities (Harbin and Hangzhou) with differences in air quality, underwent microscopic examination to identify primary target organs. The Harbin PM2.5 induced dose-dependent organ malformation in zebrafish, indicating a higher level of toxicity than that of the Hangzhou sample. Harbin PM2.5 led to severe deformities such as pericardial edema and a high mortality rate, while the Hangzhou sample exhibited hepatotoxicity, causing delayed yolk sac absorption. The experimental determination of PM2.5 constituents was followed by the application of four algorithms for predictive toxicological assessment. The random forest algorithm correctly predicted each of the effect classes and showed the best performance, suggesting that zebrafish malformation rates were strongly correlated with water-soluble components of PM2.5. Feature selection identified the water-soluble ions F− and Cl− and metallic elements Al, K, Mn, and Be as potential key components affecting zebrafish development. This study provides new insights into the developmental toxicity of PM2.5 and offers a new approach for predicting and exploring the health effects of PM2.5.

Macrophyte assisted phytoremediation and toxicological profiling of metal(loid)s polluted water is influenced by hydraulic retention time.

The present study reports findings related to the treatment of polluted groundwater using macrophyte-assisted phytoremediation. The potential of three macrophyte species (Phragmites australis, Scirpus holoschoenus, and Typha angustifolia) to tolerate exposure to multi-metal(loid) polluted groundwater was first evaluated in mesocosms for 7- and 14-day batch testing. In the 7-day batch test, the polluted water was completely replacedand renewed after 7days, while for14days exposure, the same polluted water, added in the first week, was maintained. The initial biochemical screeningresults of macrophytes indicated that the selected plants were more tolerant to the provided conditions with 14days of exposure. Based on these findings, the plants were exposed to HRT regimes of 15 and 30days. The results showed that P. australis and S. holoschoenus performed better than T. angustifolia, in terms of metal(loid) accumulation and removal, biomass production, and toxicity reduction. In addition, the translocation and compartmentalization of metal(loid)s were dose-dependent. At the 30-day loading rate (higher HRT), below-ground phytostabilization was greater than phytoaccumulation, whereas at the 15-day loading rate (lower HRT), below- and above-ground phytoaccumulation was the dominant metal(loid) removal mechanism. However, higher levels of toxicity were noted in the water at the 15-day loading rate. Overall, thisstudy provides valuable insights for macrophyte-assisted phytoremediation of polluted (ground)water streams that can help to improve the design and implementation of phytoremediation systems.

Modulation of Photoactive Nanocomposite Cu Doped SnO2 Anchored on G-C3N4 Polymeric Sheets by Green Synthesis and Degradation of Dye Malachite Green

Wastewater containing harmful dyes such as Malachite green poses a significant environmental challenge because of its high levels of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and toxicity. To address this issue, we developed a photocatalyst consisting of Cu doped SnO2 nanocomposite supported onto g-C3N4 using green synthesis method with the assistance of Murraya paniculata leaves extract. To know about the structural, morphological chemical composition of the synthesized heterojunction several techniques of characterization techniques were employed such as XPS, XRD, BET, HRTEM, FESEM, EDAX and UV-Vis spectra. XRD results shows the spherical shape of the particles with the mean grain size of 2.18 and 2.14 nm for Cu doped SnO2 and Cu doped SnO2/g-C3N4 respectively. HRTEM results reveal that the fabricated Cu doped SnO2 shows formation of very small size spherical nanoparticles. The heterojunction Cu doped SnO2/g-C3N4 showed 2-D sheeted structure of g-C3N4 which acts as a translucent layer that captured sphere shaped Cu doped SnO2 NPs. The XPS analysis verifies the existence of Sn, Cu, O, C and N in the synthesized heterojunction. The UV-Visible spectra helped to demonstrate the effective inhibition of plasmonic exciton annihilation within the heterojunction nanocomposite. When exposed to solar light, the designed nanocomposite heterojunction exhibited superior photocatalytic activity in the degradation of MG compared to undoped g-C3N4 and Cu doped SnO2 binary nanocomposite. Radical scavenging studies indicated that •O2– radicals were the principle species accountable for the degradation of MG by the nanocomposite heterojunction. The dye MG photodegraded with pseudo-first order kinetics. The excellent photocatalytic performance and recyclability of nanocomposite can be attributed to its greater surface area, improved separation efficiency of excited e--h+ pairs and superior absorption of visible light.

