High Torque Research Articles

A Novel Continuously Variable Transmission with Circumferentially Arranged Disks (CAD CVT)

This paper presents a novel Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT) design. CVT is highly beneficial for actuators with rotary output as it can improve the energy efficiency of the actuators by providing an optimum transmission ratio. This property of CVT is highly beneficial for fossil-fuel-based vehicles, electric vehicles, wind turbines, industrial robots, etc. With the exception of Spherical CVT and DH CVT, all known CVTs like push belt CVTs, toroidal CVTs, Milner CVTs, etc., require additional gear sets and clutches for direction reversal and neutral gear ratio. However, Spherical CVT and DH CVT have low torque capacity due to a single traction point constraint. Foregoing in view, a new CVT named CAD CVT has been developed. The paper presents the design conception, the operating principle, the transmission ratio, the torque capacity, frictional losses, and experimental verification of the basic functionality by manufacturing a Proof of Concept (PoC). The proposed CVT is the only CVT capable of independent direction reversal and high torque capacity as it can transmit torque through multiple traction points. The new CVT will significantly impact high-torque applications in different engineering applications, especially land transport consisting of heavy vehicles like trucks, buses, and trailers.

Performance evaluation of BLDC motor drive mounted in aerial vehicle (drone) using adaptive neuro-fuzzy

The development of autonomous drones equipped with cameras and various sensors has paved the way for their application in agriculture and perimeter security. These aerial drones require specific power, acceleration, high torque, and efficiency to meet the demands of agricultural tasks, utilizing built-in brushless DC (BLDC) motors. However, a common challenge drone’s face is maintaining the desired speed for extended periods. Enhancing the performance of BLDC motors through advanced controllers is crucial to address this issue. This research paper proposes optimizing the size and speed of brushless DC motors for aerial vehicles using an adaptive fuzzy inference system and supervised learning techniques. When these drones carry loads, the BLDC motors must dynamically adjust the drone's speed. During this phase, the motors must control their speed and torque using artificial intelligence controllers like adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) to enhance the drone's functionality, resilience, and safety. This research has conducted analyses focused on improving the performance of BLDC motors explicitly personalized for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs). The proposed method will be implemented using MATLAB/Simulink, expecting to significantly enhance the BLDC motor's performance compared to conventional controllers. Comparative analyses will be conducted between traditional and ANFIS controllers to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Design and optimization of high torque density flux modulated multi-winding permanent magnet machines for electric vehicles

In order to achieve high-quality energy conversion operation in electric vehicles, the optimization design of drive motors has been considered as one of the most crucial research areas. For enhancing torque density without deteriorating power factor, a spoke-type flux modulated multi-winding permanent magnet machine is proposed and optimized, where the highly efficient utilization of harmonic flux is realized according to the contribution of windings with various pole pairs. Firstly, the operating principles and the initial design of topology are investigated. Then, the improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is adopted for multi-objective optimization. To enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the optimization, the weight coefficients of the multi-objectives are established through a gray correlation strategy, while the design parameters are stratified based on a comprehensive sensitivity degree analysis. In addition, the comparative analysis of machines before and after optimization are carried out. Finally, the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed optimization are verified by a prototype machine. It shows that high torque density without deteriorating power factor is achieved on the proposed machines.

Influence of choosing materials on 6/4 switched reluctance motor performance

The Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is used in many industrial applications that require high torque due to its ability to achieve high and efficient performance, simplicity, low material costs and ease of design. This motor functions on the principle of generating motion by attracting and repulsing magnetic cores. The SRM is characterized by the efficient use of energy in applications that require rapid changes in speed and has a higher resistance to shocks and vibrations. Among the essential factors that affect the performance of the SRM motors are the embrace of poles stator and rotor, dimensions, the size of the motor, the shapes of rotor geometry and the number of stator and rotor poles. This paper aims to study the effect of material selection on improving the SRM performance. First, we created a basic design of the SRM with appropriate characteristics to obtain the best operation conditions of high speed and torque. Then, we applied different materials and compared the obtained results using the ANSYS RMxprt tool. We focused on studying the effect of selecting materials in the rotor and stator parts on the SRM 6/4 performance through the efficiency, total losses, speed and rated torque. After comparing and analyzing the basic results, a two-dimensional model of the SRM was created using the ANSYS Maxwell 2D tool to evaluate the motor’s performance. The analysis includes the curves of torque, speed, current, flux linkages and voltage, in addition to the variation of flux lines and magnetic flux density. The results were analyzed using the finite element method (FEM), which is characterized by speed and accuracy in electromagnetic analysis and various data.

