High Tolerance Research Articles

Investigation on sensorless operation of two new fault-tolerant interior permanent magnet motors with trade-off of fault tolerance and flux-intensifying effects

In this paper, two new fault-tolerant interior permanent magnet (FT-IPM) motors are proposed and compared for achieving high fault tolerance and sensorless operating capacity under multiple operations. Most previous studies regarding FT-IPM motors aim to improve fault-tolerant capability but suffer from the saliency characteristic problem, which is unfavorable for sensorless control. To overcome this issue, the design idea of flux-intensifying effect is innovatively proposed. Based on this, two new FT-IPM motors with different rotor structures and slot-pole combinations are developed to achieve flux-intensifying effect. To explore the impact of different motor structures and slot-pole combinations on motor performances, the simulation and experimental results of the two motors are compared and discussed in detail. The comparison results indicate that good fault tolerance and sensorless operating performances need tradeoffs, which provide a reference for balancing the fault tolerance and sensorless operating capacity.

Electrochemical assembly of isoxazoles via a four-component domino reaction.

Multicomponent domino reactions via electrochemical annulations have emerged as a robust strategy for the rapid assembly of heterocyclics. Herein, an electrochemical annulation via a [1 + 2 + 1 + 1] four-component domino reaction was accomplished in a user-friendly undivided cell setup to assemble valuable five-membered isoxazole motifs. Our approach is characterized by a high level functional group tolerance and operational simplicity, avoiding the tedious and time-consuming preparation of pre-functionalized substrates. Detailed mechanistic studies were conducted including isotopic labeling, kinetic studies, cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis, and intermediate characterization, providing support for a radical pathway.

The luminescence modulation of rare earth-doped/containing lead-free double perovskites toward multifunctional applications: a review.

Lead-free double perovskites (DPs) with superior environmental stability and high defect tolerance have attracted considerable attention and exhibit great promise in photodetectors, solar cells, lighting devices, etc. However, achieving optical modulation and high photoluminescence quantum yield using this kind of material remains a challenge. Rare earth ions feature abundant energy levels and outstanding photophysical properties. Incorporating rare earth ions into lead-free DPs is an effective strategy to improve their optical performances, which have great effects on night-vision and light emitting diodes. Consequently, in this mini-review, we summarize the synthesis methods, optical properties, issues, and multifunctional applications of lead-free DPs described in recent years. The performances of DPs can be modulated via rare earth doping, which involves the extension of luminescence range, the improvement of PLQY, the realization of multi-mode excitation, and the regulation of luminescence color. We hope that this review will provide some insights into luminescence modulation and applications of lead-free DPs.

Stem Cells and Tumor-Killing Virus to Target Brain Tumor: In Pursuit to Bring a Potential Delivery Vehicle for the Central Nervous System Tumors.

To target brain cancer, various therapeutic options are present to fight against cancer cells. But the existing therapies are not showing a proper curation of cancer patients. Henceforth, activating the immune cells and targeting oncogenes/proteins might be an emerging therapeutic approach to target and destroy malignant brain tumor. Stem cells (SCs) are considered potential immunomodulators that trigger the highly suppressed immune system in the tumor microenvironment. Also, engineered SCs can repress the aberrantly expressed oncoproteins that cause tumor cell proliferation and growth. SCs have an excellent migration capability to reach the infected site and support the regeneration of damaged blood vessels and tissues. Likewise, oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising novel therapeutic molecule in which genetically modified viruses can selectively replicate and destroy cancer cells without harming healthy cells. Same as SCs, oncolytic viruses (OVs) tend to stimulate the host's innate and adaptive immune response to battle against the advanced brain tumor. In clinical studies, various OVs have shown good immunogenic responses with a high safety profile and tolerability against cancer patients with reduced morbidity and mortality rate. SCs act as an attractive cargo for OVs which helps to influence the tumor site and destroy the tumor volume. SCs protect the OVs from systemic degradation and promote therapeutic efficacy against cancer cells. SCs carried OVs might be a potential therapeutic way to bring an effective treatment option for brain tumors.

