High Concentrations Of Tin Research Articles

Experimental Studies on Toxicity of Tin in Canned Orange Juice

Vomiting and diarrhoea occurred in cats given a 10ml per kilogram dose of canned orange juice sample containing high concentration of tin (452ppm), which also developed intoxications in man. Increase of tin concentration by condensation of the sample resulted in an acceleration of onset of toxic manifestations, however, adjustment of pH value to neutral range appeared to have little effect on the development of gastro-intestinal disorders. Presence of tin as complex with citrate in the sample was suspected and the tin complex prepared from stannic chloride and sodium citrate was given to cats as aqueous solution at various doses. Administration of the complex with doses above 9mg tin per kilogram developed toxic effects in every animal tested. Toxic effects of the juice sample disappeared after removal of tin by hydrogen sulfide treatment, but symptoms appeared again following the addition of as much tin to the treated sample as pretreatment level. Thus high concentration of tin in orange juice was suspected to be a cause of intoxication.

Tin as a Vacancy Trap in Silicon at Room Temperature

Silicon samples which contain a high concentration of dispersed tin have been irradiated at 80°, 140° or 300°K with 3 MeV electrons. The interaction of defects (vacancies and interstitials) with tin was studied by infrared absorption measurements. The tin-vacancy pair was found by monitoring the release of vacancies when the pair anneals near 460°K. Vacancies released from tin are then trapped on oxygen to form the oxygen-vacancy defect which is measured by the strength of the 835 cm-1 line. Because vacancies are trapped at room temperature by tin atoms, tin aids in the separation of vacancy and interstitial associated defects in silicon. An absorption band at 935 cm-1 produced independent of the tin concentration is attributed to silicon interstitials trapped by oxygen in Si. This interstitial defect is stable to 330°K. Applications to devices are suggested.

Outbreak of Foodborne Illness Attributed to Tin

AN OUTBREAK of gastrointestinal distress among a party of women who attended a bowling league banquet led to identification of a fruit punch as the probable cause. Investigators found a high concentration of tin in the punch which they concluded had resulted from improper storage of the relatively acid beverage in a 5-gallon milk can which had been recently relined. Although tests for copper, zinc, and cadmium were negative, the possibility that other toxic chemicals were present in the retinned can was not eliminated. On the evening of April 18, 1961, the Denver Department of Health and Hospitals referred to the Tri-County District Health Department in Aurora, Colo., a report from the local Air Force Base infirmary of several cases of food infection or food intoxication. Contact with the infirmary confirmed the report. The patients, who had attended a noon banquet that day at a local restaurant, had been treated for nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Minor elements in sphalerite

New spectrographic analyses and previously published information provided data concerning elements present in sphalerite in minor amounts. The variation in minor element content is correlated with the type of mineral deposit in which the sphalerite occurs. Antimony, mercury, thallium, and arsenic are largely restricted to sphalerite from mineral deposits commonly considered to have formed at low temperatures. Other elements are widely distributed in sphalerite from many types of deposits. The manganese concentration is greatest in sphalerite from high temperature occurrences, indium in that from mesothermal deposits, and gallium and germanium increase with decreasing temperature of deposition. High concentrations of cadmium and tin seem most likely to occur in sphalerite from deposits of other than low temperature type. Mississippi Valley deposits, European zinc ores of Mississippi Valley type, and barite deposits of Central Kentucky are all of low temperature origin. Sphalerite from each of these metallogenetic regions contains minor elements of distinctive kind and amount.The minor element content of sphalerite can be related not only to the temperature at which the sphalerite is formed, but also, and perhaps in large part, to the chemical character of the ore-bearing solutions of each metallogenetic province.