3E analyses of different blend fuels in an internal combustion engine

AbstractIn response to the escalating emphasis on sustainability across diverse sectors, this study addresses the imperative to combat environmental degradation through conscientious development. The primary focus is on assessing the feasibility of replacing fossil fuels with renewable alternatives in internal combustion engines (ICEs) equipped with direct fuel injection. The research employs energy and exergy analyses, coupled with economic analysis, to comprehensively evaluate the performance of fuels and blends. Applying the Lotus Engine software, computational analyses are conducted, taking into account the specific geometry of the engine. Simulations explore different λ‐factors to identify optimal performance configurations for each fuel or blend. Noteworthy outcomes reveal that blends featuring green hydrogen yield remarkable improvements, showing high torque (max. +11.5%), power (max. +14.35%), thermal efficiency (max. +3%), and exergy efficiency (max. +21.56%). These blends also demonstrate reduced operating costs (max. −10%), although with higher exergy losses, indicating areas for potential enhancement. Conversely, fuels containing ethanol show intermediate values between the blends and pure fuels. Consequently, this study effectively establishes the significance of these fuels in ICEs, supported by comprehensive energy, exergy, and economic analyses. The findings underscore the promising potential of renewable fuels as viable alternatives to fossil fuels, marking a substantial stride towards sustainable energy solutions and environmental preservation.

Impact of Engine Inertia on P2 Mild HEV Fuel Consumption

The energy management system (EMS) of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is an algorithm that determines the power split between the electrical and thermal paths. It defines the operating state of the power sources, i.e., the electric motor (EM) and the internal combustion engine (ICE). It is therefore one of the main factors that can significantly influence the fuel consumption and performance of hybrid vehicles. In the transmission path, the power generated by the ICE is in part employed to accelerate the rotating components of the powertrain, such as the crankshaft, flywheel, gears, and shafts. The main inertial components are the crankshaft and the flywheel. This additional power is significant during high-intensity acceleration. Therefore, the actual engine operation is different from that required by the power split unit. This study focuses on exploring the influence of engine inertia on HEV fuel consumption by developing a controller based on an equivalent consumption minimisation strategy (ECMS) that considers crankshaft and flywheel inertia. The optimal solution obtained by the ECMS controller is refined by incorporating the inertia effect of the main rotating components of the engine into the cost function. This reduces the engine operation during high inertial torque transient phases, resulting in a decrease in vehicle CO2 emissions by 2.34, 2.22, and 1.13 g/km for the UDDS, US06, and WLTC driving cycles, respectively.

Design and shape optimization of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine based on hybrid cores

By designing stator teeth using grain-oriented sheets (GO) and other parts still with non-grain-oriented sheets (NGO), the electromagnetic performance of the interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (GO-IPMSM) can be improved greatly. As the stator core of the designed GO-IPMSM is a hybrid core that is composed of two different silicon sheets, both the electromagnetic and mechanical performances are affected by the stator joint shape between GO and NGO sheets. Meanwhile, with the adoption of GO, the torque ripple of GO-IPMSM is increased though the average torque is increased as well. For reducing the torque ripple, optimizing the rotor barrier shape is an effective way. In this paper, the piecewise linear interpolation method is employed for establishing the stator joint shape between GO and NGO sheets, and the polynomial method is proposed to establish the rotor barrier shape. Through the analysis, it can be seen that the stator joint shape plays a strong role in affecting the mechanical performance of the GO-IPMSM, while the effect on the electromagnetic performance is weak. The genetic algorithm is used to optimize the rotor barrier shape for achieving high average torque and low torque ripple. Lastly, a quick and accurate efficiency map calculation method based on the Kriging model is proposed for GO-IPMSM with less finite element method (FEM) samples are required.