Development of optical probes with excellent intracellular retention

Small-molecule based activatable fluorescence probes for detecting specific enzyme activity with high sensitivity can visualize the expression site of marker genes and cancers where the enzyme is highly expressed. However, the enzyme-catalyzed fluorescent hydrolysis product easily leaks out and diffuses from the reaction site, making it difficult to perform long-term tracking and immunohistochemical analysis which needs washing/fixation procedure. Our group have focused on quinone methide chemistry and developed series of activatable fluorescence probes with excellent intracellular retention that are converted to quinone-methide or aza-quinone-methide intermediates upon reaction with enzymes, which are then react with intracellular nucleophiles such as proteins and glutathione to be retained in cells and to exhibit significant increase in fluorescence. Based on this molecular design, we have developed fluorescence probes targeting β-galactosidase and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase with different colors. We also developed photo-functional probes such as activatable photosensitizers and caged fluorophores. These probes can visualize or kill target enzyme-expressing cells with high selectivity by suppressing the leakage of hydrolysis products from target cells, and fluorescence imaging in combination with immunostaining was possible due to the high tolerance of the obtained fluorescence signal even after washing and fixation.

The Analytical Models of Fringe Parasitic Capacitance of FinFET - A Review

When planar MOSFET encounters its own scaling limit, FinFET was introduced and successfully replaced the traditional MOSFET. FinFET owns its privilege over the planar MOSFET for its high tolerance to short channel effect. However, due to FinFET’s 3D structure, high parasitic capacitance compared to planar MOSFET significantly degrades the transistor speed because of RC delay. This paper provides a review on the fringe capacitance of FinFET device based on the accuracy to experimental data of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional analytical models. Those models take the external and internal parasitic capacitance component into account. The three-dimensional model outperforms the two-dimensional model in levels of precision but requires more parameters and time to establish.

In vitro chronic phytotoxicity of heavy metals and metalloids to Lepidium sativum (garden cress).

The paper presents the results of studies on the influence of selected concentrations (10-100 mg L-1) of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn) and metalloids (As, Sb, Se) on the germination and root elongation of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L). There are not many studies on phytotoxicity of heavy metals and metalloids with the complex use of single plant species so far. On the basis of the germination index (GI) and inhibition concentration IC50, the following order of phytotoxicity of the tested elements was determined: Se> As> Hg> Sb > Mo > Cd> Co > Zn > Ni. The other metals showed no phytotoxicity or even stimulating effect. In our study the stimulating effect of the majority of Pb concentrations and the lowest concentrations of Cd and Hg has been revealed. These metals do not play any role in living organisms, however some authors confirm their stimulating effect on plants at low concentrations. Toxic concentration of metals and metalloids calculated as IC50 are lower than the concentration calculated as GI (not phytotoxic). It is well known that seeds are more independent and tolerant to toxicants when they contain reserve substances which are used during the germination period. On the basis of conducted research, high tolerance of L. sativum to heavy metals and metalloids was found, which may indicate its usefulness for phytotoxicity assessment of leachate from contaminated soil or waste (e.g. foundry waste) and its application for bioremediation to manage heavy metal pollution of soils or foundry wastes containing heavy metals and metalloids. The understanding of heavy metal and metalloids toxicity will facilitate bioremediation.

The differential expressions of aquaporins underline the diverse strategies of cucumber and tomato against salinity and zinc stress.