Repurposing of halogenated organic pollutants via alkyl bromide-catalysed transfer chlorination.

Halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) are causing a significant environmental and human health crisis due to their high levels of toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. Urgent action is required to develop effective approaches for the reduction and reuse of HOPs. Whereas current strategies focus primarily on the degradation of HOPs, repurposing them is an alternative approach, albeit a challenging task. Here we discover that alkyl bromide can act as a catalyst for the transfer of chlorine using alkyl chloride as the chlorine source. We demonstrate that this approach has a wide substrate scope, and we successfully apply it to reuse HOPs that include dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexabromocyclododecane, chlorinated paraffins, chloromethyl polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Moreover, we show that the synthesis of essential non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be achieved using PVC and hexabromocyclododecane, and we demonstrate that PVC waste can be used directly as a chlorinating agent. Overall, this methodology offers a promising strategy for repurposing HOPs.

Financial toxicity and its influencing factors in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A cross-sectional study

PurposeFinancial toxicity has emerged as a prevalent psychosocial problem in cancer patients, but data on non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients receiving chemotherapy remain limited. The present study aims to explore financial toxicity and its influencing factors among non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. MethodsA total of 236 non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients were enrolled from March to June 2023 in the oncology department of a tertiary grade-A hospital in China. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to analyze potential influences on financial, including general information, symptom burden, family and social support. ResultsThe financial toxicity score for non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients was (19.24 ± 6.97). Among them, 92 participants (38.98%) were classified as experiencing high levels of financial toxicity, with a COST score of ≤17.5 points. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that symptom burden accounting for 11.0% of the variance in financial toxicity, while family functioning and social support explained 5.8% and 4.9%, respectively. ConclusionThe financial toxicity of non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients needs to be further improved. Patients with low household income, unemployment, high symptom burden, and inadequate family and social support may experience severe financial toxicity. Financial toxicity of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients must be assessed and targeted interventions must be implemented to reduce their financial burden.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube wrapped rare earth tungstate nanosheet composites for selective and rapid detection of sulfadiazine

Multi-walled carbon nanotube wrapped rare earth tungstate nanosheet composites are developed for the ultrasensitive and selective electrochemical detection of sulfa drug, sulfadiazine (SAN) as they exhibit high levels of toxicity towards public health and ecosystem. Here, we synthesized Gadolinium tungstate decorated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Gd2WO6/MWCNT) though hydrothermal processing and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, and EIS measurement to investigate the phase purity, morphology, and interfacial property. Gd2WO6 is a double perovskite that has high oxygen surface exchange kinetics and the MWCNT possesses high catalytic capability and a larger surface area contributes to the efficient sensing ability. The Gd2WO6/MWCNT possessed a great electrical conductivity owing to the synergism between the Gd2WO6 and MWCNT. The synergistic effect increases the surface area, ionic and electrical conductivity which increases the current response of SAN. Under optimum conditions, the Gd2WO6/MWCNT/GCE displays a broad linear of 0.01 – 671 µM and a LOD level of 2 nM (S/N ratio: 3) with a sensitivity of 0.371 µA µM cm−1. The analytical applicability of the proposed electrode modifier leads to a promising sensor for SAN detection in human urine and water samples with appreciable results.

A Comprehensive Pathophysiologic, Histologic, and Biochemical Analysis of Buthus paris (C. L. Koch, 1839) Venom.

Buthus species, including B paris, are classified as one of the most dangerous scorpion genera in Morocco, implicated in several cases of human death. Our objective is to characterize, for the first time, the toxicity and histopathologic and biochemical impacts of B paris venom. We investigated the experimental pathophysiology of B paris venom by examining histologic changes in vital organs (heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs) and assessing biochemical enzymatic markers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, urea, and creatinine) in mice injected subcutaneously with 2 doses of 400 and 450 mg·kg-1. Our results showed that the subcutaneous median lethal dose of B paris venom was around 0.52 mg·kg-1. Histologic findings revealed significant tissue damage in the previously mentioned vital organs, confirmed through biochemical analysis indicating impaired heart and liver functions. Additionally, an increase in urea, creatinine, and glucose levels occurred following B paris venom injection. Our findings show that B paris venom exhibits a high level of experimental toxicity. These results highlight the potentially lethal nature of this venom and emphasize the potential medical importance of this species.