Theory analyses and experimental study on starting torque and seal capacity of magnetic fluid seal using in low temperature

Magnetic fluid seal(MFS) is one of the most mature applications of magnetic fluid(MF) and is widely used in numerous fields. When applying the MFS at − 55 ℃(the low temperature), it will lead to a high initial torque situation and a noticeable seal capacity reduction. This situation results in sealing failure and impedes the normal device startup. In this study, we synthesized MF based on polyalpha-olefins-3.5 (PAO-3.5), demonstrating fluidity at − 55 ℃, a saturated magnetization of 46.7 kA/m, and stability exceeding 2 months. The low pour point of PAO-3.5 based MF positions them as a good material choice for MFS applications in low temperature. And a structure of field-controlled MFS to control the magnetic field in sealing gap was proposed. To emphasis the necessity of the control of magnetic field, empirical equations were employed to model the viscosity and yield stress of MF under varying magnetic field strengths and temperatures, explaining the impacts of these factors. And the starting torque of MFS in specific conditions can be predicted. Notably, the use of field-controlled MFS have decreases in starting torque during non-pressure-resistant scenario, pressure-resistant scenario and long-term use.

Asymmetric fin shape changes swimming dynamics of ancient marine reptiles’ soft robophysical models

Animals have evolved highly effective locomotion capabilities in terrestrial, aerial, and aquatic environments. Over life’s history, mass extinctions have wiped out unique animal species with specialized adaptations, leaving paleontologists to reconstruct their locomotion through fossil analysis. Despite advancements, little is known about how extinct megafauna, such as the Ichthyosauria one of the most successful lineages of marine reptiles, utilized their varied morphologies for swimming. Traditional robotics struggle to mimic extinct locomotion effectively, but the emerging soft robotics field offers a promising alternative to overcome this challenge. This paper aims to bridge this gap by studying Mixosaurus locomotion with soft robotics, combining material modeling and biomechanics in physical experimental validation. Combining a soft body with soft pneumatic actuators, the soft robotic platform described in this study investigates the correlation between asymmetrical fins and buoyancy by recreating the pitch torque generated by extinct swimming animals. We performed a comparative analysis of thrust and torque generated by Carthorhyncus, Utatsusaurus, Mixosaurus, Guizhouichthyosaurus, and Ophthalmosaurus tail fins in a flow tank. Experimental results suggest that the pitch torque on the torso generated by hypocercal fin shapes such as found in model systems of Guizhouichthyosaurus, Mixosaurus and Utatsusaurus produce distinct ventral body pitch effects able to mitigate the animal’s non-neutral buoyancy. This body pitch control effect is particularly pronounced in Guizhouichthyosaurus, which results suggest would have been able to generate high ventral pitch torque on the torso to compensate for its positive buoyancy. By contrast, homocercal fin shapes may not have been conducive for such buoyancy compensation, leaving torso pitch control to pectoral fins, for example. Across the range of the actuation frequencies of the caudal fins tested, resulted in oscillatory modes arising, which in turn can affect the for-aft thrust generated.

High insertion torque versus regular insertion torque: early crestal bone changes on dental implants in relation to primary stability—a retrospective clinical study

The aim of the presented retrospective study was to evaluate the early crestal bone changes around an implant type designed for high primary stability. A total number of 111 implants placed clinically were evaluated regarding insertion torque, bone density, implant stability quotient (ISQ) and early crestal bone loss from standardized digital radiographs. The implants were allocated in two groups: the „regular torque “ group contained all implants that achieved less than 50 Ncm as final insertion torque (n = 63) and the „high torque“ group contained the implants that achieved 50–80 Ncm (n = 48). To avoid possible damage either to the implant´s inner connection or to the bone by application of excessive force, a limit of 80 Ncm was set for all surgeries. All implants underwent submerged healing for three months. ISQ measurements and standardized digital radiographs were taken at day of insertion and at day of second stage surgery. The bone loss was measured on the mesial and distal aspect of the implant. The data evaluation showed the following results: Mean bone loss was 0.27 ± 0.30 mm for the high torque group and 0.24 ± 0.27 mm for the regular torque group. The difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.552). In the two groups, no complications nor implant loss occurred. For the evaluated implant type, there was no significant difference in crestal bone changes and complication rate between high and regular insertion torque in the early healing period.Graphical