Salinity and excess zinc are two main problems that have limited agriculture in recent years. Aquaporins are crucial in regulating the passage of water and solutes through cells and may be essential for mitigating abiotic stresses. In the present study, the adaptive response to moderate salinity (60 mM NaCl) and excess Zn (1 mM ZnSO4 ) were compared alone and in combination in Cucumis sativus L. and Solanum lycopersicum L. Water relations, gas exchange and the differential expression of all aquaporins were analysed. The results showed that cucumber plants under salinity maintained the internal movement of water through osmotic adjustment and the overexpression of specific PIPs aquaporins, following a "conservation strategy". As tomato has a high tolerance to salinity, the physiological parameters and the expression of most aquaporins remained unchanged. ZnSO4 was shown to be stressful for both plant species. While cucumber upregulated 7 aquaporin isoforms, the expression of aquaporins increased in a generalized manner in tomato. Despite the differences, water relations and transpiration were adjusted in both plants, allowing the RWC in the shoot to be maintained. The aquaporin regulation in cucumber plants facing NaCl+ZnSO4 stress was similar in the two treatments containing NaCl, evidencing the predominance of salt in stress. However, in tomato, the induced expression of specific isoforms to deal with the combined stress differed from independent stresses. The results clarify the key role of aquaporin regulation in facing abiotic stresses and their possible use as markers of tolerance to salinity and heavy metals in plants.

Transcriptome analysis reveals diverse Curvularia tsudae strategies in response to cadmium stress

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that poses significant threats to living organisms. Curvularia tsudae has demonstrated remarkable survival capabilities in the presence of high Cd concentrations, exhibiting its exceptional Cd tolerance. Although some physiological studies have been conducted, the molecular mechanisms underlying Cd tolerance in C. tsudae is largely unknown. In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to explore the molecular mechanisms of C. tsudae under Cd stress. Among the 10,498 identified unigenes, 2526 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the Cd-free and Cd-treated samples. Functional annotation and enrichment analysis of these DEGs identified several key biological processes involved in coping with Cd stress. Genes related to cell wall modification and organic acid metabolism contributes to Cd binding or chelation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis further highlighted the modifications in functional groups with the cell wall under Cd stress. Furthermore, the transporters tended to be modulated in response to Cd stress, and up-regulated genes involved in antioxidants likely contributes to high Cd tolerance. The processes from DNA to protein metabolism appeared to responsive to the presence of Cd stress as well. These results contribute to the advance of the current knowledge about the response of C. tsudae to Cd stress and lay the foundation for further advancements in using fungi for the remediation of Cd-polluted environments.

Transformation of SNAC1 under Stress Inducible Promoter Rd29a Confers High Yield and Stress Tolerance in Rice

Abiotic stress tolerance in plants is often induced by activation of transcription factors. An increased stress tolerance was observed in indica rice cultivar BRRI dhan55 after transforming with the transcription factor SNAC1 (stress responsive NAC1) under stress inducible promoter rd29A that minimized unexpected phenotype and metabolic burden in transgenic lines. Tissue culture independent Agrobacterium-mediated in planta transformation method was used. Molecular analyses confirmed the successful integration of the SNAC1 gene and significantly higher gene expression level in the transgenic lines. The transgenic lines showed 3:1 segregation ratio at T2 generation following the Mendelian law of inheritance. Assays for leaf disk senescence and chlorophyll content at 100 mM and 200 mM salt and survival rates at 200 mM salt and drought conditions at 12 days of water withdrawal and after recovery under water showed significantly increased stress tolerance in the transgenics lines at seedling stage compared to the wild type. Enhanced yield, spikelet fertility, and 100 grain weight were observed at the reproductive stage compared to wild type under both salinity and drought stress conditions. Thus, SNAC1 expression in plants under inducible promoter is a better choice to enhance stress tolerance and yield under salinity and drought conditions. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 33(2): 115-133, 2023 (December)

Exploring the Concept of Menyama Braya: The Cultural Heritage of Hindu and Islamic Communities in Pegayaman Village as a Multicultural Learning Medium

The process of Islamic and Hindu acculturation and harmonious cultural lending in Pegayaman village interested the researchers in conducting this study. The concept of kinship or menyama braya is a concept that unites all differences in Pegayaman village. This study aims to determine (1) the existence of menyama braya in Pegayaman village; (2) the influence of menyama braya culture; (3) the process of internalizing the concept of menyama braya; and (4) the strategy of planting the concept of menyama braya. This study is prepared with qualitative research methods with three approaches, including geographical, socio-historical and cultural approaches used case study design. The results of this study show that the concept of menyama braya is very relevant to the current condition of society because this concept teaches people to remain respectful and have high tolerance even though they have different backgrounds, especially religious.