Nonlinear optimal control for robotic exoskeletons with electropneumatic actuators

Nonlinear optimal control for robotic exoskeletons with electropneumatic actuators

Selective recruitment of the triceps surae muscles in plantar flexion assessed by diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging

Introduction: The triceps surae muscles, including medial and lateral gastrocnemius (MG, LG) and soleus (SOL), play a major role in supporting walking activities. Up to now, the potential selective recruitment of the muscles in walking of different intensities has not been investigated quantitatively. Such knowledge and its in vivo assessment would enable precise monitoring of subject’s performance in therapy. In this study, we measured apparent diffusion coeffcient (ADC) in the muscles of healthy subjects after plantar flexion of different intensities, and hypothesized that the different muscles would be selectively recruited in the exercises. Methods: 8 subjects were recruited. In a 3T MRI, subject performed straight-leg plantar flexion with load of 15 lbs for 3 minutes (moderate intensity), and the same exercise with load of 30 lbs until exhaustion (high intensity). Before and after each exercise, DWI of the right calf was performed: b values 0, 400 s/mm2, TE 70 ms, TR 4000 ms, 12 directions. In post-processing, ADC (unit: 10−6 mm2/s) was averaged for MG, LG and SOL. Results: In MG, ADC of 1580±12.3 before exercise increased to 1910±18.8 (p<0.01) and 2010±13.5 (p<0.01) after the moderate-and the high-intensity exercise, respectively. In LG, ADC of 1600±11.8 before exercise increased to 1900±14.8 (p<0.01) after the moderate-intensity exercise, and stayed stable at 1940±27.8 (P=0.30) after the high-intensity one. In SOL, ADC remained stable after the moderate-intensity exercise (from 1660±80.2 to 1660±11.5, P=0.26), and significantly increased to 1790±25.1 (p<0.01) after the high-intensity exercise. Discussion: The findings with MG and LG agree with expectation that muscle is more water-diffused with increased exercise intensity, and the association diminishes as exercise intensity increases. The higher ADC in MG than in LG at high intensity may be attributed to how the two heads attach to the Achilles tendon differently. The more linear attachment of MG to the tendon could enable higher effciency in achieving high torque. Attaching to tibia and fibula, SOL is not supposed to support straight-leg plantar flexion, as verified in its response after the moderate-intensity exercise. Surprisingly, SOL’s ADC increased after the high-intensity exercise. Besides the increased cardiac output as a possible cause, anatomical features of SOL may enable it to truly assist the exercise. First, similar to MG, SOL attaches to the Achilles tendon linearly, making its torque transfer effcient. Second, with more slow-twitch fibers than gastrocnemius, SOL’s activation is more economical in prolonged exercise. In conclusion, this study provided evidence that the triceps surae muscles are selectively recruited in straight-leg plantar flexion of different intensities, presumably to achieve maximal metabolic effciency. This work was supported by National NSF of China (#82171924, JLZ). No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Experimental study of motor cycle performance with exhaust manifold using torque expansion chamber

The Motorcycle performance can be improved by modifying the intake manifold and exhaust manifold. In this research, the exhaust manifold was modified using a Torque Expansion Chamber (TEC), namely adding a tube to the exhaust manifold with a certain geometry and dimensions so that the heat carried by the exhaust gas is retained and does not directly escape through the exhaust. This test aims to determine the performance of a motorbike with a modified exhaust manifold by adding 250 mm tubular TEC. TEC installation with placement at 40%, 50%, and 60% of the exhaust manifold length. Engine performance including torque, power and specific fuel consumption is measured using the Dyno Test. The research results show that the use of the Torque Expansion Chamber has an effect on motorbike performance. Highest torque with 50% TEC placement and 60% TEC placement at 5000 rpm. Highest power with 50% TEC placement and 60% TEC placement at 6000 rpm to 6500 rpm. Lowest specific fuel consumption with 50% TEC placement at 6000 rpm

Torque Calculation and Dynamical Response in Halbach Array Coaxial Magnetic Gears through a Novel Analytical 2D Model

Coaxial magnetic gears have piqued the interest of researchers due to their numerous benefits over mechanical gears. These include reduced noise and vibration, enhanced efficiency, lower maintenance costs, and improved backdrivability. However, their adoption in industry has been limited by drawbacks like lower torque density and slippage at high torque levels. This work presents an analytical 2D model to compute the magnetic potential in Halbach array coaxial magnetic gears for every rotational angle, geometry configuration, and magnet specifications. This model calculates the induced torques and torque ripple in both rotors using the Maxwell Stress Tensor. The results were confirmed through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Unlike FEA, this analytical model directly produces harmonics values, leading to faster computational times as it avoids torque calculations at each time step. In a case study, a standard coaxial magnetic gear was compared to one with a Halbach array, revealing a 14.3% improvement in torque density and a minor reduction in harmonics that cause torque ripple. Additionally, a case study was conducted to examine slippage in both standard and Halbach array gears during transient operations. The Halbach array coaxial magnetic gear demonstrated a 13.5% lower transmission error than its standard counterpart.

Improving Speed Characteristics of High-Torque-Density Motors for Physical Human–Robot Interaction Using an Independent Three-Phase Winding Structure

Recently, due to the decrease in labor force, increase in labor costs, and the desire for improved quality of life, research on robots has been actively conducted to address these issues. However, it is currently difficult to find robots that physically interact with humans. The reason is that the actuators of robots do not have a high torque density on their own. To solve this problem, high-torque-density motors, such as proprioceptive actuators, are being researched. However, the torque density is still insufficient for physical interaction with humans, so a motor with higher torque density has been developed. However, high-torque-density motors have the disadvantage of lower speed characteristics due to increased Back EMF levels. Therefore, to address the deterioration of speed characteristics in the developed motor, we applied the independent three-phase winding structure to improve the speed characteristics. Consequently, through comparison with the Y-Connection and D-Connection, we propose the most suitable winding structure for high-torque-density motors intended for physical interaction with humans.

Study on Performance Improvement through Reducing Axial Force of Ferrite Double-Layer Spoke-Type Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Core Skew

Recently, due to the price fluctuation and supply instability of rare earth mineral resources, there has been a lot of development of electric motors using non-rare-earth permanent magnets. As a result, motors using Dy-free permanent magnets and ferrite permanent magnets are being researched, and, in particular, ferrite permanent magnets often utilize spoke-type structures, which are magnetic flux concentrators, to compensate for their low coercivity and residual flux density. However, in general, spoke-type PMSMs do not use much reluctance torque, so double-layer spoke-type PMSMs have been studied for their more efficient design. Unlike general spoke-type PMSMs, double-layer spoke-type PMSMs can utilize high reluctance torque by increasing the difference between d-axis and q-axis reluctance. However, as the difference in magnetic resistance increases, vibration and noise are generated, which adversely affects the mechanical part and shortens the life of the motor. Although this problem seemed to be solved by applying core skew in the previous study, it was confirmed that the axial force caused by the axial leakage flux occurred in the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control section and the torque ripple was increased. Therefore, in this paper, a model that can apply symmetrical core skew and reduce axial force is proposed. First, the causes of the axial force generated in previous studies were analyzed. Based on the analysis of these causes, a new symmetrical core skew structure was proposed, and its justification was verified through FEA.

Influence of Vertical Load, Inflation Pressure, and Driving Speed on the Emission of Tire–Road Particulate Matter and Its Size Distribution

As fleet electrification progresses, vehicles are continuously becoming heavier, while the used electric motors, with their high torques, enable longitudinal dynamics to be maintained or even increased. This raises the question of what effect electric vehicles have on the emission of tire–road particulate matter (PM). To answer this question, investigations were carried out in this study on a tire internal drum test bench with real road surfaces. In addition to the vertical load, the tire inflation pressure and the driving speed were varied. PM emissions were recorded in real time, resulting in emission factors (emission per kilometer driven) for different load conditions. This allows statements to be made about both the effect on the total emission and on the particle size distribution. It was shown that the PM emission increases linearly with the vertical load at constant longitudinal dynamics. If the tire inflation pressure is increased, the emission also increases linearly, and the increases in emission are equally large for both influences. A clear influence of the driving speed on the emission factor could not be determined. With regard to the particle size distribution, the following correlations were found: higher vertical load and higher tire inflation pressure result in a larger mean particle diameter, while a higher driving speed reduces it. Thus, this study contributes to a better understanding of the expected changes in tire-road PM emissions as a result of electrification.