Effects of repetitive production on the mechanical characteristic and chemical structure of green tea bio-coke

A new type of solid biofuel called bio-coke has been developed, which has the potential to replace the use of coal coke in cupola furnaces. This study aimed to improve the mechanical properties of green tea (GT) bio-coke by implementing repetitive production. The properties of unprocessed GT, the initial production of GT bio-coke (known as GT BIC-1), and its subsequent iterations; the 2nd time GT bio-coke (GT BIC-2) and 3rd time GT bio-coke (GT BIC-3) were examined. It was found that repetitive bio-coke improved their mechanical capabilities. The mechanical strength at 700 °C known as an essential quality to indicate the permeability of bio-coke in the cupola furnace. In comparison to GT BIC-1 (9.20 ± 1.38 MPa), GT BIC-2 and GT BIC-3 demonstrated higher mechanical strength at 700 °C with values of 14.37 ± 1.98 and 16.18 ± 0.50 MPa, respectively. This study also investigates the relationship between the structural transformation and the mechanical characteristics of the bio-cokes. The enhanced aromatic (ARM) and hydrophobicity (HB) index in GT BIC-2 and GT BIC-3 have influenced their rigidity, high temperature tolerance, and water resistance. This suggests that coal coke substitution using repetitive bio-coke in cupola furnaces could be a viable approach to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the future.

Fe/N co-doped magnetic porous hydrochar for chromium(VI) removal in water: Adsorption performance and mechanism investigation

Four kinds of Fe/N co-doped porous hydrochar were prepared by one/two-step N-doping schemes using microwave/traditional pyrolysis methods for removing Cr(VI) from aqueous phase. Heterocyclic-N was introduced through CO(NH2)2-based hydrothermal carbonization process, which could adjust the electronic structure of the hydrochar framework. Furthermore, Fe0 and Fe3O4 were embedded into hydrochar via carbothermal reduction reaction using FeCl3 as the precursor, which improved the reducibility and magnetism of the material. The modified hydrochar exhibited pH-dependency and rapid kinetic equilibrium, and the maximal adsorption amount of magnetic porous hydrochar obtained by microwave-assisted one-step N-doping (MP1HCMW) reached 274.34 mg/g. Meanwhile, the modified hydrochar had a high tolerance to multiple co-existing ions and the removal efficiency maintained above 73.91 % during five regeneration cycles. Additionally, MP1HCMW efficiently removed Cr(VI) via pore filling, electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, reduction, complexation, and precipitation. Summarily, Fe/N co-doped porous hydrochar was a feasible adsorbent with outstanding remediation potential for Cr(VI)-contaminated water.

Metastasis-directed therapy: new standard or too early to change paradigm?

SummaryMetastasis-directed therapy (MDT) is an emerging treatment strategy for patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer (PCa), particularly for oligorecurrent disease. This review aims to summarize findings from several prospective trials in the setting of oligorecurrent PCa. We found that MDT is feasible, has high tolerability, and is effective in terms of local control of treated lesions and of deferring disease progression in well-selected patients. Selecting patients for MDT requires thoughtful consideration of factors such as the castration status, the number of detected metastases, and the imaging modality used for metastasis detection. Notably, the studies included in this review varied in terms of these factors, complicating the comparability of their results. Despite the existence of several prospective clinical trials in the field, there is an absence of high-level evidence attributable to the lack of phase 3 clinical trials. As a result, current guidelines recommend the administration of MDT exclusively within the context of clinical trials. Despite this, retrospective series indicate that MDT is already frequently utilized outside of clinical trials.