Robust Combined Adaptive Passivity-Based Control for Induction Motors

The need for industrial and commercial machinery to maintain high torque while accurately following a variable angular speed is increasing. To meet this demand, induction motors (IMs) are commonly used with variable speed drives (VSDs) that employ a field-oriented control (FOC) scheme. Over the last thirty years, IMs have been replacing independent connection direct current motors due to their cost-effectiveness, reduced maintenance needs, and increased efficiency. However, IMs and VSDs exhibit nonlinear behavior, uncertainties, and disturbances. This paper proposes a robust combined adaptive passivity-based control (CAPBC) for this class of nonlinear systems that applies to angular rotor speed and stator current regulation inside an FOC scheme for IMs’ VSDs. It uses general Lyapunov-based design energy functions and adaptive laws with σ-modification to assure robustness after combining control and monitoring variables. Lyapunov’s second method and the Barbalat Lemma prove that the control and identification error tends to be zero over time. Moreover, comparative experimental results with a standard proportional–integral controller (PIC) and direct APBC show the proposed CAPBC’s effectiveness and robustness under normal and changing conditions.

Development of a Three-Finger Adaptive Robotic Gripper to Assist Activities of Daily Living.

A significant number of individuals in the United States use assistive devices to enhance their mobility, and a considerable portion of those who depend on such aids require assistance from another individual in performing daily living activities. The introduction of robotic grippers has emerged as a transformative intervention, significantly contributing to the cultivation of independence. However, there are few grippers in the fields, which help with mimicking human hand-like movements (mostly grasping and pinching, with adoptive force control) to grasp and carry objects. Additionally, the data are not available even on how many Activities of Daily Living (ADL) objects they can handle. The goal of the research is to offer a new three-fingered gripper for daily living assistance, which can both grasp and pinch with adaptive force, enabling the capabilities of handling wide-ranging ADL objects with a minimal footprint. It is designed to handle 90 selective essential ADL objects of different shapes (cylindrical, irregular, rectangular, and round), sizes, weights, and textures (smooth, rough, bumpy, and rubbery). The gripper boasts a meticulously engineered yet simple design, facilitating seamless manufacturing through 3D printing technology without compromising its operational efficacy. The gripper extends its functionality beyond conventional grasping, featuring the capability to pinch (such as holding a credit card) and securely hold lightweight objects. Moreover, the gripper is adaptable to grasping various objects with different shapes and weights with controlled forces. In evaluation, the developed gripper went through rigorous load tests and usability tests. The results demonstrated that the users picked and placed 75 objects out of 90 daily objects. The gripper held and manipulated objects with dimensions from 25 mm to 80 mm and up to 2.9 kg. For heavy-weight objects (like books) where the centroid is far apart from the grasping areas, it is difficult to hold them due to high torque. However, objects' textures have no significant effect on grasping performance. Users perceived the simplicity of the gripper. Further investigation is required to assess the utility and longevity of grippers. This study contributes to developing assistive robots designed to enhance object manipulation, thereby improving individuals' independence and overall quality of life.

Review On Evolution and Development of Electric Road Roller

The evolution and development of electric road rollers mark a significant advancement in the construction machinery industry, driven by the imperative of sustainable infrastructure development. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the historical progression, technological innovations, and current trends shaping electric road rollers. Beginning with the early developments of steam-powered and diesel-driven road rollers, the transition towards electric propulsion systems is traced, highlighting the environmental benefits and operational efficiencies offered by electric models. An electric-applied road roller vehicle represents a sustainable and innovative solution for the construction industry. This eco-friendly equipment utilizes electric power to propel the roller, reducing carbon emissions and noise pollution compared to traditional fossil fuel-powered counterparts. The vehicle's design incorporates advanced technology, such as gear chain mechanism to maximize energy efficiency and extend battery life. With its quiet operation and reduced environmental impact, the electric road roller vehicle demonstrates a promising step towards greener construction practices, contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable future. Top of Form Keywords— Electric Road Roller, Battery, High torque dc motor, propulsion system, gear assembly, etc.