Assessment of variation among cultivated wheat species for plant nutrient strata under salinity conditions

Six wheat genotypes, two each of bread wheat (UAS BW-13897 and LBPY 2014-5), Triticum durum (GW 2010-679 and UAS DW-31403) andT. dicoccum (DIC 99 and DIC 26) were grown under natural saline and control conditions to observe the existence of ion discrimination,ion selectivity amenable to ion regulation and ion interactions among them. Bread wheat genotype, UAS BW-13897 showed a highK+ and K+/Na+ ratio at the harvesting stage under saline condition indicating its high salt tolerance. Contrary to it, T. durum genotype,UAS DW-31403 was found to be highly salt-sensitive due to its low K+/Na+ ratio and high Na+ absorption. Bread wheat genotypes werefound most salt-tolerant due to better exclusion of Na+ salt, with negligible reduction in grain yield, spike length, SPAD and numberof grains per spike. The salt exclusion was found less apparent in T. durum and T. dicoccum wheat likely due to the absence of the Dgenome and Kna1 gene, which is present in bread wheat and not in the two tetraploid species. Durum wheat was observed to be mostsensitive with low salt exclusion capacity, whereas T. dicoccum wheat was found intermediate between bread and durum wheat withmedium salt exclusion capacity. The study revealed a difference in type and level of salt tolerance in different species and genotypesthat established high Na+ salt exclusion capacity as one of the important selection criteria for salt tolerance.

Increasing Physical Tolerance during Cardiac Rehabilitation Helps to Restore Endothelial Function in Patients after Acute Coronary Syndrome

In recent years, many studies have been aimed at exploring the possibilities of cardiac rehabilitation as a tool to improve the prognosis in patients after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Endothelial dysfunction is one of the initiating mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases, and myocardial infarction in particular, so it is important to assess the dynamics of changes in the number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in patients during cardiac rehabilitation with the increase in physical activity.
 The aim. To establish the relationship between the level of recovery of exercise tolerance and the recovery of endothelial function by determining the number of EPCs in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation after ACS.
 Materials and methods. The study included 44 patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction who underwent urgent stenting of the infarct-related artery, with a mean age of 59 years (Q1-Q3; 51-64). All the study participants underwent laboratory tests (CD45+/CD34+ cell count before and after the exercise test) and instrumental tests (echocardiography, bicycle ergometry, coronary angiography). Statistical processing was carried out using SPSS Statistics 23 (trial version).
 Results. According to the results of the exercise test at the first examination, the patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 with low exercise tolerance (≤50 W) and group 2 with high exercise tolerance (>50 W). The data obtained indicate a link between better recovery of exercise tolerance after ACS and recovery of endothelial func-tion in patients with high exercise tolerance during follow-up compared to the patients whose exercise tolerance did not exceed 50 W, as evidenced by a statistically higher number of EPCs after exercise in patients with a favor-able course and high exercise tolerance (3633 vs. 2400 cells/ml) (p=0.006). Patients with low exercise tolerance were more likely to be diagnosed with lesions of left anterior descending coronary artery (96% vs. 70%, p=0.02). More severe coronary vascular lesions with stenosis of 75% of two or more arteries showed lower pre-exercise EPCs, but increased post-exercise EPCs (+228 cells/ml), whereas in the group with stenosis of more than 75% of one vessel, a decrease in post-exercise EPCs (–604 cells/ml) was observed (p=0.004). If patients have more than one stent, there is a 2.5-fold increased risk of decreased exercise tolerance to values of 25-50 W (relative risk = 1.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-2.4).
 Conclusions. The data obtained indicate that there is an association between a better recovery of exercise tolerance after ACS and recovery of endothelial function in patients with a favorable course at repeated examination, compared to patients whose level of exercise tolerance did not exceed 50 W (low exercise tolerance), as evidenced by a statistically greater number of EPCs after exercise test in patients with favorable course and high exercise tolerance compared with patients with unfavorable course and low exercise tolerance.

Hearth Residue Analysis Reveals Human Adaptation to the Younger Dryas on the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

ABSTRACT Human adaptation to the extreme environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) has drawn widespread attention as a case study on how to successfully deal with environmental changes. However, little is known about the human subsistence strategy on the QTP during the Younger Dryas (YD) cold event due to limited findings on bioarcheological remains. In this study, animal exploitation during the YD on the northeastern QTP (NEQTP) was explored through hearth sediment analysis at the Bronze Wire site. The results support the food preparation function of these hearths and indicate the preservation of fuel plant lipids as well as terrestrial non-ruminant animal fat. The absence of ruminant herbivorous fats and freshwater resources implies a hostile surrounding environment during the YD, where small-sized animals with higher tolerance may have dominated and could have thus been the main source of non-ruminant animal fat in the hearths. Although the shift to a broadspectrum pattern was not thought to be the direct result of environmental change, it could have greatly influenced such a process in certain areas. Lipid residue analysis has been applied for the first time for hearth study on the NEQTP, showing great potential in understanding human behaviour regarding subsistence strategies in the Paleolithic Age.

Application of Through Glass Via (TGV) Technology for Sensors Manufacturing and Packaging.

Glass has emerged as a highly versatile substrate for various sensor and MEMS packaging applications, including electromechanical, thermal, optical, biomedical, and RF devices, due to its exceptional properties such as high geometrical tolerances, outstanding heat and chemical resistance, excellent high-frequency electrical properties, and the ability to be hermetically sealed. In these applications, Through Glass Via (TGV) technology plays a vital role in manufacturing and packaging by creating electrical interconnections through glass substrates. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the research progress in TGV fabrication along with its integrations, including through via formation and metallization. This paper also reviews the significant qualification and reliability achievements obtained by the scientific community for TGV technology. Additionally, this paper summarizes the application of TGV technology in various sensors such as MEMS sensors and discusses the potential applications and future development directions of TGV technology.

Iridium-Catalyzed Reductive (3+2) Annulation of Lactams Enabling the Rapid Total Synthesis of (±)-Eburnamonine.

A reductive (3+2) annulation of lactams through iridium-catalyzed hydrosilylation and photoredox coupling with α-bromoacetic acid was developed. The iridium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of the lactam carbonyl group and subsequent elimination provide a transient cyclic enamine, which undergoes iridium-catalyzed photoredox coupling with α-bromoacetic acid in a one-pot process. The developed conditions show high functional-group tolerance and provide cyclic N,O-acetals containing a quaternary carbon center. The resulting N,O-acetals undergo a variety of acid-mediated nucleophilic addition reactions via iminium ions to give substituted cyclic amines. The developed sequence including reductive (3+2) annulation and acid-mediated nucleophilic addition was successfully applied to the four-step total synthesis of (±)-eburnamonine.

Synthesis of novel hollow carbon nanotubes @ Co-Fe alloy/iron phthalocyanine electrocatalyst by self-assembly method for OER and ORR study

The exploration of an inexpensive catalyst with effective oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activities to replace precious metal electrocatalysts has been of great interest in recent years. In this paper, CNT@Co-Fe/FePc composites were synthesized with high efficiency using a self-assembly strategy. In the synthesis process, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized as the base material using crab shells as templates and honey as the carbon and nitrogen source. CoFe alloy nanoparticles derived from CoFe-based prussian blue analogs were self-assembled and anchored on CNTs, and then iron phthalocyanine with Fe-N4 portion was coupled with CNTs by π-π stacking. Finally formed a homogeneous and stable composite material. The self-assembly method is simple and efficient to achieve good metal loading. The prepared CNT@Co2-Fe1/FePc exhibits excellent catalytic performance and stability for OER and ORR in alkaline electrolyte. The overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 of CNT@Co2-Fe1/FePc for OER is 343 mV with a very small Tafel slope of 43.59 mV dec−1. CNT@Co2-Fe1/FePc has high methanol tolerance and persistence for ORR. This work provides a strategy for the construction of transition metal-carbon composite electrocatalytic materials with excellent catalytic performance and stability for OER and ORR reactions.